Japan has low crime rate according to crime statistics and a victim survey as well. Japan seems to be a safe country as far as the crime rate is concerned. This does not mean that there is no need of the discussion on safety in criminology. Two reflective questions are raised : (1) Is there any unsafe element in the social structure of Japan's contemporary society? (2) Does the introduction of the concept of safety in criminology make an impact on the nature of criminology? The former question is relevant to the subject of empirical researches. Safety is the world-taken-for-granted for most Japanese people including lawyers and criminologists. Some prudent criminologists hold that this world-taken-for-granted should be changed to the world-inviting-an-exploration. The safety of Japan should be revisited. For an answer of the latter we have to hold a theoretical discussion on the concept of safety and a merit or demerit of the introduction of this concept into criminology. There are slight differences of meaning among prevention of crime, reduction in crime, and safety from crime. The safety is a more value-oriented concept than both the prevention and reduction, though all preventive measures are not accepted in terms of the liberty of the people. The safety from crime is defined as a sum of resources and efforts invested in avoiding personal danger of crime. That danger, however, extends to those occurring in various aspects of our modern life. Note that criminologists who pose political and cultural problems in their discussion should make mention of the danger of economic inequality, oppression, rejection of freedom, and loss of fairness. The use of the safety will stimulate a broad and important discussion on a liberal or conservative way of thinking about social control. The use of the safety concept will also help the criminology shift from "a criminal-centered or the governing-class-centered disciplille" to "the one for support for victims, consumers, and the people." Criminology must be concerned with people's quality of life as well as a breach of criminal laws. The following three articles indicate what three authors presented at a symposium on Safety and Its Price in the 1990 annual meeting of the Japanese Association of Sociological Criminology. In the first paper Mr. Kawabe takes a careful look at the state of the Japanese juvenile delinquency and calls attention to the delinquency problems in the public housing area. The second article by Mr. Kiyonaga deals with foreign laborers and crime in Japan and suggests not to eradicate delinquency and crime but to manage the community to keep the people in safety. Mr. Morita, in the last, evaluates the concept of safety as a promising guideline in criminology and proposes a new model of society based upon people's safety and well-being.

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The statistics of crimes and the others show that there isn't so large and obvious unsafety in Japan. Therefore, in this report, the author indicated some latent unsafe factors in Japan reflected in the juvenile delinquency and analyzed them. This points are as follows. 1. Juvenile delinquents are composed of two strata. One of them is made of temporary delinquents named "initial type", who raise up the total number of juvenile delinquents. Most of them don't have any actual handicaps in their environments. Their increase caused "generalization of juvenile delinquency." Another stratum is made of "traditional type" producted in the subculture which accepts delinquency. Most of these traditional delinquents have some handicaps in their environments and repeat delinquency without enough resistance. The typical traditional delinquents are found out in groups brought up in housing developments. This phenomenon is considered the reflection of the tightening the boundary between the upper and the under classes in Japan. 2. The increase of juvenile delinquency shows the thinning of the norm conciousness of young generation. It seems related to the fact that the society is becoming narcissisitic. 3. Society of Japan sets a higher value on academic careers. Practically about 95 percent of juveniles go on to high schools. This tendency extends the moratorium for young generation. But the society does not prepare any status for them except for "students." So juveniles who don't go on to high schools cannot find the living space in our society. As a result, delinquent groups give it to them substituting for society. 4. Delinquency by low-teens is increasing. Also pre-delinquent behaviours and neurotic behaviours such as school refusal, violence in family or school, bullying and suicide by them are increasing too. This phenomenon seems to be related to the increase of psychological stress on them, which is caused by "examination race." Consequently, the author considers that the society should recognize that there is a stratum bringing forth many delinquents and give them real conclousness as members of their communities, preparing for them the social status except for "students." The system treating delinquents should coordinate the function of protection of them and the function of confronting them with the law or "social reality."

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At present, Japan experience a remarkable influx of foreign laborers. They are by now, clearly an essential part of the Japanese economic structure. On the one hand, crimes both in which a foreign laborer is an offender and those in which he or she is a victim are rapidly increasing. In this paper, the estimation of the foreign laborer population in Japan at present and in the future will be made along with the estimation of trends in criminal offenses committed by the laborers. Furthermore, bearing in mind the key concept of "security", ideal methods of the prevention of crime by foreign laborers will be discussed. In 1985, the foreign laborer population in Japan was estimated to be approximately 270,000 persons. Meanwhile, a figure between approximately 500,000 and 1,100,000 was estimated as the number of foregn laborers necessary to support the on-coming aging society of the country in 2005. Within this population framework, an estimate of the crimes committed by foreign laborers is between 8,052 and 17,522 of which 184 to 400 or more would be felonious offenses in 2005. The following summary can be obtained from the discussion: (1) Considering the inevitable arrival of an aging society, the labor of foreigners is necessity. Thus, it is inevitable that we allow this labor to be brought into Japan ; (2) However, due to such a mass influx of foreign laborers, it is predicted that "crime" will emerge as a serious problem both from a quantitative and a qualitative points of view. Given this situation, "security management" as a basic starategy for dealing with the problem of crime, mainly related to foreign laborers, is being stressed. More specifically, the essence of this perspective of security management is to achieve the following four goals: (1) To prevent crimes which must not occur. (2) To prevent crimes from occuring in places where they must not occur. (3) To prevent victimization of persons who should not fall prey to crimes. (4) To establish "measures to insure the relation or recovery from such victimization" in unfortunate cases where the above-mentioned crimes which "must not occur" do occur. Such measures should be systematized and become a part of the conscience of citizens.

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This paper intends to clarify the usefulness and the limitation of inducing the concept of safety into the sociological criminology. The conceptual usages of safety can be divided into the two patterns. The first usage is to measure and analyze social conditions concerning crime by means of indices of safety. The sociological criminology has developed the measurement techniques and the theory of safety. The concept of safety has been thought as democratic because the public needs for safety are reflected in the measurement scale, which is developed by Hoshino. In spite of this usefulness of the concept, social situations in which this concept can show the democratic nature are limited to crimes occurred in our daily life : street crimes, consumers problems, the traffic law violations and so on. The second conceptual usage of safety is to indicate the meaning system valued by individuals, groups or organizations, and the state. Although Japanese sociological criminologists make no attempts in this field, this conceptual usage of safety gives us very useful prospects. For example, this usage attracts our attention to the social process through which the concept of safety acquires the justified and institutionalized power, the conflict or competition generated in these process, the process of the forrrlation of public consensus, the selective process of variously valued meanings, and so on. Also, the usage of safety as the meaning system extends our view to taking into consideration of the human rights that are upper and more comprehensive concepts than the concept of safety. The idea of human rights included in the concept of safety gives characteristics of democracy to this concept. Also, this usage of safty related to human rights can show us the specificness of Japanese sociocultural conditions concerning safety and human rights.

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This paper focuses on the theoretical and methodological issues of the MEUC (Mutual Effect of Urban Crime) among cities. It must be emphasized that the crime trend of a city is not only affected by the circumstances of the city but also by the crime trends of other surrounding cities, because of the economic relationship among these cities. In order to analyze the MEUC, FPF (Feature Primary Factors) is constructed. It is defined as, E = (e_1, e_2,・・・・・・, e_n) and e_i = MX_i ・ X_<ji> Where MX_i is a correlation coefficient between the amount of crime and the i-th variable of a city. The i-th variable is a city index relative to the crime trend. X_<ji> is an average of the j years of the i-th city index (j≧5). The correlation coefficient of the FPF between two cities, C is treated as approximation of true C-MEUC (coefficient of MEUC), which can be defined as F_<AB> = M_<AB>・C Where M<AB> = P<AB>^α・S_B^β・J_B^γ・D<AB>^δ・V_A^ε is the medium of MEUC between the two cities, and can be calculated based on the result of actual investigations. The C-MEUCs among 49 cities in Tokyo indicate, interesting phenomena that can be called as CUC (Concentration of Urban Crime) and EUC (Extension of Urban Crime). Furthermore, this paper propposes the hypothesis that every city holds the energy of urban crime, UCE (Urban Criminal Energy), is proposed. According to the hypothesis, every ciry radiates the UCE which produces MEUC in urban systems. The UCE can be tried to calculated by the FPF.

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This is a memorandum of consideration on the methodology of "History of Juvenile Delinquency". I presented nineteen points about which we need to discuss before we describe the history of juvenile delinquency. Their main items are as follows ; 1. Meaning of the history of delinquency. 2. Style of the history. Style : "social history" vs history of policy and administration. Context : "youth" problem vs deviation control. 3. Data collection. Statistics, Cases, Policy and Administration, Public Opinions on Delinquency, Trends of Reseach on Delinquency. 4. Theoretical point of view for description and analysis. Paradigm or Theory, Time-span, Period-discrimination. 5. Strategy and organization of the working.

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1. Introduction This paper examines the attitudes which senior highschool students in Japan have toward the police and the determinants of these attitudes. 2. The Data The data for the present study were gathered from students of two senior highschools located in the medium-sized cities (populations of 240,000 and 110,000 respectively) of the eastern Japan, through the use of anonymous questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,283 students. 3. The Variables (1) Contacts with the Police Students were asked to answer with "yes" or "no" to a series of questions designed to ascertain what contacts with the police they have experienced. Contacts examined were : (a) law enforcement related contacts, including stop or caution by police officers, (b) social service related contacts, including assistance by police officers and lost and found, (c) contacts with the police as victims, and (d) informal contacts. The students were asked whether any of their parents or relatives were police officers. (2) Victimization Students were asked to answer whether they and/or their households had become victims of crime within recent twelve months. (3) Permissibility to Deviant Behavior Students were asked whether they permitted themselves to commit ten kinds of "deviant behavior," including smoking, drinking, shoplifting, riding motor-bicycle without license, and others. (4) Proper Sanction to Deviant Behavior Students were asked to reply what sanction to the same kinds of "deviant behavior" as mentioned above they think unavoidable, if these were committed by their classmates. (5) Sex (6) Grade (10 th or 11 th) (7) Residence (cities, towns or villages) (8) Attitude toward the Police The attitude which the sample held toward the police, the dependent variable, was measured by means of a 8-item Likert type scale. The scale includes four positive and four negative statements, each requiring the sample to choose one of five response categories from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." 4. Findings Correlation coefficients among variables were examined using SAS. Major findings are listed below. (1) Students who had experienced stop or caution by the police have negative ATP. (2) Victimization of the samples and their families is correlated to negative ATP. (3) Students who are permissive to deviant behaviors have negative ATP. (4) Students who consider milder sanctions to deviant behaviors more appropriate have negative ATP. (5) Male students have more negative ATP than female students. (6) No correlation between ATP and grade or residence was found. 5. lmplications The result shows the importance of experiences with the police. Other attitudes owned by the students are also important.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze 1) delinquents' level of school adjustment, family adjustment, neurotic tendency and self-concept as well as 2) difference between delinquents with positive and negative self-concepts in the level of school adjustment, family adjustment and neurotic tendency. A sample of 2,553 boys and girls from 20 junior and senior high schools in ten prefectures were surveyed in October and November, 1990, and were put into three groups (delinquent, average and non-delinquent groups) according to the level of self-reported delinquency, to analyze differences between groups. Findings are as follows. 1 A proposition that "there are more school-maladjusted juveniles in delinquent group than in other groups" is supported by the data. 2 A proposition that "there are more family-maladjusted juveniles in delinquent group than in other groups" is supported. 3 A proposition that "juveniles in delinquent group show stronger neurotic tendency than in other groups" is supported. 4 A proposition that "juveniles in delinquent group have poorer self-concept than in other groups" is not supported. The juveniles in delinquent group were divided into two groups, one is positive self-concept group and another is negative self-concept group. 5 The delinquents in positive self-concept group showed better school-adjustment than the delinquents in negative self-concept group. 6 The delinquents in positive self-concept group showed better family adjustment than the delinquents in negative self-concept group. 7 No difference was shown in the level of neurotic tendency between the groups with positive and negative self-concepts.

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