This study examined the relationship between the weathered zone structure and shallow induced by the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake. In all four bedrock types, the sliding surface of shallow landslides is in highly weathered rock; however, the structures of the weathered zones are distinctly different. In siliceous siltstone, pyrite included in the weakly weathered bedrock was absent in the highly weathered zone. It is inferred that the dissolution of pyrite by sulfuric acid accelerated weathering and reduced rock strength, thereby promoting bedrock creep. Soil layer of rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks contains large amount of halloysite, while soil layer of dacitic pyroclastic rocks includes both halloysite and smectite. Andesitic volcanic rocks developed highly viscous soil layers dominated by hematite within the weathered zones.

Recently, there have been many cases of diverse multi-hazards. Many landslides occurred in the Noto Peninsula during the earthquake in January 2024. Not only that, but it was revealed that unstable soil in mountainous areas that was created during the earthquake was re-runoff due to the subsequent heavy rains. However, there was little sediment movement due to subsequent snowmelt. If the damage is widespread, recovery will be difficult, so it is important to prepare in advance soft measures such as changes in land use and reconstruction plans for multi-hazards. In preparation for multi-hazards, which are expected to increase in the future, it is necessary to review how loosened ground is treated as a hazard after an earthquake and update landslide hazard maps in real time. Based on that, it is important to create technical soft standards such as where to evacuate, what are the appropriate evacuation routes, and how long to continue evacuation. In addition, research and countermeasures for topographical factors （e.g. zero-order valleys, cuts below slopes, river attack slopes, etc.） and geological factors （e.g. pyroclastic rocks, dip slope structures, fracture zones, hydrothermal alteration zones, etc.） that are prone to major disasters in multi-hazards are engineering geological issues.

The 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake caused many different types of slope disasters, including landslide-like collapses and low-angle translational landslides, which reflect the geological properties and structure of the area. Using aerial photographs and detailed topographical data taken before and after the disasters, I documented examples of disasters that showed various types of disasters, categorized them based on their form and amount of movement, and considered their geological and topographical characteristics. Understanding the distribution of micro-topography that indicates slope movement along with geological conditions is effective in assessing slope disaster risk. Based on this categorization, it is important to evaluate the risk of earthquake-induced slope disasters from the geological and topographical characteristics of the Neogene strata folding zone.

We discussed on the landform development process of the landslide area caused by the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake in the Okubo area from the perspective of applied geology. For this discussion, we tried a new method of interpreting aerial photographs.

We interpreted the landform and direction of sediment movement by observing the topography, fallen trees, and cracks and roughness on the ground surface using an anaglyph made from aerial photographs for stereoscopy. The landforms were classified into landslide mass, landslide scarp, talus cone, and debris avalanche. The direction of sediment movement was measured for each landform, and the results were overlaid on the landform classification map in the form of arrows. The landslide process of a large-scale landslide was tried to estimate. Adjacent landslide scarp and landslide mass or landslide scarp and talus cone were merged into a combined landform unit. Considering the sequence of the landform units and the direction of the sediment movement, five orders, from 1st to 5th, were classified in the landslide process. Discontinuous boundaries where the order is not sequential and sediment movement trends differ in adjacent landform units were identified. Based on these boundaries, the landslide units that further compiled landform units were classified. Considering these landslide units interpreted by landform classification and the direction of sediment movement, we could estimate that the large landslide in the study area has at least three stages of its failure process.

We can discuss the landslide process as a landform development process based on the landform class and direction of sediment movement obtained from aerial photo interpretation. We also believe that discussing the landslide process based on the gradual integration of landform classes is a logical analytical approach that considers the multiscale landform characteristics.