Recently, Territorial Games attract the attention of physical educators because they are easy to score and to move with the ball, so they have been practiced in a lot of primary schools. However, there are some opinions which point out that Territorial Games can be difficult games from a few viewpoints.
The purpose of this study is to examine whether the Throw Forward Rule in Tag Rugby which is one of Territorial Games is easy or difficult. To achieve this, Tag Rugby was taught to the 3rd year pupils without previous experience of playing the game of Tag Rugby and the 5th year pupils who had previous experience of it. Both the awareness of this rule and the result of this play by these pupils were investigated. The following points became clear from the investigation.
1) The Throw Forward Rule was a little difficult for the pupils who didn't have the experience of the game at the start of the unit.
2) However, the Throw Forward Rule became easier for the pupils who gradually gained experience during the progressions of the study.
3) The Throw Forward Rule was easier for the pupils who had the experience of the game in advance even at the start of the unit.
Consequently, it became clear that the Throw Forward Rule was not as difficult for the pupils as it had been generally said. This implies the possibility that a gap was caused between the teachers' opinion about Tag Rugby and the awareness of the pupils who actually played it. It seems that the teachers will be required to have the pupils' view and to close the gap in experience in order to choose timely ball games for the pupils in the school PE curriculum.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine prior arguments about the necessity of prohibiting doping. Up until now, arguments about this issue have unfolded in many ways. This time, prior arguments were examined and an attempt was made to clarify the construction of this issue and the remaining problems. Papers analyzed were limited to those written from an ethical standpoint without the presumption that doping is wrong.
In the course of examining prior arguments based on prohibiting of doping, four main standpoints can be listed as follows.
1. A position that seeks reconsideration of the propriety of prohibiting doping from the viewpoint of “paternalism” or “free will”.
2. A position that seeks reconsideration about the necessity of prohibiting doping from the viewpoint of the concept of “fair” or “justice”.
3. A position that considers the necessity of prohibiting doping from the viewpoint of natural demand from parts of the human body.
4. A position that encourages reconsideration of prohibiting doping from a modern viewpoint of the body in connection.
In conclusion, these standpoints can be classified into two categories. One is the problem of “the essence of sports” and the other is “the bio-ethical problem” such as that of the right of body possession or free will. These two issues along with the new arrival of genetic enhancement or gene doping, are ones of significant concern remaining to be answered in the realm of sports and ethics.

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According to research report of physical strength and athletic capability done by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, there is a decline of athletic capability among elementary school students specially their throwing abilities. Therefore, we need to go ahead to develop and introduce teaching materials to enhance throwing ability to be used in class and to develop the groundwork to playing sports throughout one's life.
In this study, We paid attention to throwing ability among fundamental athletic abilities, and devised a targeted game teaching material, “Rocket Ball Golf”, The game was designed to enhance throwing ability as well as to awaken the students' will to learn. The game was introduced in a 4th grader class. We examined the effectiveness of the material in terms of improving throwing ability as well as influencing students' emotional state. As a result, We confirmed that the Rocket Ball Golf teaching material can enhance the throwing ability while the students are having fun. It may be said that this teaching material will have a meaningful effect especially on students with low throwing abilities.

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