1. Distribution of flower buds and their growth were observed with water sprouts and normal bearing shoots (cv. Okubo) which had developed in the preceding year. The chemical constituents of floral organs on the two kinds of shoot above mentioned were determined one month before blooming and at full bloom.
2. Number of flower buds per unit shoot length was much less on water sprouts than normal bearing shoots.
3. Fresh weight of floral organs one month before blooming and at full bloom were both lighter in water sprouts than normal bearing shoots.
4. Water sprouts bloomed late as compared with normal bearing shoots, showing two days lag at full bloom. Number of stamens per flower, length of a pistil and size of a petal of the former were all inferior to those of the latter.
5. The contents of five major elements and carbohydrates (% dw.) of floral organs on water sprouts were all inferior to those of floral organs on normal bearing shoots. The trend was much remarkable on the contents of N, Ca and non-reducing sugar.
6. The contents of five major elements and carbohydrates (% dw.) of the two kinds of shoot were also determined at the blooming period. Water sprouts contained less N, Ca, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total sugar than normal bearing shoots. However, no marked differences of P, K, Mg and total carbohydrate contents were found between the two kinds of shoot.

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Healthy vines of Kyoho grapes were selected at the experimental orchard of the Chiba University for the study of effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃ and GA₄₊₇) and kinetin on fruit set, parthenocarpy and quality, and B-nine on vegetative growth, fruit set, yield and quality. GA₃ at 50ppm, GA₄₊₇ at 50, 75, and Kinetin at 5, 10, and 20ppm concentration were applied by dipping the clusters before four days of anthesis and B-nine at 0.5 per cent was applied by spraying at seven node stage of new shoots. Kinetin treatment was completely a failure as all the bunches died after cap fall. Among the GA treatments all the concentrations induced parthenocarpy and increased the yield significantly by increasing the fruit set. However, most effective treatments were GA₃ at 50ppm, GA₄₊₇ at 75ppm and 100ppm. Their effects on quality were detrimental as they neither reduced the acidity nor increased the total soluble solids percentage as desired and size of the berries was also reduced. B-nine at 0.5 per cent was effective in restricting the vegetative growth by reducing the internodal length and increasing the yield of seeded berries significantly without altering the juice quality and berry size. From the present experiment GA₃ at 50ppm, GA₄₊₇ at 75ppm and 100 ppm can be recommended for inducing seedlessness and B-nine at 0.5 per cent for increasing yield of berries.

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Hard wood cuttings of grape vine (cv. Delaware) were planted in sand and were grown under a condition of plastic house.
In order to investigate changes in the distribution ratio of dry matter and mineral elements, the cuttings were analyzed dividing them into 4 parts, that is, upper half stem, lower half stem, new shoot, and new root.
As a result, the distribution ratio of dry matter of upper and, especially lower half stem gradually lowered as the new shoot and new root developed. One hundred days after planting, distribution ratio of dry matter in new shoot, upper half stem, lower half stem and new root became 19%, 41%, 34% and 6% respectively.
While, the contents of mineral elements, such as N, P, K, Ca and Mg, also lowered as the new organs developed. At the beginning of shoot growth, the translocation of P from original stem to new shoot was most remarkable, followed by N and K. Moreover, a marked translocation from the stem to new root was found in K and Mg, and the least was in Ca. One hundred days after planting, it was found that 43% N, 37% P, 49% K, 35% Ca and 50% Mg were translocated from the stem to the newly developed organs.

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The investigations on fruit set and fruit drop in sweet lime (Citrus limettioides TANAKA) were carried out under Delhi conditions (North India) during the year 1962-64, at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute. The effect of GA, 4-CPA, 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T at different concentrations on fruit set, fruit drop and quality of sweet lime was studied. Gibberellic acid (750 and 1, 000ppm) gave the maximum fruit set followed by 2, 4, 5-T (20ppm), GA (500 ppm) and 2, 4, 5-T (7.5 and 10ppm).
Plant growth regulator treatments proved ineffective against June drop. However, 2, 4-D (7.5 and 20ppm) and 2, 4, 5-T (7.5, 10 and 20ppm) proved most effective against pre-harvest drop.

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Experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of a) the higher concentrations of he nutrient solutions and of nitrogen in the substrate, and b) the sources of nitrate nitrogen, both on the growth and chemical composition of several fruit vegetables such as cucumbers, eggplants, tomatoes and peppers.
1. Growth retardation was observed when the plants were grown in nutrient solutions held at higher levels. Cucumbers were the most sensitive to high nutrient solutions, followed by peppers and tomatoes, and eggplants were suppressed in growth in those media to a lesser extent. It seems therefore that eggplants have a relatively higher ability to tolerate the higher concentrations of the growth medium.
2. An increase in potassium contents in the leaves and a decrease in calcium contents in the upper leaves were observed as the concentration of nutrient solutions became higher.
3. Plants were grown in the media raised nitrate concentrations with NaNO₃, or Ca(NO₃)₂. Order of susceptibility among the species tested to higher nitrate nitrogen levels in the media was the same as that observed in the experiment with the nutrient solution. Growth of cucumbers was severely restricted by high nitrogen of media. Eggplants were resistant to it. Retardation of growth of peppers was more remarkable than that of other crops when the nitrogen concentrations were raised with NaNO₃.
4. A decrease in the contents of potassium, calcium and magnesium in the leaves was observed in all crops when grown in the higher NaNO₃ media. Especially the magnesium content of eggplant leaves was greatly decreased by the heavy applications of NaNO₃.
5. Magnesium contents also decreased both in the leaves and in the stems of eggplants and cucumbers under heavy applications of Ca(NO₃)₂, but decreased only in the stems as regards tomatoes and peppers.
6. The plants were grown in the standard nutrient solutions to which nitrate salt of ammonia, potasium and calcium was added separately at the rate of 30mM/l. An increase of growth was found in cucumbers and tomatoes grown in KNO₃-added media. Growth of tomatoes was greatly decreased in NH₄NO₃-added solutions. It was evident that applications of ammonium nitrate to the standard nutrient solutions decreased the content of calcium in the aerial portions of tomato plants.

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This paper reports the results of the examination of the relationship of temperature to the development of tomato flower, especially that of the ovary and its locule.
1. Tomato seedlings were brought up at the follwing temperatures:
day temperature:night temperature
(a.m. 9.00-p.m. 5.00)
I{15°C:10°C
20°C:15°C
25°C:20°C
30°C:20°C
II{17°C:9°C
17°C:17°C
24°C:24°C
30°C:30°C
The flowers of the plants held at 15°C (day):10°C (night) and at 17°C (day):9°C (night) developed most remarkably, and their ovaries attained the highest size and the locule number increased. The flowers of the plants held at higher temperatures less developed and the locule number less increased.
2. The plants held at 17°C day temperature were segregated into three groups which were exposed to 4°C, 8°C and 12°C night temperatures, respectively. The flowers of the plants exposed to 8°C night temperature developed most remarkably.
3. The plants exposed to 8°C night temperature were segregated into three groups which were held at 17°C, 24°C and 30°C day temperatures, respectively. In contrast to the flowers of the plants held at 17°C day temperature which developed prominantly, the flowers of the plants held at 24°C and 30°C day temperature did not develop so much.
4. The plants held at 17°C day temperature and 8°C night temperature were segregated into seven groups which were exposed to these temperatures for 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days, respectively. After 6 days exposure, locule number markedly increased. Longer exposure favoured more invigorated growth of the flowers.
5. The plants held at 17°C were segregated into three groups which were exposed to 8°C for 4, 8 and 16 hours daily and the plants of each group were, in this turn, segregated into five groups which were subjected to each temperature for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days, respectively. The flowers of the plants exposed to 8°C for 4 hours daily showed sigh of promotion of growth after 9 days and the locule number markedly increased after 12 days. The flowers of the plants exposed to 8°C for 8 or 16 hours daily showed sign of promotion of growth after 6 days and the locule number markedly increased after 9 days.
6. The plants with one, two, four, six, eight and ten leaf-stage were respectively exposed to 9°C for 20 days. So the flower buds at various stages were subjected to low temperature for 20 days. The low temperature exposure resulted in the greatest growth promotion in the flower buds of just pre-or post-differentiation stage. The flowers of progressed differentiation stage responded slightly to the low temperature exposure.

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This investigation was made to seek for the efficient methods of blanching cauliflower curds, comparing several methods on labor reauirement and yield and quality of curds.
Labor requirement of blanching curds was the lowest by breaking two outer leaves and folding them over the curds and was the highest by tying the wrapper leaves together at the top with rice straws or polyethylene tapes. Tying by rubber bands was medium in efficiency.
Size of the curds by methods of broken leaves was distinctly larger than that by tying methods. Breaking two outer leaves had not practically any effect on the size of curds, compared with the curds of intact plants.
Whiteness of curds was significantly affected by methods of blanching. Proportion of pure white curds was much higher on blanching by broken leaves than on blanching by tying.
Thus blanching by broken leaves was shown to excel other tying methods in labor efficiency and yield and quality of curds harvested.

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Distribution of seedlings drilled with a machine with a fluted roll feed mechanism was investigated in view of predicting reasonable seed rates, especially when combined with mechanical thinning operation.
1. Distribution of seedlings of daikon (Raphanus sativus L.) in 5, 10 or 20cm sample length of row could be taken as, or approximated to poisson distribution.
2. Supposing that seedling distribution is conformed with Poisson′s, estimation is made on a reasonable seed rate.
If emergence rate is ρ and length of hills after a mechanical thinning is a, a minimun seed rate for keeping the proportion of hills lacking in seedlings below p is estimated as -l•lnp/a•ρ for a row of length, l.
3. Folowing above conditions, number of seeds which will be grown into stands after thinning and singling operations occupies a•ρ/s•p-1/lnp×100% of total number of seeds sawn, where predetermined distance between stands is s.

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The experiments were conducted to clarify internal factors in reference to bulb formation such as the role of leaf and of root, translocation of stimulus of long-day and plant age, using onion plants, cv. Kaizuka-wase. Plants were grown under short-day condition until the start of the treatment.
1. Three leaves of four-leafed plants were defoliated so that only one leaf variously aged remained on the plants.
When those leaves were exposed to 24 hours daylength for 14 days, the bulbing was no difference among ages of leaf except for leaf area (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
2. Four-leafed plants were grown in each the following treatment for 8 days. (1) Entire plants were exposed to 24 hours day-length. (2) One, two or three leaves covered with aluminum-foil were daily exposed to sunlight only for 8 hours, and the other parts of the plants not covered with foil were exposed to 24 hours day-length.
After localized photoperiod-treatment, the leaves exposed to long-day or to short-day were defoliated in obedience of experimental schedule, followed by short-day for 5 days (Table 2).
After defoliation, the plants with LD-leaves developed their bulb, but the plants with only SD-leaves did not, even though their appearence indicated symptoms of LD induction, viz. emergence of subsequent leaf from pore of innermost leaf. Moreover, the plants with both SD-and LD-leaves bulbed as more as the plants with only LD-leaves, without distinction of the LD- or SD-leaves, the more number of leaves the greater the bulb development.
3. When one half of tillered plant was exposed to 24 hours day-length and the other tiller to 8 hours day-length, the tiller exposed to LD developed to bulb but the other tiller did not (Fig. 2).
Moreover, when two leaves surrounded tillered parts were exposed to 24 hours day-length and tillered parts were exposed to 8 hours day-length, tillered parts developed their bulb too.
From these results, it may be concluded that stimulus of long-day exposure in each part of tillered plant did not translocated each other.
4. In two lots, the roots of onion plants were removed immediately before long-day or immediately after long-day exposure. The entire plants transplanted immediately before long-day exposure and non-transplanted plants were served as control.
Plants of four lots were exposed to 24 hours day-length for 8 days and followed by day-length of 8 hours for 10 days.
Non-transplanted or transplanted controls and the plants removed after long-day exposure well developed their bulbs, but the plants removed before long-day exposure failed to bulb (Table 3).
5. Plants of three-leaf stage and of four-leaf stage were exposed to sunlight for 8 hours and followed by incandescent light of 2000, 750 and 240 lux for 16 hours. In each light intensities, the older plants developed larger bulb than younger plants. (Table 5)
Ten days old plants (loop stage) were exposed to 24 hours day-length for 8 days and followed by 8 day-length for 10 days From above result, it was assumed that the youngest age to induce bulb was 1st foliage-leaf stage. (Table 4 and Fig. 4).

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During the past several years, chlorosis of leaves in Baker′s garlic plants (Allium bakeri REGEL) has been observed with increasing frequency in the sandy soils at Fukube Village in Tottori Prefecture. Field investigations were conducted to evaluate the effect of applications of some chemicals on the recovery from the chlorosis.
The results obtained were summarized as follows.
1. The effects of spraying with solution of zinc sulfate, ferric sulfate, manganese sulfate, and Bis-Dithane (Di-zinc bisdimethyldithiocarbamate ethylene-bis dithiocarbamate) to the leaves were examined. Dressing of ammonium sulfate and urea to the soil was also tested. Foliar application of zinc-containning compounds such as zinc sulfate and Bis-Dithane was significantly effective for the reduction of chlorotic symptom, and resulted in normal growth and good yields, whereas the other chemicals examined were significantly less effective.
2. Spraying of zinc sulfate at the concentration of 0.3 or 3 percent, Zn-EDTA, and mixture of zinc sulfate with manganese sulfate to the leaves was clearly effective for the reduction of chlorotic symptom as well as the recovery to normal growth and good yields. Dressing of zinc sulfate, mixture of zinc sulfate with ammonium sulfate, or ammonium sulfate to the soil was all less effective.
3. The results of leaf analysis showed that zinc content was higher in the healthy plants or in the chlorosis-recovered plants than in the chlorotic plants, but the contents of phosphate, calcium, manganese and iron were relatively lower in the former than in the latter. There was no difference between these two groups of plants in the contents of N, K₂O, and SO₃.
4. It seemed therefore that chlorotic symptom on leaves in Baker′s garlic was due to zinc deficiency, which was corrected by spraying of zinc containing compounds to the leaves at the concentration of 0.3 to 3 percent.

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Our previous paper showed that an abnormal chlorosis of leaves in Baker′s garlic plants (Allium bakeri REGEL) at Fukube Village in Tottori Prefecture might be caused by low levels of available soil zinc in the sandy soils. The purpose of this paper was to present evidence of zinc deficiency in the soil and to elucidate some problems concerned with the development of farm-land.
The results obtained were as follows.
1. Soil pH, and calcium and phosphate contents were generally higher in the soil of the field where the chlorosis occurred in leaves than in it of the field where the healthy plant was grown. It was difficult to strictly evaluate the soil conditions inducing the chlorosis, but the following chemical properties were considered to be the average limits of their occurrence. Y₁; below 0.6-0.7, humus content; below 0.12-0.13 percent, soluble zinc in 0.1 N-HCl; below 3.0ppm, exchangeable CaO; above 15mg, available P₂O₅; above 1.1 percent. In plants grown on these soils zinc content in leaves was below 25ppm and CaO content was above 0.6 per cent.
2. The results of investigation on the difference of some chemical properties among different layers in soil profile showed that in the deep layer (50-400cm depth) pH was higher, Y₁ was lower, humus and zinc contents were lower, and Ca content was larger than in the shallow layer (0-10cm depth).
When a new farm-land was developed, sloping ground was raised and scraped at the same level. Soils at various depth of soil profile were distributed over a field. It seemed therefore that plants grown in original subsoil layer showed a chlorotic appearance.
3. From the results, the occurrence of chlorosis of leaves in Baker′s garlic plants grown on sandy soils might be associated with low soil zinc, decrease of soluble soil zinc at high pH, due to an excess of calcium in the soil and decrease of zinc absorption in plants due to the antagonism between zinc and phosphate.

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Experiments on vernalization of the ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.) were carried out from June, 1969 to March, 1970. Rooted young plants, propagated from cuttings of lateral shoots, were exposed to 10°C for 30, 60 or 90 days starting on the first day of each month from July to December as shown in the experimental schedule in Fig. 1.
Although, all showed bolting, except the July-30 day lot, plants could not complete flowering in the lots of July, August and September; except for an occasional flowering. These were devernalization-like phenomena. One such phenomenon showed decay of the flower neck just prior to flowering. However, normal flowering was noted in lots treated from October on. The failure in flowering might be due to younger age of the examined plants and a longer period of the unfavourable condition under artificial lights during the cooling treatment.

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This paper described the changes in the free and bound GA-like substances in flower initiated and vegetative plants of Aster savatieri grown for 5 weeks at a temperature between 4 and 5°C or between 20 and 25°C.
The GA-like substances were extracted by a modified JONES′ method. Extracts were prepared with aqueous solvent after separating a plant into three parts; shoot apex region with younger leaves, rosetted stem and older rosette leaves, using 120 plants. After fractionation, ascending paper chromatography on Toyo No. 51 was carried out using 80% isopropanol as the solvent. Bioassay methods for comparing the activity of GA-like substances in the eluate from different zones of chromatograms were the rice endosperm (Oryza sativa cv. Kotaketamanishiki) test and the rice seedling (cv. Tanginbozu) test. Results were as follows:
The free and bound forms of GA-like substances were present in this plant.
The shoot apex region and rosetted stem in cold treated plants showed an increase of GA-like substances in the free form and a significant decrease in the bound form. While these parts in non-cold treated plants showed a decrease in the free form and an increase in the bound form. Similar tendencies were observed in both flower initiated and vegetative plants. However, the concentrations of GA-like substances in flower initiated plants changed more greatly than those in vegetative ones during the low temperature treatment. Changes in the activity of GA-like substances in older rosette leaves were not great as in shoot apex region and rosetted stem.
Changes in the neutral GA-like substances in plants did not occur during the treatment.
The data indicated that the low temperature caused an increase of the free GA-like substances which played an important role on the rapid stem elongation.

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The histochemical studies were carried out to clarify the effect of low temperature treatment (4-5°C, 5 weeks) on changes in substances in the shoot apex of Aster savatieri MAKINO.
Shoot tips were fixed in FAA (formalin-alcoholacetic acid) solution for detection of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), polysaccharides and reducing sugars, and in 10% neutral formalin solution for histone. The preparation was made by the use of paraffin method.
Frozen and free hand sections were applied to detect indole compounds and peroxidase activity. Results of the observation were summarized as follows;
1. The shoot apex in cold treated plants showed an increase of RNA, indole compounds and peroxidase activity, and histone in the nuclear sap.
2. No changes of DNA in shoot apices of the plants were observed.
3. The shoot apex in the cold treated plants showed an increase in reducing sugars and a significant decrease in polysaccharides.
In contrast to this, the shoot apex in the non-cold treated plants showed the inverse relation between reducing sugars and polysaccharides.
4. From these data it may be suggested that the endogenous GA-like substances, which were increased by low temperature treatment, caused an increase of indole compounds and RNA, and also promoted the hydrolysis, translocation and redistribution of carbohydrates in the shoot apex. Such the sequential changes in substances during low temperature treatment may be important for the stem elongation of Aster savatieri MAKINO.

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1. Intra- and inter-specific crosses were made in four arboreal species of the East Asian Group of Hibiscus, mutabilis, sino-syriacus and para-mutabilis, and six perennial herbaceous species of the North American Group, coccineus, incanus, lasiocarpus, leucophyllus, militaris and moscheutos.
2. Intraspecific crosses:
The species of the Asian Group except mutabilis showed remarkable self-incompatibility. Self-pollination yielded only a few capsules without seeds, whereas the crosses between different strains produced capsules containing many fertile seeds.
Self-incompatibility was not found in mutabilis and the American Group. Self-pollination in these species always proved highly fertile.
3. Interspecific crosses:
Reciprocal crosses between six herbaceous species of North American origin produced abundant capsules containing a number of fertile seeds with high germination capacity.
Reciprocal crosses between syriacus, sino-syriacus and para-mutabilis resulted in low percentages of capsule setting, The capsules contained few fertile seeds with low germination capacity. Mutual crosses between mutabilis and the other arboreal species were all unsuccessful.
Crosses between mutabilis and six American species were successful only when the former was the mother plant. The percentages of fruit setting, the number of seeds obtained, and the viability of the seeds were all inferior to the corresponding figures in the mutual crosses within the American group.
Reciprocal crosses between the Asian species other than mutabilis and the American herbaceous species proved unsuccessful in every case.

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1. The fruit was enclosed in jars with rubber lids through which the ethylene was injected with a syringe. When the jar was left covered there was no change in the rind color. One day after treatment the lid was removed, exposing the fruit to the air. This caused the fruit to degreen rapidly.
2. Opening the lid 12-18 hours after the treatment resulted in the greatest chlorophyll decomposition.
3. 500-1, 000ppm of ethylene was the most effective concentration.
4. 15-25°C was the suitable temperature of treatment. Also, it was found that the temperature after opening the lid was important for degreening.
5. Determining the ethylene concentration in fruits and jars, it was found that ethylene was absorbed rapidly through the rind and the ethylene concentration inside and outside of the rind became almost the same in 150 min. after the injection. After opening the lid, however, it seemed that most of the ethylene was released rapidly from the fruits.

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1. The fruit was sealed in polyester (thickness: 0.012mm)-polyethylene (0.05mm) laminated film and water as shown in Figs. 1-3, and treated with ethylene for 15 hours. After exposing the fruit to air the chlorophyll disappeared rapidly and the coloring was greatly hastened.
2. Polyvinyl chloride film for agricultural use (0.2mm) permitted loss of ethylene to some extent, but the effect on coloring was not detrimental.
3. The suitable concentration of ethylene for the treatment was 500-1, 000ppm for the volume of film enclosing the fruit.
4. The polyvinyl chloride film could be used effectively for coloring 2.4 to 9.6 tons of fruit with ethylene.

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