Human beings are the social beings who live trying to satisfy their basic desires. Therefore, if they cannot satisfy their desires, they may possibly break laws and change into the dangerous animals at any moment. When we ran short of food, in the aftermath of the 2nd World War, black-marketing was common. Now we are better off than before, but the number of criminals who stole others' properties does not show a decline. Strictly speaking, there are few who never commit any crime at all. Crimes are the daily happenings. In order to prevent a crime, it is necessary for us to clearly explain : 1) conception of a crime ; 2) conception of a criminal ; 3) purpose to prevent a crime ; 4) causes of crimes ; 5) measures to prevent a crime. As for the conception of a crime, there are three definitions. The first is a sociological conception of a crime, the second is a legal conception of a crime in a wide sense, and the third being the legal definition in a narrow sense. From the viewpoint of criminology, it seems most suitable to use the second definition. When we discuss the conception of a criminal, we need to decide when and whom we should call a criminal. We should define whether a criminal should be : 1) a suspect who is arrested by the police ; 2) a person who is indicted by the public prosecutor ; 3) a person who is convicted at the court ; 4) a person who serves his sentence in a prison. We find various causes of crime in the world, and we have been unable to clarify them scientifically. Therefore, we cannot establish yet scientific and absolutely effective measures to prevent a crime. We consider two methods to prevent a crime : the first is the social policy and the second is the criminal policy. From the viewpoint of the social policy, we should keep the security of living, and changes in our social structures slowly. There are two ways in the criminal policy ; general and special prevention. But both ways have not shown any sufficient effect. It can be concluded under the present condition that any effective and scientific policies to prevent a crime have not been found out yet.

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There are two types of crime control in society - formal and informal control. Traditionally, most efforts to examine "societal reactions to crime" have focused on reactions of such formal institutions as criminal justice and correctional systems to crimes. But currently criminal justice system has tended to depend more on the treatment of criminals in a free society outside the formal institutions - probation, parole, or community-based treatment. This paper, from perspectives of sociology and criminology, examines the informal crime control including informal reactions, of individuals and groups. In reality, the public or individual citizens do not necessarily support the current policy of community treatment, but are rather indifferent to it, or show interests only in defensive crime control. On the other hand, the informal crime control has lost its effects as a community is disorganized. Therefore, we must examine the existing informal crime control, and innovate new types of informal crime control such as community reorganization for crime prevention or the mediation system of community disputes, recognizing the limits and defeats of the current informal crime control.

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The relationship between school and delinquency shifts depending on the availability of the secondary education. When the opportunity for secondary education was limited for certain numbers of students, "insuffciency of education", or the alienation from educational opportunities, was an important factor of juvenile delinquency. The present school system has enabled many students to be enrolled in upper secondary schools and "incompleteness of education", or the alienation in school, has become an important factor of delinquency. This article discusses the following factors of schools concerning prevention of delinquency ; 1) function of cognitive socialization, 2) function of guiding students, 3) function of protecting students from bad influences, 4) function of absorbing students' drives towards deviancy, 5) function of moral socialization. These functions of schools are expected to reduce the potenciality of delinquency. But, in the school life today, these functions sometimes promote delinquency of students. 1) Lack of flexibility of teaching methods makes various types of failures, 2) perspectives of students are confused by schools themselves, 3) a number of rules in schools tend to increase frustration among students, 4) schools fail to absorb various drives of students, 5) inconsistency of school disciplines increases the nonconformists and apathy among students. If we want more effective ways to prevent delinquency among students, we need to adjust these functions of schools.

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The crime prevention activities were introduced into the field of the rehabilitation (probation and parole) service by the Offenders Rehabilitation Law in 1949. Since then, probation offices and related voluntary organizations have placed emphasis on the crime prevention, and have organized in July each year a nation-wide crime prevention campaign entitled as "The Drive to Enlighten the Society", in order to mobilize the interest of the public. In this campaign, as in other day-to-day crime prevention activities, emphasis is placed not only on prevention of crime in the strict sense of the term but also on disseminating the idea that it is essential for the public to accept released offenders back in the community and help them for the prevetion of recidivism. In this article the authors examined the history of crime prevention activities in the field of rehabilitation, and their main purposes by each decade, trying to define whether the main objective of the crime preventive efforts in the field is the prevention of recidivism and rehabilitation of offenders or the reduction of over-all crime rates in the community. The authors reached the conclusion that the purposes of these activities are as follows : i) To give the members of the community the information on crime and delinquency and make them more interested in crime problems ; ii) to encourage them to participate in crime preventive activities in the community ; iii) to make them sympathize with the offenders and support their rehabilitation. The degree of the interest of the public in crime problems in the community, of course, greatly depends upon the crime incidence and other factors existinging the community. Today, the increase of juvenile delinquency has become a serious social problem and a main object of public interest, and it is required for probation offices, volunteer probation officers and other voluntary organizations such as Women's Associations for Rehabilitation Aid or Big Brothers and Sisters Associations to conduct the nation-wide crime prevention activities in more attractive and effective fashions. Under these circumstances, the Rehabilitation Bureau of the Ministry of Justice conducted "The Project for the Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation of Offenders in the Community" in 1979 and 1980. The project aimed at evaluating the effects of the crime prevention activities in the field of the rehabilitation services, and developing more effective methods of crime prevention activities in the community. It may be safe to summarize the results of the questionnaires administered to the residents in the project areas about their thought patterns on crime prevention and offenders rehabilitation in the following manner : i) The information dissemination through mass communication media or personal channels is essential in order to stimulate the interests of the members of the community in the crime prevention. ii) The participation in some kinds of crime preventive programs promote residents, understanding of the importance of the crime prevention. Active participation in programs such as round-table discussions and interorganization meetings is especially effective ; iii) From among those who participated in these programs, we can recruit potential leaders of crime prevention activities, and further more, the individuals who are willing to help offenders voluntarily. The effect of the crime prevention activities can be evaluated by the number of participants in crime preventive activities and the number of residents who catch the information. The authors define these two indexes as "Participation and Information Scale," and propose this scale as a scale for the evaluation of effects of the crime prevention activities in the field of the rehabilitation services.

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Nowadays almost all of junior high schools have suffered from various delinquent behaviors outbreaking in daily school life. some examples are ; larceny, extortion, glue-sniffing, and school vandalism, in particular, which has occurred all over the country. As a rule, present corrective procedures and treatment methods have been designed for rather elder delinquents and are insufficient to deal with students in our compulsory education. Therefore, we have to examine the existent system carefully to point out its defects and problems,and consider more effective, and productive steps to realize younger delinquents'rehabilitation. First of all, schools should realize their powerlessness to check students, delinquent acts and their policy to keep any deplorable event absolutely confidential to outsiders. These two defects usually encourage students, delinquent acts and sometimes make them believe that the school is a real "sanctuary" permitting every criminal action without reporting it to the police. Schools should establish their definite standpoint which combines their educational functions with corrective functions to prevent studets, further misdeeds and to keep good relationships with collateral agencies. From the viewpoint of compulsory education, we can not deprive students of their constitutional right to receive education, regardless of the policies that schools may select. But schools are usually negative to readmittance or change of schools of delinquent students irrespective of treatment plans that they have had. Moreover, schools sometimes suspend delinquents from attending school illegally in principal's own judgement in spite of the delinquents' status to receive compulsory education. These school policies always undermine delinquents rehabilitative will and it is inevitable to say that schools illegally deprive delinquent students of their fundamental right for education. Schools must be open to readmittance and change of the schools of delinquents just as they are open to normal students. The author must admit that suspension of delinquents from attending schools is one of the effective ways to maintain stable school life, but it has to be decided according to the principles of due process. The procedures must clarify the necessity for suspension, give an opportunity for the delinquent to defend himself and assure him of his right to file his complaint against the school decision. As a conclusion we have to save our energy by reconstructing corrective steps after examining above-stated defects and problems of our present systems. The author believes that these activities will protect interests of delinquents as well as those of our society.

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The ideas of pretrial diversion and of resolution of disputes involving minor offenses through mediation have recently been introduced to Japan. No one, however, has yet examined their implications in the Japanese context with a proposal for reform of the criminal justice system. Focusing on adult crimes other than minor traffic of Eenses, this paper reviews the development and critiques of these ideas in the U. S., analyzes the extent to which they may be incorporated into the Japanese system, presents a tentative proposal for reform, and outlines an agenda for research to be conducted to judge the merit and feasibility of the reform proposal. Diversion programs, particularly those with intervention including mediation, supposedly benefit all the parties in the criminal justice system : they reduce the work loads of the criminak justice agencies, better protect the general public through more effective treatment of offenders, and provide the accused with services withont attaching the stigma of formal conviction. Given the incidence of crime in Japan, however, there would be no need for reform from the viewpoints of the former two groups. A reform proposal might be based mainly on the viewpoint of the accused. The police and the prosecutor are already disposing of a large percentage of criminal cases through their statutory discretion to terminate proceedings, usually without any requirements on the part of the accused. Therefore, this paper proposes a reform at the police-prosecution stage which would be an extention of the current practice of simple diversion, and proposes that the guidelines for the exercise of the discretion be made public. Diversion with intervention is proposed only at the stage where court supervision is available. Typically on the first appearance before the court, the defendant may, upon advice of the defense counsel, request the court to suspend the proceedings for a few months during which time he will receive services which he has requested outside the justice system under the supervision of the probation office. Upon the expiration of the specified period, the court will evaluate the defendant's performance, and, if the court finds it satisfactory, the prosecutor will withdraw the information. This paper suggests the types of cases for which the suspension of proceedings should be either mandatory or discretionary, suggesting that the suspension should be mandatory when the chosen services are clearly appropriate for the accused (as, for instance, in the case of psychiatric treatment for the mentally disturbed defendant). Related procedural and policy issues are discussed, and a series of research topics are described.

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How does the criminal court make judgement about criminal responsibility (kriminalle Schuldfahigkeit)? This paper reports on the result of the author's analysis of the judicial judgement about this issue. The sample of this analysis consists of 154 cases (appeared in law reports or law journals) which made an issue of criminal responsibility. These cases were analyzed by the means of "Chi-Square test" and "Quantification theory-model II." As a result of the analysis, nine factors were selected as constituents of the judicial judgement about criminal responsibility. These factors are : (1) "Premeditation of the crime ;" (2) "Unusual motive of the crime ;" (3) "psychosis ;" (4) "Mental defectiveness;" (5) "Neurosis ;" (6) "Alcoholic intoxication;" (7) "Disturbed consciousness at the time of commitment of the crime;" (8) "Existence of delusion and hallucination etc ;" (9) "Existcnce of memory of comittment." The "Quantification theory-class II" calculates the normalized score of each category. The sample score is calculated by totaling the normalized scores of all applicable categories. The turning point which devides between the non-responsibility (Schuldunfahigkeit) and the diminished responsibility (verminderte Schuldfahigkeit), and between the diminished responsibility and the full responsibility (Schuldfahigkeit), turns out through the distribution of the sample scores. As a result of analysis on the said nine factors, the following turning points were obtained. (1) 〜30 : Non-responsibility. (2) 29〜-57 : Diminished responsibility. (3) -58〜 : Responsibility. Through this division, eighty percent of the total samples were able to be discriminated. And the further follow-up to other ten cases other than the samples revealed that the discrimination rate is eighty percent.

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1. Aims This research aims at investigating junior high school students' images of the seven types of boys by 33 items. They are : Paint-thinner inhaling boys, shoplifting boys, school violent boys, juvenile ioy riders of motorcycles, disobedient boys, good boys and the samples themselves Also it aims at investigating social distance and ranking of unfriendliness of six boys except the category of "themselves". 2. Samples and method The samples of this research area total of 1,245 3rd junior high school students. The period of this research is from May to July in 1982 and a questionnaire method was used. 3. Result Following hypotheses were drawn from this research (1) Junior high school students hold both bad and good images of deviant boys-paint-thinner inhaling boys, shoplifting boys, school violent boys, juvenile joy riders of motorcycles, and disobedient boys. (2) Each deviant boy shows not only stereotyped images but also a variety of images. (3) Junior high school students hold good and bad images of "good boys". (4) Some of the self images (the total images of "myself" of each sample) are akin to images of "good boys", and others to images of deviant boys. (5) Most of junior high school students accept "good boys" and reject deviant boys, but some of them accept deviant boys and reject "good boys". (6) Junior high school students' labeling is not one sided but is on a mutual basis. (7) There exsists student subculture as a background of six hypotheses.

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The main focus of this paper is to clarify the relationship between junior-high school students' deviant behaviors and their school life in Japan. Recent studies reveal that students' deviant behaviors corelate with their low academic achievement. And the increase of such deviance as violence within schools, has become a serious social problem. Therefore, students' school life is an important factor to understand behavior problems in the school today. Since student 'problematic behavior' (MONDAI KODO) is caused in the negotiation processes between teachers and students, it is pursued by looking closely at making sense process of both teachers and students. (see the author's paper, 1982.) The following are the findings from reanalysis of the surveyincluding 1,642 junior high school students. (1) The strictness of school discipline or rule has influence over the students' making sense of their behavior. (2) As the more strict teachers exert school disciplines or rules, the less students regard their behaviors as 'problematic'. This result supports D. Reynolds' theories. (3) But, the 'eager' actions of teachers toward students has positive effects on students' making sense, This finding doesn't support Reynolds' hypothesis, but may reflect Japanese junior high school students' attitudes toward schools and teachers.

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PURPOSE ; A significant feature of homicides committed by females is the fact that the largest portion of the victims were children of their own. In particular, the ratio of the neonates within twenty-four hours after birth is great among victims. In this report, at first, the authors analyzed two groups of neonaticide classifing victimd into legitimate and illegitimate neonates to clarify the differences of the two groups. Second, the authors tried to classify neonaticides by the Method of Hayashi's Quantitative Theory III (Pattern Analysis). SUBJECTS ; Subjects of this study were 93 female defendants sentenced at district courts from 1976 to 1980 in eleven prefectures (Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama, Yamanashi, Nagano, Niigata, Shizuoka, Ibaragi, Tochigi, and Gunma), whose victims were neonates within 24 hours after their birth. METHOD ; From the documents of written judgements of female defendants of neonaticide at district courts, the authors recorded investigation items which include attributes of defendants, criminal facts, backgrounds of crimes, and the sentences. Then each item of investigation was analyzed statistically. RESULTS ; I. Characteristics and Backgrounds of Two Groups ・・・・・・・・・neonaticide of legitimate and illegitimate children・・・・・・・・・ " During the past twenty years, neonaticide of legitimate children is remarkably increasing. The portion of legitimate children among victims of neonaticide has become 50 %, although it was only 15 % twenty years ago. a) neonaticide of legitimate children ; Defendants are mostly house-wives in their early thirties who have two or three children already. Their main motive of crime is poverty. They are afraid that they are unable to bring up the whole children if new-born babies join the family. In addition, they suffer domestic problems such as husbands' indifference to family problems. b) neonaticide of illegitimate children ; Defendants are mostly young (under twenty-four years old), and unmarried, and have problems of their own. For example, they show sexual promiscuity, and change jobs frequently. Their motives for neonaticide are shame, unwanted child, fear for exposure of pregnancy or birth of children of out of wedlock in addition to poverty. II. Cldssification by Pattern Analysis The following five dimensions are abstracted to classify the neonaticide ; 1st dimension (attributes of defendants) <young unmarried women>___<(+)>・・・・・・・・・<married poor housewives with children>___<(-)> 2nd dimension (particular victim) <victim is a grandchild>___<(-)> 3rd dimension (family backgrounds) <deficiency of family function>___<(+)> 4th dimension (characteristics of defendants) <pleasure-seeker>___<(+)>・・・・・・・・・・・・ psychopathy___<(-)> 5th dimension (way of living of defendants) <unfaithful to husband>___<(+)>・・・・・・・・・・・・<isolated in the family>___<(-)> Accoding to these dimensions, neonaticides were classified into eight groups.

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Recently it has been much discussed that the new type of juvenile delinquency has increased in quantities and that deviant behavior theories including labelling theory should be integrated in some way. But Studies of the relationships between actual behaviors and these theories have been less accumulated. Therefore this paper aims at studying the adaptation of deviant behavior theories to contemporary realities in Japan. Categorizing this contemporary type, its three categories are class and stratification, the degree of consciousness, and the structure of play in the whole society. Next, among many theories, anomie theory, delinquent subculture theory, and lower class culture theory aren't adaptable to contemporary realities because these theories are concerned in middle-lower differences and limitation of resident districts. On the contrary, differential identification theory, self-concept theory, and double-sidedness theory of dominant value system (e. g. G. M. Sykes and D. Matza) are well adaptable because they emphasize the similarity of delinquent boys to non-delinquent boys in social structure. In illustration of these problems, The author tried to study the "Yokohama case" of juvenile delinquency that occured in sensational way in February 1983. It is considered as the complex of "classical type" and " contemporary type"

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