The location of organs and tissues at the tip of acupuncture needle inserted in acupuncture points was studied on the human transverse sections.
A female, japanese, cadaver (139cm long, and 52kg in weight) was fixed with an aldehyde mixture and frozen for 3 weeks at -30°C. Then the cadaver was cut into blocks along the transverse planes perpendicular to the median plane at each point of Bladder meridian.
This report describes the depth of organs and tissues in 5 transverse planes from DAITSUI (Governor vessel meridian) to KETSUINYU (Bladder meridian).
At DAITSUI, acupuncture needle penetrates through 7.5mm thick skin, 28.5mm thick hypodermis, and reaches to the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra at 36mm away from the surface. At DAIJO, the needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis, trapezius, rhomboideus, and deep back muscles of 6, 8, 5.5, 10 and 14mm in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 2nd rib at 43.5mm away from the surface. At FUMON, the needle penetrates through the skin, hypodermis, trapezius rhomboideus, deep back muscles of 7, 5, 3.5, 4 and 18.5mm in thickness respectively. The needle reaches to the 3rd rib at 38mm away from the surface. At HAIYU, the needle penetrates the skin, hypodermis, trapezius, and deep back muscles of 6, 4, 3 and 22mm in thickness respectively, and reaches to the 4th rib at 35mm away from the surface. At KETSUINYU, the needle penetrates the skin, hypodermis, trapezius, and deep back muscles of 5, 3, 4 and 21mm in thickness respectively, and reaches to the 5th rib at 33mm away from the surface.
The depth of acupuncture points studies was discussed from the clinical points of view.

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We investigated intrinsic and extrinsic training methods and their effects on performance and learning among total number moxibustion students. The group of self-taught students learned moxa-cone preparation and use by using an instrument to measure moxa burning temperature and time and evaluating their own performance. And the other group of students learning from teacher learned by having their performance evaluated by a teacher without the use of the instrument.
While there was no difference in performance between two groups, comparison of subjective student self-reports indicates that self-evaluation with the use of instrument provides greater subjective confidence of having learned.
Conclusion: “Deepening in quality of practical training in moxibustion” corresponds to “provides greater subjective confidence of having learned”.

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It is important to verify the characteristic condition of meridian & acupoint for diagnosis and treatment in oriental medicine. The characteristics of meridian and acupoint are concerned with electromagnetism. The methods of diagnosis and treatment with the concept of meridian and acupoint applying bioelectronical technology had been developed. We investigated electric current when electro-acupuncture was performed between the acupoints of Large Intestine Meridian, and recognized the electrophysiological characteristics of meridian and acupoint as follows.
1) Electric current between the acupoints and its waveform durig electro-acupuncture were differed by whether the direction of electric current corresponded to meridian Qi flow direction. Especially this difference was significantly secognized when meridian Qi flow was inferred to be disturbed by some diseased conditions.
2) As far as the characteristic of electric current waveforms between the acupoints concerns, electric capacity which is changeable according to the diseased conditions must be considered as a component of acupoint.

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In the present paper, we examined differences in therapeutic effectivenesses of venous methods of acupuncture, ranging from filiform needle to EAP, LFEA, laser and SSP, in cases with shoulder stiffness. The immediate and delayed effect of each method, comfortableness during treatment session, changes in temperature, blood flow, and the oxygen density at the Jianjing and Hegu point were examined.
Significant improvement was seen in every therapeutic method. Electrical acupuncture using direct current was most effective. No difference were evident among SSP, low-frequencey electro-acupuncture and filiform needle. There was a correlation between confortableness and the improvement rate in electrical acupuncture using direct current and laser acupuncture. Deep temperature, blood flow and the degree of oxygen saturation of the stimulated part tended to increasd in each case.

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The evaluation of heart autonomic nerve activity during quiet supine position, deep breathing position and standing position with MCV Graph Method is reported.
I report age included formulae for finding M and CV of a healthy subject in quiet supine position, CV of a healthy subject in deep breathing position, and CV of a healthy subject in standing position.
1) Age included formula for finding M of a healthy subject in quiet supine position.
Y=126.153-16.187*Log_eX (X: age)
2) Age included formula for finding CV of a heblthy subject in quiet supine position.
Y=10.818-1.993*Log_eX (X: age)
3) Age included formula for finding CV of a healthy subject in deep breathing position.
Y=24.293-4.738*Log_eX (X: age)
4) Age included formula for finding CV of a healthy subject in standing position.
Y=7.389-1.277*Log_eX (X: age)
When M_P-P and CV_P-P data measured by plethysmograph are plotted in MCV Graph, which is a quite new and obvious method, synthetic evaluation of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve functions is possible.
Though MCV Graph Method is available for measurement under various loads, measuring requirements for plethysmograph must be filled strictly in order to get accurate data.

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Authors examined indefinite complaints accompanying head ache, neck, shoulder or low back pains. Masked Depression Questionnaire (Inoue et al.) was conducted on outpatients of Osaka Medical College whose chief complaints were above mentioned painful disorder.
In the cases with low back pain, female patients showed a less number of complaints. The complaints seen more often in the male group than in the female group were sleep disorder and disturbance in the stomach and intestines. It is noted that male patients often reported psychlogical problems such as “feeling groomy”, “having no willingness to do anything”, or “being anxious about his health”.
Female patients often complained of head ache. Unexpected difference was found in the decline of sexual desire, that was more frequent in the female group than in the male (50% of the female and 30% of the male).

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The imaging of governor and conception vessel meridians was carried not by bi-digital-O-ring test (ORT) using neurotransmitters.
Governor vessel meridian and conception vessel meridian reacted to the hypophysis (GABA) and the hypophysis (adrenalin), respectively.
Centers of the former and latter meridians corresponded to subthalamic nucleus, and cerebrum corresponded to Brodmann's area 46.
Points of intersection of governor and conception vessel meridians in the cephalic region intersected Paihui, in the genital region, they intersected the dorsal root region of penis for male and the dorsal root region of clitoris for female.
For Paihui, external and internal circumferential circles reacted to hypophysis and Central gray respectively, and anterior and posterior halves of the remaining inner part reacted to substantia nigra and liver, respectively.
Bladder meridian does not intersect Paihui, but branch pulse of bladder (GABA) meridian entered from the rear (near Lochueh). Central gray runs oblique-anteriorly from Paihui and intersected bladder meridian.
The reactive point of hippocampus corresponds to just below Naohu, i. e. below protuberantia occipitalis externa, and circumferential circle reacts to medulla at hypophysis (GABA); superior and inferior halves of the inner part react to medulla and hyppocampus, respectively.
The reactive point of corpus amygdaloideum corresponds to subnasal point, which is somewhat above point, and the circumference of meridian point corresponds to hypophysis (adrenalin); superior and inferior halves of the inner part react to corpus amygdaloideum and sinoatrial node (heart constrictor meridian), respectively.

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Imaging of the brain was carried by means of the bi-digital-O-ring test (ORT) with tissue in each region using neurotransmitters.
Frontal lobe (Brodmann's area 11) starts around Hsinhui, runs oblique-extero-posteriorly in parallel to the bladder (GABA) meridian and arrives at or around the area above Tienchu.
Parietal lobe (Brodmann's area 4) starts from around Chienting, runs oblique-extero-posteriorly through the inner side of the frontal lobe (meridian) and arrives at or around the area above Tienchu.
Central gray indicates Paihui. Central gray runs from Paihui oblique-extero-anteriorly, intersects the bladder (GABA) meridian around Chengkuang (Tungtien in some cases), runs further oblique-extero-posteriorly, intersects the bladder meridian (serotonin), and runs all over the body.
Mesencephalon (tissue excised along the line including red nucleus) starts from around Chiangchien, runs oblique-entero-posteriorly, intersects the bladder meridian and arrives at or around Fengchin.
Occipital lobe (Brodmann's area 17) starts from the intermediate of Chiangchien and Naohu, ruus oblique-extero-posterioly, intersects the bladder meridian, and arrives at or around Fengchin.
Pons (tissue excised along the line including nucleus ceruleus) starts from around Naohu, and arrives at Fengchin in the same manner as noted with the occipital lobe.
Medulla (tissue excised along the line including inferior Olivary nucleus at the swollen part) starts from immediately below external occipital protuberance, and arrives at or around Fengchin in the same manner as noted with the occipital lobe. The upper half of this meridian point reacts with medulla, while the lower half of the same reacts with hippocampus.
Temporal lobe (Brodmann's area 21) starts from around Hsuanlu, runs through the temple, and arrives at or around Wanku, or in some cases joins to the bladder (serotonin).
Cerebellum (tissue excised along the line including dentate nucleus) starts from the Governor vessel meridian at a level of the second cerebral vertebra, and arrives at the level of the 4th cervical vertebra.
From the above it was suggested that meridians on the Governor vessel of the cephalocervical region, the meridian above Tienchu, Tienchu, and Fengchin are useful for treatment of diseases related to the central nerve system.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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Making external reference observations the object of our study, we attempted to assume the root disease in 60 subjects afflicted with cervical brachialgia.
Results showed 3 cases of cervical-spinal disease symptoms assumed from sensory disturbances of the upper and lower extremities or gait disturbances, etc.; 27 cases of cervical nerve root symptoms determined by the Spurling Test and pain and tenderness with backward flexion of the cervical vertebrae; 18 cases of thoracic outlet syndrome determined through the Wright Test, and Morley Test, etc. 5 cases of cervico-scapulo-brachial syndrome did not show the above mentioned disease conditions and 7 cases were undetermined.
The above was not conclusive diagnosis but it did help in assuming an outline of the disease conditions. From the point of view of therapeutic results it was observed that acupuncture therapy was not appropriate for spinal symptoms, appropriate to a degree for nerve root symptoms and appropriate for thoracic outlet syndrome.

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At a highland above 3, 000 meters, there are lack of oxygen, low air pressure and cold. From such an environment of a highland, mountain-sickness which causes headaches, sensory disturbance and motor disturbance occures. For this reason, on the occasion of a highland climbing, a proper countermeasure should be taken.
In order to get effect of moxbustion on S36 (Tsusanli points) to a preservation of mountain sickness, several tests were carried out on the physiological variation to mountain climbers.
As the result, between the subjects and the control for body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, pH value of salivary and reflex test the significant differences were not observed. But as to Kreperin sensus there are the significant differences are observed (p<0.05).
In conclusion under the highland enviornment, exhaustion on the high dimensional function such as a brain (cerebrum) was observed and suppression by moxibustion on a progress of exhaustion was recognized.
While effect of moxbustion on physiological variation was not clearly observed. This fact shows that due to a considerable individual difference in vivo, moxibustion cannot cover it and was not effective on protection of the mountain-sickness.

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Various acupuncture stimulations were given to a 60 year-old housewife with a distinct meridian phenomenon to observe subsequent PSM. Clear PSM was induced either by finger pressure, press needle or low frequency press needle stimulation of Guanchong (terminal point). Scarless moxibustion applied to a source point induced clearer PSM than that to a terminal point. Comparing the propagating speeds of the PSM induced by press needle stimulations of the terminal points of the twelve meridians, those of liver, kidney and spleeen were the fastest (about 70cm/sec) and those of heart and large intestine were the slowest (1cm/sec). The propagation of PSM was blocked by 50-60mmHg of manchette pressure or by about 400g/cm local pressure using a pressure meter.

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