In this study, the relationship between game aspects and “off the ball movement by the offense” in a handball class for elementary school children was analyzed based on genetic movement theory. As a result, the characteristics of “off the ball movement by the offense” were clarified in five game aspects. These were (1) the ball-focused type: The children not in possession of the ball tend to watch only the player in possession of the ball closely, and wait to get the ball in a goal or move to get the ball from the player in possession. (2) the run out type: The children take positions around the goal of the opponent, and wait to get the ball in a goalscoring position or run to catch a ball in the lengthwise space toward the opponent's goal. (3) the immature zone type: The child considers the ball, the goal, and available spaces where it will be possible to move. The child especially seeks out chances to use side space, that is, the space on the side opposite the player in possession of the ball. (4) the zone type: Although they confront the opponent, the children without the ball have a chance to play, and feel a sense of distance from the opponent. (5) the genetic system type: Children not in possession of the ball move in relation to their teammates. In such a way, they can catch the ball harmoniously and even slightly rhythmically. Then they can move to pass the ball into available spaces spontaneously.

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This study, through comparison between China and Japan, was intended to understand the current situation of curricula of physical education teacher training for junior high schools in China, and then clarify the problems and determine the ways to solve them in China. In this study, China's 49 universities which hold the physical education teacher training courses for junior and senior high schools and Japan’s 53 universities in which teaching license of health and physical education could be obtained were investigated. The construction of curricula of physical education teacher training for junior high schools in China and Japan, in particular the status of “education and professional studies” within the curricula, and the contents of “curriculum study” were surveyed. The results of China and Japan were compared and considered.
The results were summarized as follows;
1) Compared with Japan, there is a gap among the universities about the numbers of credits of “education and professional studies” of curricula of physical education teacher training in China. Also, compared with Japan, the proportion of “education and professional studies” in China was lower, accounted for about one third of Japan’s.
2) Compared with Japan, in China, as the “curriculum study” of curricula of physical education teacher training, the basic theory of teaching physical education and the knowledge about designing classes of physical education were taught much more, while the practical knowledge of teaching classes and practical experiences for teaching classes were taught less.
3) Now, in China, the reform of education of teaching profession in the curricula of physical education teacher training for junior high schools, such as making a classification or increasing the numbers of credits of “education and professional studies”, are needed. In addition, the traditional content and teaching methods of “curriculum study” of the curricula of physical education teacher training should be reformed. And then, according to the national conditions in China, it seems that the minimum standards of statutory about “education and professional studies”, including “curriculum study” are needed to promulgate for the universities which conduct the teacher training courses.

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The purpose of this paper is to understand the threat of genetic doping in competitive sports and to introduce the ethical problems associated with it. This would be a basic examination to construct the ethical framework for genetic doping.
In the context of competitive sports, genetic doping is a very new topic and has only emerged recently as a significant and moral concern. That is why it could be said that there has not been enough research on the subject.
In this paper, first of all, the present state of genetic doping in competitive sport circles is analyzed. In this case, the official reports offered by the IOC and the WADA are mainly used, and prior important works are adopted , including two researchers, A. Mia and A.J. Schneider, who are pioneers on research regarding matters of genetic doping.
The procedure of this paper is as fallows.

1. Grasping the present state of genetic doping in competitive sport circles.
2. Investigation for prior ethical arguments regarding genetic doping.
3. Pointing out the specific ethical problems that have to be considered regarding genetic doping.

Lastly, other ethical problems regarding genetic doping are showed that have not argued in prior papers.

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