The intension of this paper on sport history is to confirm its fundamental problems related with them and is to investigate to the way of approaching of them since the 19th century. As you know, some exellent historians of sport, not only Europian-but also Japanese scholars, discribed our day by the name of the age of "great turning point". Accordingly, it is natural and proper that this paper was given the main title as "A study on the sport history, in the comming age of great turngin point". This paper is devided into following 7 chapters from the grobal standpoint. I. chapter is dealt with as the title of "The problem about the reexaminining of sport history". The definition of the concept of sport and the meaning of sport history are considerd and comfirmed as a preface to the following chapters. II. chapter is witten as the title of "The interest in Asian culture among Europian sport historians", and such a viewpoint has been apeared gradually all over the world. III. chapter is dealt with as the title of "Confirming of the meaning and its limitation of modernity". The intention of this chapter is to be recognized by the term of modern and modernity as the age which the industrial civilization and national state has been developed by. Becouse such a way of thinking had been influenced upon Asian and other world, Japanese also believed unconsiouslly that Europianization and Moderization was one and same. After world war II, only a few scholars has took notice above mentioned problem as a quetionable one, becouse there were clear difference between europianization and modernization. It also related with recomfirming of the historical limitation, so that the title of IV. chapter schould be elected "The problem of Europia and non-Europia". Two points should be mentioned here. Ist. point is to recognize qualitatively the difference between two, and IInd. point is to inprove traditional one in sport history. After the middle of 20th century this traditional viewpoint were criticised by the farsighted scholars. Racical and religious segrigations were a case in point. This is dealt with as a title of "The appearance of the new world image, and the problem of bias and segrigation". And then, as the last chapter, VI is dielt with as the title of "Questionable problem of the chronological table and the historical reflection of it". In conclusion, it is cleare that all things are changing qualitatively to the comming age, and splended ideas of sport historian will be come out from such a conscious attitude.

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Zweck der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Auffassung Platons zu dem Leib und der Seele in seiner Gymnastik klarzumachen. Unsere Arbeit hat folgende Resultate ergeben:1)Wenn der Mensch, der die Gymnastik verrichtet, das einfache Essen einnimmt und die strengen Leibesubungen uberwindet, er die Guter des Leibes wie das leibliche Wohlbefinden, die Schonheit des Leibes, die Kraft und die Kampffahigkeit erlangen kann. Diese Auffassung Platons ist bestandig folgerichtig. 2)Das Ideal Platons ist es, da〓 die Guter des Leibes den Gutern der Seelen dienen. Deshalb ist es selbstverstandlich, da〓 jene nicht diese besser machen konnen. 3)Selbst ein unrechte Mensch, der dem Staate alle Schaden bringt, kann die Guter des Leibes erlangen. 4)In der Seele gibt es fur Platon die drei Elemente, d.i.das vernunftige Element, das leidenschaftliche Element und das begehrliche Element. Hauptzweck der Gymnastik Platons ist die Erweckung der Leidenschaft, d. h. das vernunftige Element in der Seele des Mensch, der die Gymnastik praktisch anwenden, das leidenschaftliche Element auf seine Seite zieht und dann die Begierde des Essen und Trinken beherrschen, und die Muhe der Leibesubungen uberwinden mu〓. 5)Ein Uberma〓 an Gymnastik macht das vernunftige Element dumm, und das leidenschaftliche Element oder das begehrliche Element anmassend. Deshalb ist es selbstverstandlich, da〓 solcher Mensch seinen Zweck durch Gewalt zureichen sucht oder begierig nach Luxusleben ist. 6)Wahrend Platon bejaht, da〓 der Mut durch ein Uberma〓 an Gymnastik erlangt werden kann, kritisiert er, da〓 solcher Mut nicht imstande ist, die begehrliche Element der Seele uberzuwinden. 7)Zweck und Inhalt der Gymnastik Platons weisen in dem "Staat" und den "Gesetzen" eine wesentliche Ubereinstimmung auf.

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"Kulturgeschichte des Tennis":the masterpiece of H.Gillmeister is becoming the focus of public attention as a writing which reforms the history study of tennis until now. Especially, the hypotheses by H.Gillmeister which disprove the established theory thus far thought to bring a big dispute in future. However, I had a great doubts in parts in the argument about origin of "Tennisspiel" which was presented by H.Gillmeister. H.Gillmeister says that the "Tennisspiel" which established in monastery, namely Je de Paume, have no relationship with the old "Handballspiel" up to that time. I think they are however greatly related. Above all, I think the "Pelotaspiel" of Basque is the prior form of Je de Paume. Therefore, I pointed out the contradiction in the hypothesis by H.Gillmeister, and developed my own opinion which take the place of them in main subject. As the result, I clarify that the origin of "Pelotaspiel" is much older than Je de Paume, and the Je de Paume was "designed" by following the procedures of "Christian rationalization" of "Pelotaspiel". The grounds are as follows. (1)"Pelotaspiel" can seek its origin in the sun belief of Basque race, (2)"Pelotaspiel" was effective as a training for pebble fight, (3)many young men of Basque were training in the monastery aiming at churchman, (4)Je de Paume is the one which eliminate "pagan property" of "Pelotaspiel" in monastery and alter to a completely new form of ballgame, (5)Joust and football were the hints at that stage. Further, the hypothesis, supporting evidence, and reasoning stated above are wanting in "conclusive factor" as materials for study, therefore, to pile up further dispute is needed. Also I expect it.

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This paper intends to explain the circumstances of the football games for elementary schoolchildren from the late 19th century to the early 20th century England. Her Majesty's Inspectors revealed that the football games for schoolchildren were not still actually timetabled and that they were played outside normal school hours in parks and other open spaces near schools, and this brought extra work of teachers concerning with children's football, who in season and out of season, sacrificed so much of their time voluntarily for the children's benefit. While all this grassroots activities of the teachers were going on, the Board of Education remained hesitant about officially sanctioning the organized games for elementary schoolchildren. South London Schools' Football Association(hereafter SLSFA)was founded in the summer of 1885 under the supervision of the elementary schools' teachers, which was the first elementary schools' football association in England and Wales. The object of SLSFA was to encourage the inter-school matches of football in the districts of Lambeth, Wandsworth and Southwark, i.e., the south devision of London. SLSFA had from the beginning received the valuable help from various some football clubs and proprietors of grounds, this had materially assisted the progress of SLSFA. The interest of children and teachers in the Competitions rapidly increased, and in three years from the commencement;the Junior Competition and the Senior Competition were arranged. Thus, The elementary schools' football associations depended upon the initiative and enthusiasm of children and teachers working together without the financial assistance from the local or central educational authourities. In fostering the sporting and recreative side of football, as opposed to the modern spectacular and commercialistic aspects of the games, SLSFA had done and was still doing a good work. In matches with the teams of other associations, the selected team of SLSFA had met with great measure of success. To win the Championship of London, by gaining the Corinthian Shield six times in twelve years, was a result of which anyone may be proud. The proceeds of many of these matches, particularly of those played with some opponents from Sheffield, Manchester, Birmingham, and so on, had been devoted the friendship of inter-association matches. Therefore, SLSFA played an important role in the organization of the football games for elementary schoolchildren, and the promotion of friendly matches between each schools' football association.

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This paper attempts to historically disclose the actual status of athletic activities carried out by the organizations of Korean students studying in Japan. The results of this paper are as follows:1)The student organizations formed in the early period were forced to be dissolved due to internal discords and the financial problems facing the Choson Dynasty:and, later, separate individual student organizations were formed by areas, by government-financed students and privately financed students, and by Japanese language training institutes. However, Korean students launched an organization campaign to remedy such phenomenon of having separate organizations and, finally, succeeded in integrating organizations into a single body after undergoing a series of temporary unification. 2)The sports theory of the Korean student organization in Japan emphasized the necessity of physical education as the means of seeking the wealth and military strength of the nation, considering the external and internal situation during the initial and independence period prior to the Japanese annexation of Korea. However, during the period of integration realized under the Japanese protective period, detailed contents of sports were presented as the sports were recognized as the basis of seeking recovery of national rights. Major contents were the introduction to the physical education provided by the U.S.A.and the construction of sports facilities. 3)The athletic activities carried out by the Korean student organizations in Japan did not contain independent athletic activities in the initial period, and members participated only in the athletic meetings held by Keiogijyuku. During the indepednence period, however, activities of recreational nature. such as individual athletic meetings, picnics, and sea bathing were carried out. It is considered that such activities were held to promote harmony and unity among Korean students studying abroad and to inspire students with the national consciousness.

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The first half of the nineteenth century was the period of several famous Sports magazines:The Sporting Magazine(1792-1870), (Bell's)Weekly Dispatch(1801), and Bell's Life in London(1822). Of this phenomenon, Tony Mason says that Bell's Life in London was the first of the genre of weekly specialist sporting papers. The reason for the appearance of Bell's Life in London was connected with the effect of the novel, Life in London(1820-1821), which a popular sports journalist, Pierce Egan, had written. This novel is famous for the great impact it had on young Charles Dickens. Bell's Life in London established a status for itself in early Victorian society, in contrast with Egan's Sunday paper, Pierce Egan's Life in London and Sporting Guide(1824), whose publication soon discontinued. That was due to the following facts. The publisher of Bell's Life in London, Robert Bell, was jealous of the great success of Egan's novel and dismissed Egan from his position on the(Bell's)Weekly Dispatch in which Egan wrote a boxing column. It was obvious that Bell interrupted Egan's writing work by publishing the weekly paper of the same title as his novel. As the result of his new, enforced independence from Bell, Egan set up his 'Gallery for Sporting Prints and all works connected with the sports of the Field, etc'(1824);and launched from these premises his own Sunday newspaper. In spite of the support of many people in 'the sporting world', his newspaper was soon incorporated into Bell's Life in London(1827). But this fact should not be considered as Bell's triumph over Egan. Because Bell had been dead in 1825, Bell's Life in London was continued by its editor, Vincent Dowling, with Egan's cooperation. The themes which Egan adopted in his articles are very important for understanding the broader notion of sport in those days. And his manner of writing is very peculiar to him. He used sporting slang, cant, jargon, and other vulgarisms of those days. His style of writing fascinated many people of all ranks, except those who were very pious. Therefore Egan's journalism may have contributed not only to giving the sport report an almost independent existence, but to forming an early basis age of people's enthusiasm for the daily newspaper as a medium.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the regional characteristics(regional difference)of ball games among the Native Americans. This is done by making distributional maps of the ball games and picking out the culture trait based on the racial materials which have been researched and reported by the cultural-anthropologic method. The 221 Native American tribes and the 10 kinds of ball games considered here and reported by S.Culin in "GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS"(1907)and the names of the tribes and games used in this study are also adopted from there. To make the comparison of the regional differences easier, the distributional map of the North American continent is divided into 12 regions. First of all, to examine the regional differences, the culture trait of the ball games are picked out and selected. The following characteristics are selected to give variations:1)ball games 2)shapes and materials of bats 3)shaps and materials of balls. Then, 12 distributional maps of all kinds 10 ball games are made and based on the culture trait of the ball games picked out here, the maps are examined from the following points of view. 1)Can any regional characteristics of distributional circumstances of ball games be found? In other words, are there any games that are peculiar to one region? 2)Are there any differences in position(social function)of identical game according to regions or tribes? 3)Can there be any differences of structures of the bats and balls of identical game according to regions or tribes? By looking at the ball games of the Native Americans from there points of view, it is clear that the ball games are closely related to regional life surrounding like geographical features, climates, natural features, and calling forms.

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