The present research seeks to grasp the per-day walking distance of the travel to the Ise Shrine from Edo and its environs by commoners in the nineteenth century in Japan. It also investigates the various factors that had an impact on the distance, and the background that supported the travel on foot of. The results of the investigations made in the present research are summarized as follows below. 1. In the nineteenth century, commoners who traveled from Edo and its environs to Ise walked the distance of, on average, approximately 34.4 kilometers per day, and around 10 hours per one day. The day's longest walking distance was approximately 50 kilometers. The walking distance in a day was sometimes shortened due to the influence of weather, or due to brothels, etc. 2. The walking distance of commoners travel on foot, was supported by the maintenance of main roads by the Tokugawa shogunate government, etc. The efforts were made also concerning travel footwear for long-distance walking, and, further, extraordinary care was made in regards to their feet in travel at the time; such efforts also enabled the walking of long distances.

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After the "Strasbourg's resolution' in 1910, the "Deutsche Turnerschaft" (DT) confronted the sports federations regarding the control rights and the championships holding rights of the track and field, football and swimming. The DT persisted on all-round control of these activity fields, whereas the sports federations persisted on specialized control. The purpose of this study is to clarify the progress of the confrontation of the DT and the sports federations after the "Pure separation". The result of the examination is as follows: 1) After the "Pure separation" in 1923, the DT continued to control the track and field, football and swimming and hold their Championships. All the while the sports federations controlled each activity field separately and held special Championships for them. Moreover the relations between the DT and the "Deutscher Reichsausschus fur Leibesubungen" (DRA) got worse, and the DT seceded from the DRA in 1925, but joined the DRA again in 1926 after the reconciliation talks. Gradually, the relations between the DT and the sports federations recovered, and the conference concerning the control rights and the championships holding rights of the track and field, football and swimming were restarted. The agreement concerning these was made between the DT and the sports federations in 1930, and both were reconciled. 2) The DRA held similar opinions to the sports federations regarding the method of controlling each activity field and the issue of Olympic participation. The end of the relations between the DT and the sports federations after the "Pure separation" influenced the secession of the DT from the DRA. But on the other hand, the rejoining of the DT to the DRA led to the recovery of the relations between the DT and the sports federations. 3) The reasons that led to the reconciliation between the DT and the DRA were not only the expanded powers given to the DT, and the DRA's commitment to cut off all direct relations with the Olympic activity, but also their mutual will to cooperate regarding the issue of "strengthening the German people through the physical exercises". It is also thought that the similar issue of the sports federations of "how to guide the German people to a new and better life", had overcome organizational confrontation and led to the reconciliation between the DT and the sports federations.

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The aim of this study is to obtain the new historical knowledge on the illegalities of animal fighting based on the statutes in 19th-century Britain, through the analysis of the historical relations between 'The Cruelty to Animals Act 1835' and the preceded laws. The obtained result is as follows. Animal fighting had received intervention by justices of the peace, also before enacting the 1835 Act, but as a result of it being shown clearly by the King's Bench's determination that 1822 Act could not be applied to animal fighting including bull-baiting, those who were going to prosecute persons committing animal fighting could not but depend on the common law. But, it was difficult to apply 'nuisances' to all cases of animal fighting. However, the Parliamentary trend to animal fighting has changed since 1830s. The Bill 1832 has an aim to specify the illegality of animal fighting clearly since the beginning. Although the 1832 bill was not passed, it drew out the investigation by the Select Committee in the House of Commons, and the report pointed out the defect of the current law about the regulation of animal fighting. The s.29 in 'Police magistrates, Metropolis Act 1833' accepted the illegality of animal fighting in the Metropolis from the based view of the demoralization of the people. And, this regulation was added to the 1833 bill hurriedly by the proposal of Joseph Pease MP and Hon. George Lamb MP in the House of Commons. The 1835 Bill moved by Mr. Pease has contained 'cruelty to animals', 'annoyances', 'nuisances', 'demoralizations' as the basics relating to the illegalities of animal fighting in s.ll. We should recognize that as the influence of the result in the indication on the illegalities of animal fighting in the Report by the Select Committee in 1832 and the 1833 Act, s.29. So, it comes to conclusions, that the 1835 Act added the three basics relating to the illegalities of animal fighting 'cruelty to animals', 'annoyances', and 'nuisances' to 'demoralizations' in the 1833 Act s.29. However, 'nuisance' is a charge in the common law. Therefore, a historical meaning of 1835 Act is to specify clearly the illegalities relating to animal fighting shown by the statute, instead of by the common law till then. Moreover, the British Parliament resulted in presenting the legal conditions for legalizing animal sports through the 1835 Act. It was to wipe away the four above-mentioned basics of the illegalities from it, and to reckon with the animal welfare.

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The concern with the Media Sports has been growing year by year. However, the beginning situation of the Media Sports Event in Japan has not been studied so far. The purpose of this study is to discuss about the beginning situation of the Media Sports Event in Japan. In this paper, the long distance race that was sponsored by the newspaper publishing company was focused on. It is "The 12 Hours Long Distance Race". This race was sponsored by JIJISHIMPO and was held in 1901 as the first Media Sports Event in Japan. The points of this study are followings. 1) In the 1890's the enlargement of railroads spread the newspapers all over the country, and the readers realized the same sensibility from the newspapers. "The 12 Hours Long Distance Race" was a part of the events that were held for sales promotion of newspapers by the newspaper publishing company. 2) The purpose of "The 12 Hours Long Distance Race" was the promotion of physical education and comparing the physical strength between the Westerner and the Japanese. The way of "The 12 Hours Long Distance Race" was to walk around the Lake Shinobazu for 12 hours. Furthermore, the participants of the race aimed to walk more than 70 miles. 3) There was the issue to promote the physical strength of Japanese in the background of "The 12 Hours Long Distance Race". It was considered that the physical strength developed by the long distance race promote the national physical strength. Besides, "The 12 Hours Long Distance Race" was asked to break the Western Record. Thus, the first Media Sports Event in Japan was connected with the Nationalism. 4) The "Narrative" of "The 12 Hours Long Distance Race" had the theme of the promotion of physical education and comparing the physical strength between the Westerner and the Japanese. The readers realized the same sensibility from this "Narrative". Having the same sensibility, the people confirmed a sense of belonging in the same community. Thus, the people had a sense of "Nation". 5) The first Media Sports Event in Japan made an important role to nationalize the people.

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Taijiquan is one of key elements in Chinese traditional cultures. People in China wish Taijiquan to be globalized and accepted world wide. So, today the country is making constant efforts to have Taijiquan included among Beijing Olympic Games. However, many difficult issues stand in its way. Birth of 24 Simplified From Taijiquan allows a lot of people to enjoy Taijiquan and the benefits of it are immeasurable. With this as a turning point, several Wushu competition forms were created, and the number of partitions increased rapidly. Meanwhile, traditional forms are losing their natural quality. Taijiquan also is in the wave of modernization. The purpose of this study is to explain the modernization of Taijiquan in China and the influence of the trend.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the historical meaning of Student Baseball Control Regulations (YAKYU TOSEI REI, SBCR), which was established by Ministry of Education (MOE) to make political adjustment to the modernization of sports in Japan at that time and to "guide" students' thought in the "right" direction (SHISO ZENDO, moral guidance). To do so, relationships between SBCR and two kinds of autonomy in student baseball, one is mainly organized by managers, coaches and alumni of student baseball, the other by players are examined. It tells us how MOE intervened and controlled student baseball under SBCR, how participants of student baseball responded to it, what form of autonomy they tried to establish, and who were the subjects to do it. Based on these facts, I will discuss the effect of SBCR on student baseball in Japan. The conclusion of this paper is as follows. 1. Because of fiscal limit, SBCR allowed student baseball to levy admission fee and hold baseball games which were organized by business companies, while SBCR controlled and conducted managers, coaches, and teachers concerned with student baseball to remove "bad" influence of student baseball and to "guide" students' thoughts into the "right" direction. 2. The control of student baseball under SBCR repressed the possibility of self-government by players and other students. 3. To reduce the amount of admission fee and distribution to each school, MOE intervened student baseball, which was made legal by SBCR. 4. Participants of student baseball resisted intervention of MOE, which led the movement to establish student baseball control association. 5. As student baseball turned into large-scale and became more organized by the participants (not players) of student baseball, players who belonged to Tokyo Big 6 Baseball League resisted managers or "moral guidance" by MOE through baseball. 6. The movement that was aimed at establishing student baseball control association collapsed due to their different perspectives on the relationships between controlling persons and controlled persons. While this movement shows the sense of autonomy in student baseball at that time, it also shows that it was preceded by those who didn't take students' autonomy into consideration. Through these processes, Japanese baseball was being organized by the participants of student baseball, not by the baseball players themselves.

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This paper aims to consider Plato's theory of athletics from the three viewpoints of techne, soma, and pathos, focusing on his descriptions of athletics. It seems that these three viewpoints give a broad perspective for us to consider, athletics not only in ancient Greece, but also sport in modern society. This is because the three Greek words, techne, soma, and pathos, have such large meanings which are different from modern words like technique, body and emotion, and the three viewpoints would enable us to relativize the modern view of sport and to understand the concept of sport in a larger context. In Plato, athletics is not what caused by only the human body (soma), but the very intellectual practice in a connection with mathematics and expertise (techne} of measurement. Athletics means the contest with an opponent's body, making use of one's excellence of body (strength, speed, size, etc), and it provides pleasure for the people who watch it. Moreover, it is possible to find the love for victory, mettle, craftiness and wildness which are beyond moral precepts as the peculiar affections (pathos) and dispositions in athletics. However, Plato does not always evaluate athletics positively, since athletics make the human body and soul unbalanced towards ones which can adapt themselves only to a specific environment, like the animal body (soma) and soul. According to Plato, athletics should be regarded as dangerous for the city state and education, since it has the same immoral characters as the other traditional cultures (e.g. poem, play and the other arts). Though sport is often discussed from the viewpoints of morality and education in the present age, it is peculiar that the essence of athletics is drawn from various angles in Plato. Plato's theory of athletics would enable us to understand the pluralistic values of sport without being tied to the viewpoints of morality and education, and to reply to the problems of sport, such as sport sciences, doping, fair play, etc from various angles.

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