Kakari-no-ki's were trees planted on a shukiku court, which were essential apparatuses for shukiku, an ancient ball-game in Japan. This study was intended to observe modality of the kakari-no-ki's in those days, what they were thought of and the way they were used by players with reference to the descriptions appeared in three secret books on shukiku edited respestively by three schools of shukiku in the 13th and 14th centuries. Materials used in this study were Ikkansho edited by the Namba School in the mid-13th century. Naigesanjisho by the Asukai School in the late 13th century and Yuteihisho by the Mikohidari School in the mid-14th century. Altough there were some differences in detailed descriptions of kakari-no-ki's among those three books, a certain standardized form concerned with the number, the kind, the ways of planting and trimming of trees had so far been established as ancient practices. However, as these ancient practices were matters so important to each of shukiku schools that there often-times happened disputes over some detailed differences among schools. The kakari-no-ki's were not allowed to grow in their natural conditions but their branches were pruned so as not to interfare with player's movements and also to let a ball come down through branches in various ways bouncing on any of those branches. Viewed from a point of sporting skill, those trees were not the mere ornaments of a court but creatively devised apparatuses which were intended to make the game more complicated and interesting. It was therefore concluded that from a viewpoint of sport history shukiku in those days had already attained an artificially well-devised and matured state of sport.

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In the end of the 19th century America, many sports were made to be a show. And the horse show, which had been held in the cities of America since 1880s, was one of them. The purpose of this study is to clarify the circumstances which surrounded the horse show, the actual condition of it, the structure of the relation between the show and the spectators, and how the commercialism had a influence on the show. And then I took up 'The New York Horse Show' which was held at Madison Square Garden in 1892. Especialy a number of spectators who belonged to upper and middle-class gathered round the horse show which was surrounded by the great interest in horse. The show had a complicated structure between the show and the spectators, or the spectators each other. The show lost its practical function which could improve breed, because the people who visited the show preferred a gorgeous horses to a useful ones. In this way the horse show was the show event which was controlled by the commercialism as well as other spectator sports.

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