Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science
Online ISSN : 1880-358X
Print ISSN : 0013-7626
ISSN-L : 0013-7626
Volume 49, Issue 1
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
  • Shoichi NAKAGAWA, Haruki KOMATSU, Eiji YUDA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 1-7
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Using seven grape cultivars, ‘Concord’, ‘Campbell Early’, ‘Delaware’, ‘Takao’, ‘Kyoho’, ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ and ‘Koshu’, changes in the stomatal morphology of berry epidermis accompanied by the growth were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM).
    Average number of stomata on the berry surface of ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ at anthesis was 16, that of ‘Campbell Early’, ‘Delaware’, ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Koshu’ was around 12, and those of ‘Concord’ and ‘Takao’ were 7.0 and 2.4, respectively.
    The size of stomata in grape berry epidermis at anthesis was not differed among the cultivars, and was 20-25μ in width and around 25μ in length.
    Twenty days before anthesis the guard cells were not yet differentiated, but distinguishable just prior to anthesis. Furrowed feature was seen on the inner wall of opening stomata in this period.
    After fertilization cracks occurred in the epidermis circulating around some stomata with berry growth, and cork layers developed beneath such stomata, which sometimes protruded from the epidermal layer forming lenticel-like structure.
    From these observations what were visibly seen as brown specks on grape berry surface at near maturity were confirmed as stomata and the suberized cells adjacent to them.
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  • Takafumi TEZUKA, Hironori SEKIYA, Hajime OHNO
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 8-14
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A morphological alteration of ‘Kyoho’ grapevines by CCC [(2-chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] was studied. CCC retarded elongation of primary shoots and primary lateral shoots. The former was due to a retardation of cell division and cell elongation, the latter mainly to a suppression of cell division. Effects of CCC were different from tissue to tissue of the grapevines. In the pith, both cell elongation and cell division were depressed by CCC, but in the starch sheath located in inner cortex, cell division was mainly depressed by CCC. The internodes and nodes were thickened by treatment with CCC. The thickening growth of internodes of the primary shoots with CCC was based on a remarkable development of xylem in particular and of phloem. The thickening growth of the primary lateral shoots with CCC was also similar to that of the primary shoots, but was not remarkable as compared with the primary shoots. Development of tendrils of the primary shoots were inhibited with CCC. Those of the primary lateral shoots were also scarcely induced with CCC as well as treatment without CCC.
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  • Pyrus serotina Rehd. var. culta
    Ichiro KAJIURA, Mltsuo OMURA, Yoshihiko SATO, Yutaka MACHIDA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 15-22
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To evaluate three maturation characteristics (1. the fruit variance of maturation in a tree, 2, the maturation rate of an individual fruit, 3. the nature of dropping of matured fruit), and to determine the date and the period of harvesting more objectively, the random sampling method and the ground color pursuit method were planned. Ground color ratio curves (a changing pattern of fruit ratio in ground color grades with the passage of time on a tree) were illustrated from the ground color changes determined by both methods using color chart. Both the earliest and the latest start and end of harvest, the longest and the shortest harvesting period could be pointed out from these curves. Curves also seemed to reveal the cultivar-specific characteristics of fruit maturation. The width of lines indicated the maturing rate of an individual fruit. Individual fruits of Chojuro ripened fast and showed the narrow intervals of lines. The gradient of lines corresponded with the fruit variance of maturation in a tree. Fruits of Hosui, showing a steep gradient, ripened simultaneously. Chojuro bore fruits with the wide range of maturation from over-matured yellowed to immatured green fruits on a tree simultaneously, and showed the gentle slope of lines. In the period from the start of yellowing to the dropping, and in the ground color shade at the drop, cultivar differences were observed. The ground color ratio curves, drawn from two different methods described above, were so similar that whichever method was available according to the objective. Some discussions were made on the relations between above mentioned three maturation characteristics and the cultivar-specific harvesting methods and harvesting intervals.
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  • Naosuke NII
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 23-35
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The development of citrus fruits, satsuma mandarin cv. Miyagawa (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Hassaku (Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka), was analyzed by deriving the relative growth rate (RGR) and the growth rate from diameter and weight measurements throughout the fruit growing season. The rates were related to the development of tissue systems in the leaf and fruit stalk.
    In satsuma mandarin and Hassaku, the maximum peak of RGR in fruit diameter and fruit weight appeared 3 weeks after full bloom, although a very brief but higher peak occurred immediately after flowering. Cumulative diameter and weight increases have a single sigmoid pattern corresponding with changes in growth rate. In both cultivars, the rising in the growth rate of fruit diameter commenced at an early developmental stage and ceased earlier than the onset and completion of fruit weight. High values in the growth rate of fruit diameter lasted for approximately 12 weeks between mid-June and mid-September in satsuma mandarin, and for 15 weeks mid-June and early-October in Hassaku. On the other hand, the high values of growth rate of fruit weight were marked for 8 weeks between mid-August and late-October in satsuma mandarin, and for 13 weeks between mid-July and late-October in Hassaku. The pattern of the rate in the fresh weight increase was almost similar to the dry weight increase throughout the fruit growing season.
    In both cultivars, mesophyll development was almost completed by early-June. In satsuma mandarin, the development of palisade, spongy tissues, and intercellular spaces of the mesophyll was almost completed during the early stages of fruit development, being between late-May and early-June. In Hassaku, the tissue system of mesophyll differentiated and the differentiation was completed between mid-May and early-June. The xylem tissues in the petiole, especially xylem vessels, were formed as early as the first week of May, developed markedly by late-May, and were almost completed by mid-June in satsuma mandarin. In Hassaku, the tissue systems in the petiole began one week earlier than that of the satsuma mandarin, developed strikingly by mid-May, and was almost completed by early-June.
    The xylem vessel differentiation in the fruit stalk had begun about one month before anthesis. These tissues developed strikingly approximately 4 weeks after blooming. The development of xylem tissue lasted until mid-July, and slightly progressed by early-September. There appeared to be a correlation between the onset of fruit weight increase and the completion of xylem tissue development in the stalk. Stalk diameter and xylem tissue development determined on the basis of number and diameter of xylem vessels were greater in Hassaku fruits than that in satsuma mandarin.
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  • I. Callus Induction and Cell Differentiation in Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka
    Yukio KATO
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 36-40
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The growth potential in vitro of Hassaku (Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka) juice vesicles was studied with mature seedless fruit. Both auxin and cytokinin were necessary for callus induction and growth. There was the marked difference in cell sap acidity between callus tissue, peel, juice, mature sac and stalk. Vascular tissues, tracheary and vessel elements, differentiated in callus tissues of the juice sac- and stalk-origin, but root and bud formation did not occur in our culture condition.
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  • Toru MAOTANI, Yutaka MACHIDA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 41-48
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this paper is to compare the results obtained from previous experiments concerning effects of water stress on fruit quality in potted satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees with those obtained from field experiments, using leaf water potential (ψmax) before sunrise as an index of water stress.
    Tests conducted on individual trees in an experimental orchard on Sept. 1 indicated a wide range of ψmax′s according to soil conditions at the site (e.g. soil depth, and chemical and physical properties of the soil).
    1. ψmax on Sept. 1 was closely related to refractometer index, titratable acidity and fruit weight or diameter in fruits harvested on both Sept. 7 and Dec. 6. A closely linear relationship was recognized between climax and refractometer index, and the very interesting fact was observed that juice of fruits harvested on Dec. 6 from trees exposed to severe drought (below a ψmax of -14 bars) decreased in refractometer index as compared with those harvested on Sept. 7. In the case of titratable acidity the relationships between curves from Sept. 7 and Dec. 6 harvestings were different from those in the case of refractometer index; the Dec. 6 curve looked like the result of parallel shifting of the Sept. 7 curve.
    2. The relationship of the specific gravity of fruits harvested on Dec. 6 to ψmax on Sept. 1 was not simple. Until ψmax reached about -11 bars, specific gravity decreased linearly as ψmax reduced, but beyond -11 bars of ψmax specific gravity began to increase non-linearly.
    3. Linear least squares analysis of the relationship between ψmax on Sept. 1 and peel color gave a correlation coefficient of -0.741. However, it is not clear that a linear relationship does in fact exist.
    4. The critical lower limit of ψmax at irrigation time for producing fruits suitable for marketing seemed to be about -7 bars, judging from fruit weight and peel color. However, it appears to be more desirable to irrigate when ψmax reaches-5.5 bars if circumstances permit.
    5. After ψmax decreased to about -5.5 bars, ψmax could be kept at about -5 bars by an irrigation of 3mm per day. With this treatment the fruit quality was similar to that of well-watered controls.
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  • I. On the Pollen Behavior in Pistils in Self-pollination, and the Effect of Various Treatments to Overcome the Self-incompatibility
    Kensuke YAMASHITA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 49-56
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the present experiment, some morphological and histological observations were made by means of both scanning electron and fluorescent microscopy concerning self-incompatibility in Hassaku, Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka. Meanwhile, various treatments were tried in search of an effective method to overcome the self-incompatibility.
    1. The pollen behavior on stigmas of self-pollinated mature flower buds was compared with that of buds cross-pollinated with Hyuganatsu, Citrus tamurana hort. ex Tanaka. Soon after cross-pollination, the stigma exudate began to co ver the pollen grains; 9 hours after pollination, the pollen grains were completely covered by the exudate. In contrast, self-pollinated pollen grains were not covered by the exudate so quickly as cross-pollinated grains, and individual grains were observed rather clearly on some parts of the stigma even 9 hours after pollination. Furthermore, the germination vigour in the case of self-pollination seemed to be a little weaker than that in the case of cross-pollination.
    2. The amount of stigma exudate observed on immature flower buds, half the length of mature ones, was clearly less than that on mature flower buds which were to open the next day. Many papilla cells were clearly observed on the stigmas of immattre buds. When immatre flower buds were self-pollinated, and their stigmas were observed 24 hours after pollination, almost all the pollen grains were still cleary visible, because of the lesser secretion of stigma exudate. Germination vigour was also somewhat weaker than in the case of self-pollination on mature flower buds.
    3. The pollen tube growth was observed after self-and cross-pollination on both mature flower buds and immature ones. In the case of mature flower buds, the pollen tubes of Hyuganatsu penetrated into the ovaries by the 5th day after pollination. However, almost all the pollen tubes of Hassaku were still in the stigma even 9 days after pollination. In the case of immature flower buds, the pollen tubes of Hyuganatsu grew rapidly into the styles; the number of the pollen tubes which had penetrated into ovaries by the 9th day after pollination was five times larger than that observed in the case of cross-pollination onto mature buds. On the other hand, all the pollen tubes of Hassaku had not reached the lower portion of thepeated e styles even 9 days after pollination.
    4. Repated pollination of immature flower buds for 4 continuous days was found to be most effective for obtaining the self-fertilized seeds among all the treatments used.
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  • Shin HIRATSUKA, Takafumi TEZUKA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 57-64
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present study was performed to get a clue to a solution for the obfuscating mechanism with reference to self-incompatibility in Pyrus serotina.
    1. The growth of pollen tubes showed the slow rate from approximately 36 hours after pollination and stopped completely in 48 hours at the portion near the ovary in a selfed style, but the tubes in a crossed one continued their growth and fertilization occurred in about 96 hours after pollination.
    2. In the selfed style, the tips of pollen tubes began to swell in 36 hours after pollination and callose deposited abnormally on the surface of the tubes. However, in a crossed style, sharp tips of the tubes and no abnormality of callose deposition were observed at above time.
    3. Soluble proteins and proteins dissociated by Tween 20 in selfed pistils exhibited unchanged level till 48 hours after pollination and increased thereafter gradually. On the other hand, these in crossed pistils decreased leisurely up to 24 hours and displayed steep increase after that time.
    4. In the fraction of proteins dissociated by Tween 20, both electrophoretic patterns of proteins from selfed and crossed pistils exhibited little difference till 72 hours after pollination. However, in the fraction of soluble proteins, band 7 peak from the selfed pistils increased the height in 24 hours after pollination and then decreased. The band 7 from the crossed pistils displayed reverse patterns compared with that from the selfed pistils, that is to say, the band 7 decreased in 24 hours after pollination and then continued to increase gradually. Band 7 from the non-pollinated pistils showed intermediate patterns between above bands from selfed and crossed pistils.
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  • Takao ICHII, Kenichi HAMADA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 65-70
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    n-Hexanal was found in macerated rind tissues of Naruto (Citrus medioglobosa hort. ex Tanaka). Hexanal formation was thought to be catalyzed by enzyme system. In this reaction, optimum pH was about 4.5.
    Rates of hexanal formation were closely associated with the degree of degreening of the fruit rind: their order was CEPA-treated fruits>outside fruits>inside or GA-treated fruits. There was a high rate of the hexanal formation in the fruit rind affected by ‘rind yellow spot’, a physiological rind disorder of Naruto, compared to healthy fruit rind. The hexanal formation was influenced by ambient temperature to which fruits had been exposed. A higher rate was observed on fruits held at 20°C than those held at 5°C. After transfer of fruits from 5°C to 20 °C, the rate increased within 3-4 hours.
    Possible physiological importance of the hexanal formation was discussed in relation to aging of the rind and ‘rind yellow spot’ which occurs in accordance with aging of the rind.
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  • I. Callus Formation from the Anthers of Asparagus
    Noboru INAGAKI, Takashi HARADA, Toshiro YAKUWA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 71-78
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Effects of growth regulators, sugars, light and pH on callus formation from anthers of Asparagus officinalis L. were investigated using Murashige & Skoog′s medium to which 0.6% agar was added. The following results were obtained:
    1) For cv. ‘Mary Washington 500 (MW 500)’, the optimal concentrations of growth regulators were 1.0mg BA/l and 5.0mg NAA/l, whereas whereas for cv. ‘Zuiyo’ and ‘Grüne Krone’, they were 0.5 to 1.0mg BA/l and 3.0mg NAA/l. The highest percentages of anthers producing callus were 72, 90, and 86 for ‘MW 500’, ‘Zuiyo’ and ‘Grüne Krone’, respectively. Callus formation was better with NAA than 2, 4-D.
    2) Of various sugars and their concentrations tested, the highest callus induction and growth were obtained on the media containing 2% sucrose or glucose. Fructose was less effective than the other two sugars and sorbitol was not effective at all on callus formation.
    3) Anthers of ‘Zuiyo’ developed callus whether they were grown under continuous artificial light (4, 000lx, white fluorescent lamps), 16-hr photoperiod, or under continuous darkness. However, the percentages of anthers which produced callus were inversely proportional to the length of light exposure. Anthers of cv. ‘Grüne Krone’ cultured under 16-hr light at 10, 000, 1, 500, and 200lx, gave the highest percentage of callus formation under the minimum light intensity.
    4) Callus was obtained with anthers at all pH levels between 3.5 and 7.5, but 5.5 produced the highest percentage.
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  • VI. Manganese Distribution in the Plant Parts
    Masao MASUI, Akira NUKAYA, Akira ISHIDA, Takayasu OGURA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 79-84
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Muskmelons were grown in soil adjusted to 3 pH levels; 6.4 (high), 5.5 (medium) and 4.5 (low), and in sand fertilized with a complete nutrient solution containing 0.5, 30 and 60ppm Mn, and also 0, 0.5 and 60ppm Mn to determine the effect of Mn excess on the growth and Mn distribution of the various parts of the organs. Plant growth was severely restricted at the low pH. Mn in the various parts of the organs was significantly increased by lowering soil pH, and by increasing Mn concentrations in the nutrient solution. Mn in the leaf blades and petioles tended to be higher in the lower part than in the middle and higher parts. More Mn accumulated in the external tissues, especially in the hairs. Mn in the fine roots was much higher than in the large ones. Mn in the fruit was increased in the inner flesh, outer flesh and rind in this order.
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  • Yutaka SHINOHARA, Yoshio SUZUKI, Masao SHIBUYA, Muneteru YAMAMOTO, Koy ...
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 85-92
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effects of foliar spray treatment and various fertilization on the ascorbic acid content of tomato and sweet pepper fruits were investigated.
    In both cases crop growth was not greatly affected by foliar spray treatment, or by treatments with various compositions of nutrient solution. However, these treatments did affect the yield of both fruits. In tomato, the mean fruit weight increased with urea foliar spray treatment and with the 1/2P regime, but decreased with the 3/2N, 1/2K, and 1/2Ca regimes. In sweet pepper, the yield increased both with urea foliar spray treatment and with the 3/2P, 1/2Ca and 3/2Mg regimes of nutrient solution, and decreased with both the 1/2N and 3/2N regimes.
    The ascorbic acid content of tomato fruit was not affected by the treatments with the exception of the 3/2K regime, which gave a remarkably high acid content. The influence of the treatment on the content of soluble solid and reducing sugars, on pH and on the titrable acidity in tomatoes was not clear. The ascorbic acid and sugars content of tomato fruit tended to increase with the ascending of the cluster position, there were positive correlattions (r=0.915) between the change of these two elements. Improvement of quality of tomatoes can be expected by incremental use of potassium fertilizer and by exposure the fruits to sunshine.
    The ascorbic acid content of sweet pepper fruit increased with the 1/2P regime, but decreased with other regimes. The effect of treatment on the sugars contentin sweet pepper was not clear. The ascorbic acid content increased with the advancing of the harvesting period. The ascorbic acid of exposed sweet pepper fruits was higher than that of shaded fruits.
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  • Akira NUKAYA, Masao MASUI, Akira ISHIDA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 93-101
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of diluted sea water on the germination of muskmelon seeds, the seedling growth, and the growth in sand and nutrient solution cultures. The germination rate was not significantly different from 0 to 5, 000ppm Cl and decreased at 6, 000ppm Cl 7 days after starting the germination test. Fresh weight of whole seedlings grown in sand for 16 days after germination decreased as sea water concentrations increasaed. Whole plant and fruit fresh weight in sand and nutrient solution cultures decreased with increasing sea water concentrations. The salt injury was observed at 250 to 1, 000ppm Cl in sand culture and at 3, 000 to 5, 000ppm Cl in nutrient solution culture. The degree of injury became more severe with increasing sea water concentrations. Osmotic potential of leaves, and transpiration rate and amount decreased as sea water concentrations increased. Root osmotic potential was higher than that of leaves. Content of Na in leaves and Cl in each plant part increased with increasing sea water concentrations. In nutrient solution culture the Na and Cl accumulated most in stem, followed by roots and fruit, and accumulated least in leaves. Na and Cl content in leaves was markedly high at 5, 000ppm Cl in nutrient solution culture because fruit did not set due to poor growth.
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  • Yukiyoshi OGAWA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 102-106
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The response of flowering to chilling was examined using germinating seed of Pharbitis nil Choisy, strain Kidachi grown in pots. Flowering occurred when the germinating seed was chilled immediately after sowing at 15°C for longer than 25 days. The flowering response decreased if plants were grown at higher temperatures after the chilling. Young seedlings 1 to 4 day old showed a strong response to chilling, while the flowering response decreased in the seedlings chilled at increasing ages from 6 to 10 day old. Application of gibberellin A3 to the seedling promoted the flowering response, suggesting that endogenous gibberellins play some role in the changes of flowering response to chilling in the developing seedling of Pharbitis nil Choisy.
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  • Kuniyoshi KONISHI
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 107-113
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Factors decreasing growth activity, or causing the physiological rosetting in chrysanthemum were studied. Mother plants chilled and non-chilled in winter were grown under various conditions, high temperature in spring and early summer, low light intensity, cool temperature in summer, and so on. Rooted cuttings propagated from those mother plants were planted and pinched, then they were grown under 9-hour daylength at cool temperatures.
    The chrysanthemum plants which had not experienced the temperatures lower than 15°C for several years showed the low growth activities continuously in all seasons. Whenever they were transfered to the short day condition at cool temperature (15°C), they always formed the rosetting shoots.
    The normal plants, chilled in winter, showed the high growth activities until autumn, and the activities decreased in October or November. Even if the plants had the low growth activities, they elongated well at the temperatures higher than 20°C, and formed flower buds normally at 25°C.
    The plants, chilled in winter and grown at 15°C in summer and at the temperatures higher than 10°C in the following winter, maintained the high growth activities until the following summer. Their growth activities, however, decreased earlier than those of the normal plants.
    High temperature treatments of the normal mother plants in the spring and early summer did not decrease the growth activities. When the mother plants were treated with the high temperature and low light intensity, their growth activities were lowered.
    It seems that, when a chrysanthemum plant grows under the normal conditions for a long period after chilling, and then it receives high temperature for several months, growth activity of the plant becomes lower.
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  • IV. The Culture of Immature Hybrid Embryos 0.3-0.4mm Long
    Yoshito ASANO
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 114-118
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. Use of normal endosperm as nurse tissue.
    Normal endosperm obtained from inter-clonal crossing was used as nurse tissue for the culture of immature hybrid embryos (0.3_??_0.4mm in length).
    About 60 percent of the immature embryos could be cultured by putting them on normal endosperm.
    The growth pattern of the embryos was ‘embryonic growth’ similar to the normal pattern seen in vivo, and was different from the ‘seedling growth’ usually seen on artificial mediums; it appears that the endosperm contains a kind of ‘embryo factor (s)’ which was absent in the artificial medium.
    2. Culture on artificial medium containing amino acids.
    Free amino acids contained in the normally developing endosperm were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively and an artificial medium of the same amino acid composition was prepared.
    The survival percentage of hybrid embryos was somewhat increased on prepared medium as compared with on basic medium, but it appears that the prepared medium used here was still lacking the so-called ‘embryo factor(s)’ since the growth pattern of the embryos was similar to ‘seedling growth’.
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  • II. Morphological Observations on Bulblet Formation from Bulb-scale Segments
    Tadashi YANAGAWA, Yoshihiro SAKANISHI
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 119-126
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the basal part of bulb-scale of 17 genera (20 species) in the Amaryllidaceae and 2 genera (4 species) in the Liliaceae, the vascular system consists of a number of parallel abaxial strands. Opposite to that, the system in 8 genera (11 species) belonging to the Liliaceae is composed of the adaxial ones.
    When the basal parts were cultured aseptically on nutrient medium without growth regulators, the cultures from the former genera and the latter ones formed bulblets mostly on the abaxial side and the adaxial side, respectively, of the proximal end of the scale, though both sides had the capacity to regenerate bulblets.
    Morphological observations of the scale base with the genera in the both families indicated that the bulblets were predominantly arised from the epidermal and subepidermal cells in the nearest location to each vascular strand.
    The results suggest that the cells nearest to the strand contain more cell division stimuli, which move basipetally in the vascular tissue, than the cells at a distance from the strand.
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  • III. The Relationship between Seasonal Changes of Phenolics Exuded from Pseudobulb Tissues and Survival Rate of Explants
    Minoru ISHII
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 127-131
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Concerning the browing of liquid media which occasionally takes place in vitro culture of Cattleya shoot tips, the relationship between survival rate of explants and seasonal variation of the amount of browning substrates exuded from the chops of young Cattleya tissues was studied. In addition, effects of rutin supplementation on the survival rate of explants were investigated in this experiment.
    1. Browning substrates were exuded in large amounts from the chops of young shoot tips in the period from June to September when the growth of shoots was vigorous and the browning of explants, lateral buds, was also remarkable. The survival rate of explants was consequently reduced to about 30%. On the other hand, a survival rate of more than 70% was attained in the period from November to February when stock plants remained in dormant condition and thus browning of explants and exudation of browning substrates both were restrained markedly.
    2. Survival rate of explants was increased up to 60 or more when rutin was added to the liquid culture medium at a concentration of 50ppm during the period from the summer to the fall when many explants usually fail to survive in vitro culture. Optimum concentrations of rutin added to the culture medium were 50 to 100ppm for the tissue culture of Cattleya plants.
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  • Akitsugu INABA, Tsutomu YAMAMOTO, Takuji ITO, Reinosuke NAKAMURA
    1980 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 132-138
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Comparison between the field ripened tomatoes and the room ripened was made as for both ripening characteristics and sensory evaluation. Room ripened fruits were picked at the mature green, turning or pink stage, and ripened at 25°C.
    Fruit picked at the mature green stage had lower rate of carbon dioxide and ethylene production throughout ripening in ‘Kyoryoku-goko’ tomatoes, and showed a delayed initiation of gas production in the course of climacteric rise in ‘Kyoryoku-toko’, when compared with field ripened fruit. No difference in the rate of gas production during ripening was observed between the fruits attached on the plant and those picked at the turning and pink stages in both cultivars.
    Free abscisic acid content in the pericarp of ‘Kyoryoku-goko’ fruit picked at the mature green stage increased slightly during ripening, while fruit harvested at the turning and pink stages accumulated more abscisic acid than those on the plant.
    In the sensory test of ‘Kyoryoku-toko’ tomatoes conducted at the full ripe stage, fruit picked at the mature green stage was evaluated as being significantly less desirable in texture, flavor, sweetness and sourness than fruit ripened on the plant. Fruit picked at the turning stage was less only in sourness, and no significant difference for all sensory characteristics was evaluated in the fruit picked at the pink stage, when compared with field ripened fruit. There was no significant difference in the fruit color among any of the fruits tested. Room ripened fruits which were evaluated as being “poor” in sweetness or sourness contained less glucose and fructose in the pericarp or less citric acid in the locular than field ripened fruit.
    It seemed, therefore, that tomatoes should be harvested after the turning stage, since fruit in the mature green stage may be partially deficient in the preparedness necessary for ripening at harvest time.
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