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Volume 37, Issue 3
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Relation between the occurrence of bitter pit and the soil cationsT. YAMAZAKI, T. NIIZUMA, T. TAGUCHI1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 185-191
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe study was conducted to find the relationship between the incidence of bitter pit and the exchangeable cations in soil of apple orchards which divided into three groups; (group A), severely affected, (group B) slightly affected, (group C) unaffected by bitter pit. Results were as follows;
(1) Low exchangeable calcium, particularly low calcium saturation was associated with increased bitter pit, and calcium saturations in 20cm-40cm depth of group A, B and C were 7.4, 22.2 and 31.0 per cent, respectively.
(2) The characteristics of ability of cation exchange measured as selective adsorption of NH4 and Ca, releasing Ca by 0.002N-acetic acid and decline of CEC by lowering pH were different in each soil, but no relations were found between the occurrence of bitter pit and the characteristics of the soil in three groups.
(3) From these results, the following indication would be applied to soil survey of apple orchards which was fertilized nitrogen at the rate of 15kg per 10 ares.
i) The orchard soil contained lower calcium than 10 per cent of calcium saturation.……Very favorable to occurrence of bitter pit.
ii) The orchard soil contained higher calcium than about 20 per cent of calcuim saturation, and than two or three times as much as the total of magnesium and potassium.……Unfavorable to occurrence of bitter pit.
iii) The orchard soil contained same or lower. quantity of the calcium than the total of magnesium and potassium, though calcium saturation is above 10 per cent.……Favorable to occurrence. of bitter pit with dependent on other factors.View full abstractDownload PDF (998K) -
Some factors affecting the growth of replants in old peach soilS. HIRANO1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 192-198
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of old peach soil on the growth of replanted peach trees was observed in relation to some growing factors.
1. Young peach trees planted in pots with the old peach soil of pot culture grew less than those treated with the old peach soil of orchard.
2. The growth of replants in the old peach soil was not so markedly retarded in case of sand as in case of loam or clay loam. Sometimes, it was rather promoted in case of sand.
3. The old peach soil of pot culture in the open air inhibited less the growth of replants than that under glass.
4. With increasing growth rate as caused by soil moisture or age of replants, a difference of tree growth became greater between in the old peach soil and in the non-peach soil.
5. Even the peach trees the growth of which had been much retarded in the old peach soil, were refreshed normally when transplanted in the nonpeach soil.View full abstractDownload PDF (871K) -
A. KOBAYASHI, N. NII, K. HARADA, K. KADOWAKI1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 199-204
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The effect of day and night temperature combination on the fruit growth was observed with Delaware grapes and Satsuma oranges at the stage of fruit enlargement. Day and night temperatures of 15°, 20°, 25°and 30°C were combined with one another, by keeping plants in the growth chambers (so-called Koitotron).
2. The fruit growths of both species in diameter or weight were always superior in the combinations of 20°C day-20°C night, 25°C-25°C and 25°C-20°C. This fact suggests that the optimum temperature for the fruit growth ranges from 20°to 25°C and that no difference of temperature between day and night is needed for the best growth of fruits. However, from the practical point of view the daily change of temperature at the stage of fruit enlargement will be desirable to be 25°C day -20°C night.
3. When the two kinds of day and night temperature combinations of the same daily mean temperature were compared as to the fruit growth, the combination of low day temperature with high night temperature was generally inferior to the combination of high day temperature with low night temperature. Particularly in Delaware grapes, the trend was marked when the day temperature 15°C was combined with a higher night temperature 30°, 25°or 20°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (587K) -
Levels of nitrogen applicationE. YUDA, S. OKAMOTO1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 205-211
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. In order to find out suitable amount of nitrogen application to citrus plants in connection with soil reaction, an experiment which consisted of factorial combinations of three levels of nitrogen (low-6g, medium-12g, high-18g/pot) and four levels of soil pH, was carried out, using a mineral acid soil (red clay) taken at Mikkabi-cho, Shizuoka Prefecture.
2. When soil pH was around 7.0, medium nitrogen application was most favorable for the growth of plant based on shoot growth, net increase of fresh weight and the content of various forms of nitrogen in the whole leaves. While the growth of plant at low soil pH level (4.37-4.50) was severely checked by medium or high nitrogen application.
3. Regardless of the soil pH level, the electrical conductivity of the soil naturally increased with increasing the N-level. NH4-N increased with increasing the N-level and with increase in acidity. On the contrary K in the soil decreased with them, NO3-N decreased and P2O5 increased with lowering the soil pH level, regardless of the N-level.
4. With few exceptions at higher soil pH levels, the accumulations of protein-N, soluble protein-N, amide-N, NH4-N and NO3-N in the leaves decreased with increasing the N-level, and with lowering the soil pH level, while only that of amino-N increased with increasing the N-level and with lowering the soil pH level. At any N-level the ratio of insoluble-N/soluble-N decreased with lowering the soil pH level.
5. Therefore, medium or high nitrogen application to citrus plants may be permissible only when soil pH is as high as nearly 7.0, while it should severely check the growth of plant at the soil pH as low as nearly 4.5.View full abstractDownload PDF (707K) -
T. SAKAMOTO, S. OKUCHI1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 212-220
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. In order to clarify the relation between fruit qualities of Satsuma orange and climatic conditions, annual variations in the soluble solids and acid were determined from 8 years′ data in fertilizer and soil experiments which had been carried out over 10 years in Ehime Fruit Tree Experiment Station.
2. The content of soluble solids and acid in fruit juice considerably varied with the year of production from 1959 to 1966. In the fertilizer experiment, for example, the content of soluble solids varied from 11.23 to 14.51g per 100ml of juice, and the acid varied from 0.82 to 1.41g as citric acid per 100ml of juice. The figure of changes during 8 years in the content of soluble solids and acid was very similiar in 3 different experiments.
3. Rainfall in seasons from mid-summer to autumn was very different year by year. The precipitation varied from 0.0 to 133mm for the latter half of July, from 31 to 263mm for August, from 34 to 400mm for September, and from 40 to 186mm for October.
4. To know the relation of precipitation to soluble solids and acid, correlation analyses have been made for each month, and for 2 month period (August-September and September-October). However, there was scarcely significant correlation between the precipitation and soluble solids or acid.
5. Available precipitation was calculated by the subtracting of water percolated below 60cm of soil depth from precipitation. The correlation of available precipitation to soluble solids was negatively significant for October, for September-October, and for August-September. The available precipitation for October also was negatively correlated with the acid. Such tendency was very similiar with the results of irrigation experiments that had been carried out in experiment stations of various locality.
6. There was no significant relation between rainfall and temperature (available heat units) during 8 years. Compared with the effects of temperature in previous paper, rainfall strongly affected on the qualities of fruits. The fruit qualities appear to be affected greatly more by raifall than by some fertilizations and soil conditions, e. g. dressing of differential nitrogen and the kind of soil derived from various parent rocks.View full abstractDownload PDF (1266K) -
N. FUJISHIGE, T. SUGIYAMA1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 221-226
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere occures sometimes growth suppression not only due to low air temperature, but also low soil temperature in the cultivation of fruit vegetables under plastic coverings. In the gravel culture also, the temperature of nutrient solution has an important relation to plant growth.
This preliminary investigation was designed to study the effect of soil temperature on the growth of tomato, cucumber and sweet pepper seedlings, using the apparatus maintained with constant soil temperatures under glass.
1. Tomato seedlings with 10 expanded leaves were treated for 7 days, with different soil temperatures, viz. 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°and 35°C. Air temperature was maintained at 20°C constant in every treatment. The optimum range of soil temperature for top growth was found to be 20°-30°C. Beyond this range, the top growth of seedlings decreased.
2. Cucumber seedlings with 7 expanded leaves were treated for 10 days with different soil temperatures above mentioned. In this case, air temperature fluctuated between 25°and 15°C. The top growth was the best in the soil temperature range of 25°-35°C, and decreased at the temperatures lower than this range.
3. Under the fluctuating air temperature 25°-20°C, the seedlings of sweet pepper and tomato were treated for 10 days with different soil temperatures, 10°, 15°and 25°C. At lower temperatures as 10°-15°C, the growth of sweet pepper was more suppressed than that of tomato.
4. It is evident that soil temperature had a pronounced effect on increase of stem and leaf length, fresh and dry weight of the top, especially on leaf length and fresh weight in these fruit vegetables.
At lower and higher soil temperatures, their leaf color became darker green than that at the optimum range, and the adventive roots were induced on the base stems. Dry matter percentages of the tops in these temperatures were higher than that in the optimum temperature range.
As for tomato, the total amount of increase in leaf length per seedling was parallel to increase of fresh weight, and was found to be a sensitive indicator for the growth rate in these experiments.View full abstractDownload PDF (702K) -
Breakdown of self-incompatibility by chemical treatmentsT. TATEBE1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 227-230
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has already been known that the barrier of self-incompatibility in the Curuciferae is stigmatic cuticle. LINSKENS (1961) reported that the breakdown of self-incompatibility in a species of this family was observed by treating stigmatic cuticle with cutinase. The purpose of this investigation was to attempt the breakdown of self-incompatibility in Japanese radish by using cirtain chemicals, instead of cutinase.
Of several chemicals tested ether and 10 percent solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) were effective and they were employed chiefly. The stigmas were treated with an extremely small amount of ether or the 10 percent solution of KOH, using a fine straw of wheat. At the operation special attention should be given to avoid treating with the excess of chemicals. Because it causes the stigmas to be changed from green to black in color and further them to be destroyed. Some time after treatments the stigmas were smeared with pollen from other flowers of the same plant. The behavior of pollen on stigmas was examined by the following procedure: The pistils were collected at 24 hours after pollination, fixed and stained with 0.5 percent lactic-blue for 2 hours, differentiated with lactic acid for about 24 hours, and at last mounted with glycerine. On the other hand, field pollination experiments were carried out to determine the effect of ether treatments on self-fertility. The results obtained were presented in Table 1 and 2.
The treated plants were much superior in the percentages of pollen germination and those of compatible pollen grains to the controls (Table 1). The percentages of pod-setting of the treated plants were higher than those of the controls, except in one case (a self-compatible plant, No. 7) (Table 2). From these results it may be concluded that the self-incompatibility of Japanese radish is to some degree broken down by treating the stigmas with ether or 10 percent solution of KOH. For this purpose ether is more effective than 10 percent solution of KOH. It seems likely that ether treatments cannot dissolve the stigmatic cuticle, but make it permeable to water.View full abstractDownload PDF (535K) -
Photoperiodic response and its differences among strainsY. TSUKAMOTO, H. IMANISHI, Hiroko YAHARA1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 231-239
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe flowering response of marigolds to the photoperiod was investigated using one cultivar of African, four cultivars of French and one cultivar of Signet marigolds. Marigold is a quantitative short day plant, but this photoperiodic nature varies depending on the strain or cultivar. African marigold (Tagetes erecta) shows the weakest, French (T. patula) the intermediate, and Signet (T. tenuifolia) the strongest requirement for short photoperiod, although there are some differences in the requirement among cultivars of the French marigold. Marigold can initiate floral primordia under both short and long day conditions, but the long day condition retards the development of flower buds. No retardation was noted in flower initiation in African or French marigold regardless of day-length, but there was a slight retardation of flower initiation in Signet marigold in long photoperiod.View full abstractDownload PDF (918K) -
Studies on the effects of growth substances added to culture media under continuous illuminationH. UEDA, H. TORIKATA1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 240-248
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of growth substances added to culture media for the growth and organogenesis in the cultures of Cymbidiums were studied.
Protocorms used as materials were prepared by meristem cultures and following subcultures with C. insigne Rolfe, C. pumilum Rolfe and C. goeringii Reichb. f. The former two are semi-epiphytic species in tropical or subtropical Asia, whereas the latter is a true terrestrial in Japan.
Pieces of protocorms were placed on culture media and further development of them was observed. Results were summarized as follows:
1. In the case of C. insigne and C. pumilum, most of the pieces developed into whole plants on the basal medium (Knudson C with Nitsch microelement) within two months. NAA, Bacto-trypton, L-arginine, and L-aspartic acid promoted their growth and development at appropriate concentration, whereas yeast extract was rather inhibitory.
2. C. goeringii was different from above two species in the developmental process on the basal medium; the pieces developed into rhizomes without shoot-formation. On the basal medium supplemented with 0.1mg/l NAA, however, about a half of them produced shoots. Yeast extract (1g/l) and Bactotrypton (1-5g/l) promoted the growth of shoots and roots remarkably. L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, glycin and L-tryptophan exhibited growth-stimulating effects.
3. Increase in fresh weight and branching of protocorm were considerably affected by sucrose concentration of the culture medium, and the most abundant growth was observed at 4% in both C. pumilum and C. goeringii.View full abstractDownload PDF (1013K) -
K. OGATA, N. KOZUKUE, T. MURATA1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 249-255
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper reports the relationship between storage period at various low temperatures and chilling injury of pepper fruits.
(1) Peppers (cv. SAKIGAKE MIDORI), used in this study were selected from freshly harvested fruits. After treatment with 0.5% dehydroacetate, they were stored at 1°C, 6°C and 18°C under darkness. Unexpectedly, the typical surface pitting did not appear during low temperature storage. However, in those stored at 1°C for 7 days, there was a loss of greenness of the calyxes and browning of the seeds occurred. Also, a similar symptom appeared on the calyxes of peppers after 14 days at 6°C, while those stored at 18°C were ripening normally. The quality of the fruits stored at 1°C for 2 weeks or 6°C for 3 weeks or longer deteriorated rapidly when they were transfered to 18°C.
(2) The chlorophyll content of the peels decreased during storage in all plots. The decrease of chlorophyll content was the greatest at 18°C, and much less at 1°C and 6°C.
(3) The keto acid content, (α-ketoglutaric acid, pyruvic acid), of the peel of the fruits stored at 1°C and 6°C increased gradually during storage. The longer peppers were stored at low temperatures, the more keto acid content was found after transferring to 18°C from 1°C or 6°C.
(4) Fumaric, succinic, oxalic, citric and malic acids were detected in the pepper fruits. In those organic acids, there was a large amount of malic acid, which increased during low temperature storage.
(5) Phenylalanine, leucine, valine, tyrosine, γ-aminobutylic acid, serine, arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and other several unidentified ninhydrine-positive substances were detected in peppers and their content did not change significantly during the storage.
(6) The CO2 production of the fruits stored at 1°C for 2 weeks or 6°C for 3 weeks increased abnormally after transfer to 18°C.
(7) The respiratory rate of the tissue slices from the peels decreased slightly during storage at 18°C. The tissue slices from the peels of fruits stored at 6°C showed a constant respiratory rate during storage. Those stored at 1°C gave a marked increase of the rate of O2 uptake at the end of storage period (8 weeks) and the RQ values decreased. The abnormal changes of respiration in tissue slices from the peel were not observed until 7 weeks at 1°C. The O2 uptake of the calyxes of the fruits stored at 1°C increased remarkably at the end of storage period, and the time of the increase in O2 uptake corresponded exactly with the time of browning of the calyxes.View full abstractDownload PDF (831K) -
Effect of modified atmospheres on the respiration of tomato fruitsM. OKUBO1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 256-260
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. After harvest at turning stage, the respiration of tomatoes kept at 24-26°C increased with rising of ripeness score, and it reached to the climacteric maximum at the score 5. The fruit“Fukuju No. 2”produced CO2 in the rate of approximately 40mg/kg/hr.
When the tomatoes harvested at the same maturing stage as above were packaged with polyethylene bag (0.03mm thickness), the slow rising of ripeness score was observed, and the peak rate of their CO2 production was 16mg/kg/hr, corresponded to 40% of non-packed tomatoes at the climacteric maximum.
2. By keeping the tomatoes at 10-11°C, the respiratory climacteric maximum did not appear clearly, and also the rate of their respiration was less than that of polyethylene packed tomatoes kept at 24-26°C. But the ripeness score in the former seemed to increase rapidly more than the latter.
3. Making a comparison of the components between packed and nonpacked ones, the decrease of total acidity in gelling pip in the former was less than the latter. As compared with flesh part, gelling pip contained a great deal of starch, and it decreased gradually during storage. However, there was no difference between both treatments.
4. From the results of the respiration of tomatoes and the gas component of atmosphere, it was found that the respiration of fruit was affected by concentrations of both CO2 and O2. And then, the CO2 production by fruit depended on the concentration of CO2 rather than O2 in the atmosphere, on the contrary, O2 uptake by fruit was closely related with O2 concentration in the atmosphere.
However, it seemed that the influence of O2 concentration on the respiration of fruits was rather greater than that of the CO2 concentration, because O2 uptake of tomatoes decreased remarkably under a certain limit of O2 concentration.View full abstractDownload PDF (691K) -
On the keeping of some vegetables packaged with plastic bagsY. HONDA, O. ISHIGURO1968 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 261-266
Published: 1968
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was undertaken to find the best method of lengthening the storage life of horticultural products by the use of packaging with plastics bags.
Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the weight difference of products in each bag, of the type and thickness of plastics film, and of the replacement of air in bags with inert gases (N2, CO2) at the time of sealing on the composition of atmosphere in the bag during the storage.
Pea in pod, kendey bean, lettuce and bell pepper were used in this experiments. The results were as follows; Polyethylene and polystyrene bags were more beneficial to get desirable gas-conditions in bags than polyvinyl chrolide, polypropylene and polyester bags. The film of 0.03-0.05mm thickness, containing proper amount of products, were suitable to prolong storage lives; CO2 and O2 concentrations of atmosphere in the bags were maintained stably since a few days after sealing.
Introduction of N2 gas into the bags brought about good CA-conditions in bags immediately, and the storage-lives of the products were extendend more than that of conventional package.View full abstractDownload PDF (722K)
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