It is the study to tracked and analyzed the modification process of China sport policy and system historically, coming round ″Decision″(1986).Therefore, it will be possible to arrange the fact like the following as main study results. 1.″Decision″(1986)was triggered for social reform motion, simultaneously, it is based on an immanent demand of the sport development in China. 2.In ″decision″(1986), it is recognized that the sport system in a past was conservative with the efficiency deterioration, so that the reform for it is necessary for the sake of the reconstruction of sport system of China. 3.It was made to be a purpose of the reform that improve the system for which become China as a strong country of sport. 4.In ″decision″(1986), socialization and sciece of the sport activity were taken in as important measures of the reform, then, the central region of the reform was set with management system, game training system and competition system of the sport. 5.Therefore, it was brought about the development of the sport in China to the society, and the Olympic Game strategy was established, besides the sport industrial policy did be started through the execution of ″decision″(1986).

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This paper looks into some interesting aspects of pre-modern mountaineering in the era of English Romanticism, from the end of the 18th century toward the first half of the 19th century.The essay concerns itself exclusively with the poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850), an English romantic poet noted for his avowed love for nature.Unfortunately, literary works, especially poetry, have scarcely been dealt with as a source for any arguments on sport history.The present study uniquely adopts Wordsworth′s poetry as a source for analysis with a hope of bringing new horizons to sport history.Biographical documents show that the poet frequently ascended mountains near his hometown.His poetry, too, express the impressions and feelings he had through the memorable experiences of mountaineering at home and abroad.In the course of textual analysis, some notable aspects of the poet′s attitude to mountaineering will be elucidated:his rather patriotic view of mountains and the resulatant preference for British mountains over the Alps;his adherence to anecdotes of mountains;his emphasis on imagination in climbing, etc.All these may be taken as a mature and deliberate concept of mountaineering.They are precious ideas before the dawn of European modern mountaineering, because it seeks, in the name of alpinism, only to conquer yet unchallenged lofty peaks without ever thinking of the spiritual aspect of mountaineerig.

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In this paper, I conclude that the basic number of team members in team sport is 8.I draw the number 8 marked in traditions and ceremonies in England and connected to farming, land area in the Middle Ages from various kinds of literature.Then I consider the time when the number of team members in modern sport was established, especially when it was 8, and point out that the time coincides with the revival of contemporary ceremonies and traditions in England.By using the historical overview on the Anglo-Saxon(Germanic)Mentalite <Mentality>, I present a hypothesis that the number 8, the basic number of team members in team sport was the number originated from the Anglo-Saxon(Germanic)Mentalite of power. The Anglo-Saxons who started most modern sport have unconsciously kept the sign of 8 as the symbol of the power since the Middle Ages.In the process of modernization of sport, the number of team members in team sport turned to change, based on the basic number 8, the Anglo-Saxon(Germanic)Mentalite of power.In my hypothesis the number is contant 8±α. It seems that this number 8, the Mentalite of power is adopted prevalently and has influenced on various modern sport.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify how baseball events sponsored by newspaper companies have changed as way of sales promotion to aim at the course from amateur baseball events sponsored by Osaka-Asahi, Osaka-Mainichi to professional baseball events sponsored by Yomiuri. This study gives the following findings. 1.By Taisho age(1912〜1926), the terms for holding baseball event, for example, the spread and progress of baseball, commercialization of the press, appearence of mass society, progress of railroad line development projected by railway corporations, were prepared. 2.Osaka-Asahi and Osaka-Mainichi held amateur baseball events each other with same idea that was Ichiko-baseball thinking much of winning spiritualism and collective principle.But when each company concentrated on sales promotion harder and harder, that was reflected in their amateur baseball events and it became more and more difficult for each company to embody Ichiko-baseball.And the situation made a foundation to realize professional baseball. 3.In 1924, Matsutaro Shoriki took president′s post with Yomiuri.Shoriki made Yomiuri rapid progress with business strategy that integrate event news sales and advertisemennt.Shoriki made an effort to establish not only Tokyo Giants but Professional Baseball League.This business strategy was demonstrated by baseball events especially.So it is not too much to say that professional baseball was like a Yomiuri′s possession.Yomiuri also held professional baseball events to embody Ichiko-baseball.Though Osaka-Asahi and Osaka-Mainichi had Ichiko-baseball ideal, finally they held professional baseball events in 1937.as mentioned above, I could clarify that newspaper companies have held baseball events for sales promotion.

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