Today we have a great number of defensive systems in basketball. In essence, however, there are two main types, namely "the zone defense" and "the man-to-man defense". Although the zone defense was the most important defense, it was not permitted in the professional organization, N.B.A. (National Basketball Association) until the 2000-01 season. The purpose of this study is to clarify the progress until the appearance of the zone defense. The following conclusions can be drawn. 1) In the history of basketball, nine, seven, and finally five men have constituted a team. With nine men team, the man-to-man press defense was used predominantly in the full court style. Within five years, five men team became the norm (five men team was introduced in 1893), and this made the duties of players diversify. A guard was forced to enter the front court and assist in the scoring. He was called "the running guard". 2) About 1900, there was introduced into basketball a style of defense called "the five-man one line defense". This was a countermeasure to meet the running guard. 3 ) Shortly after that the defensive strategy was rapidly developed into several new types, namely "the two-man set and three-man shifting defense", "the three-man set and two-man shifting defense", "the four-man box with one-man shifting defense", and "the five-man two-line defense". 4 ) As the starting position of the five-man two-line defense resembled "the 3-2 zone defense", this defense has often been referred to as "the original zone defense". But this style was still the man-to-man defense. 5 ) The transition from the five-man two-line defense to the 3-2 zone defense was due to the outnumbering offensive players attacking the rebound-guards. The zone defense has developed from 3-2 zone defense to "the 2-3 zone defense" and then into "the 2-1-2 zone defense". From these basic zone defenses several variations have developed.

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In the beginning of Meiji Era, Japan adopted a series of modern sports with various social systems and culture from the West. According to the precedent studies, we can consider that the diffusion and practice of Association Football in Meiji Era firstly achieved through "yugisho", which was a book on sports and games for elementary school-boys. Meanwhile, the most influential reference books were Kogai Yugiho (published in 1885) and its revised edition, Kaisei Kogai Yugiho (published in 1888), which were written by Gendo Tsuboi. This study aimed to clarify the Japanese interpretation of Association Football by Gendo Tsuboi. As a consequence of reviewing and comparing the descriptions about football in two books, we could find out the following points: (1) When G. Tsuboi introduced the Football Association's Rule (FA Rule) into Kogai Yugiho, he adopted the Japanese unit, increased the number of players, defined the goal as a "castle" and put one commander in each team in order that children might imagine this sport as something like a war-simulation game. (2) After 3 years of using this book and practicing outdoor games at school, in the moment of the revision, he deleted complicated articles about "off side" and "fair catch", with the intention of simplifying the game to the suitable level for school-boys. Besides, he adjusted some detail descriptions about the material and size of the ball. These arrangements, such as simplifying the game, increasing the number of the players, adopting the familiar words in Japanese, and so on, can be found out also in the descriptions about other some games and sports in his two books. After all, in the background of these descriptions, we can recognize Tsuboi's idea to promote outdoor games and sports through the classes of physical education at elementary schools. In Japan, until quite recently, Association Football has been played mainly at "schools", although in almost all the countries in Europe and Latin America it has been practiced in "clubs". This fact evidently shows the peculiarity of our history of Association Football, and historically it is quite possible that the football in Japan might be greatly influenced by the educational circumstances and values at schools. It was G. Tsuboi who pioneered in this process.

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The focus of this study is to clarify the process of the foundation of the Chosen Shrine Athletic Meeting in Colonial Korea. The results of this study are as follows: 1 ) As the Chosen Shrine Athletic Meeting needed a large ground, the Keijo ground was built on the premises. 2 ) The Chosen Sports Association organized and administered the Chosen Shrine Athletic Meeting. 3 ) The Chosen Shrine symbolizing Shintoism in which the emperor was worshipped as a living god was founded as well. And its ground-breaking ceremony was held on a grand scale. 4 ) The opening ceremony of the Keijo ground and the ground-breaking ceremony of the Chosen Shrine were held at the same time, and the opening ceremony of the Chosen Shrine Athletic Meeting was held immediately after them. These ceremonies together strengthened the festive atmosphere. 5 ) That is the way the Chosen Shrine Athletic Meeting influenced by the Meiji Shrine Athletic Meeting was organized. Both the Japanese and Korean athletes and players participated in this Athletic Meeting together, and those who made excellent records proceeded to the Meiji Shrine Athletic Meeting held in Japan.

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This study aims at clarifying the Japanese reception of lawn tennis through analysis of the lawn tennis rule in the period when it began to be introduced into Japan. The following four historical materials are used as the primary sources, which are 1) Outdoor Games (1883) written by F. W. Strange, 2) Seiyo Kogai Yugiho (1885) written by Yasuhiro Shimomura, 3) Kogai Yugiho (1885) written by Gendo Tsuboi and Seigyo Tanaka, 4) Kaisei Kogai Yugiho (1888) written by Gendo Tsuboi and Seigyo Tanaka. Moreover, two tasks of this study were set up, which 1) to clarify the original rule which each reference referred to, 2) to clarify the feature and meaning of Japanese reception in early stages of introduction of lawn tennis. The result of this study is as follows: 1) Outdoor Games and Seiyo Kogai Yugiho referred to the "2nd revised rule of MCC and AEC & LTC", or the "3rd revised rule of MCC and AEC & LTC". Kogai Yugiho referred to the "Wimbledon rule of AEC&LTC", and the "1st revised rule of MCC and AEC&L TC". Kaisei Kogai Yugiho referred to the "Cavendish rule", the "Wimbledon rule of AEC&LTC", the "1st revised rule of MCC and AEC&LTC", the "2nd revised rule of MCC and AEC&LTC", and the "3rd revised rule of MCC and AEC&LTC". 2 ) Outdoor Games was the reference, by which the lawn tennis rule was introduced for the first time into Japan. This book extracted 11 articles from the English rule that consisted of 40 articles, and succeeded to build the foundation of Japanese tennis rule description of books on sports and games. 3 ) The lawn tennis rule was introduced in Japanese for the first time by Seiyo Kogai Yugiho. The contents were fundamentally the Japanese translation of Outdoor Game, but it was more detailed. 4 ) Kogai Yugiho used traditional weights and measures for the rule, and specified it flexibly. Here existed, the intention by which a beginner can understand and practice this game easily. 5 ) And in Kaisei Kogai Yugiho, the doubles court was illustrated for the first time. Directly, this assumed activity in the school, which needed activity by a lot of people. Essentially, the spirit of cooperation and the educational suggestion, which are expected in lawn tennis, were shown. Moreover, the directivity to which the lawn tennis of Japan based on doubles games progresses was determined. It can be said that formation of the soft tennis based on doubles games was started from the early stages of the lawn tennis introduction into Japan. 6 ) It was common in all references, and the rule relevant to, 1) coat division, 2) service, and 3) score ring method, is recognized as a rule item which should be introduced positively. Such Japanese reception form of lawn tennis could be called subject matter suitable for explaining the context of the cultural theory "reception of culture is created in the change."

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