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Volume 53, Issue 3
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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Eiji YUDA, Hiroyuki MATSUI, Masayuki YUKIMOTO, Shoichi NAKAGAWA, Kojir ...1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 235-241
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of lanolin paste containing 1000ppm of 15 βOH GA15, 15 β0H GA24 and 15 βOH GA9(GA45) on fruit set and development of three different kinds of pearcultivars(‘Shinseiki’-Pyrus serotina, ‘Yali’-Pyrus ussuriensis and ‘Passe Crassane’-Pyrus communis) was compared with 1000ppm of GA4+7. In general, an exogenous application of GA4+7 3 weeks after full bloom was the most effective at bringing about fruit set of embryo-removed pears, followed by GA45, 15 βOH GA15 and 15 βOH GA24. There were no striking asymmetric growth in any cultivar when the lanolin paste containing GA was applied to one side of the surface of seeded fruit. Fruit development in terms of fruit size and weight was most pronounced in all pear cultivars when GA4+7 was applied. Extracts from immature seeds of three pear cultivars were separated by paper chromatography with a developing solvent systems of iso-PrOH:NH4OH:H2O (10:1:1v/v). Using either the dwarf rice seedling or barley half-seed bioassay, GA-like activities were detected in two Rf zones near 0.7 and 0.9. Later, the eluate from near Rf zone 0.7 was identified as GA3(published elsewhere).View full abstractDownload PDF (706K) -
Naohiro KUBOTA, Kazuo SHIMAMURA1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 242-250
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInvestigations were carried out in order to clarify the effect of root temperature conditions on budbreak, shoot growth, and the development of flower clusters of ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ vines. Root temperatures were controlled under forced conditions. One year old potted non-fruiting vines, 2 to 3 years old potted fruiting ones, and 5 years old benched fruiting vines were used. All the vines were on the H. F. rootstock.
In the plots where heating was started in December and in February, the amount of sap bled through the cane was larger at 27°C than at 13°C, especially just after the start of forcing, when the amount of sap in the 27°C treated plants was twice that in 13°C treated ones.
The number of new roots which were measured at the sprouting date of the 27°C plot was very large in vines treated at 20 and 27°C, and quite large in vines treated at 34°C. Rooting at 13°C was scarcely observed throughout the experiment.
When vines were forced from January, higher root temperatures resulted in fewer days being required for budbreak. The percentage of budbreak was also higher in the plots at 25 and 30°C than in those below 15°C. When forced from December, the budbreak percentage increased and also the number of days required for budbreak was reduced. In vines forced from February and from March there were no differences among the treatments.
The shoot growth of potted vines was more vigorous at 20 and 27°C than at 13°C. However, in the case of benched vines the difference in shoot growth between the plots at 13 and 27°C was small. These results were obtained for all durations of heating. In the potted vines heated from both December and February, the number of flower clusters per shoot and the cluster development were greater at 27°C than at 13°C. In the benched vines, forcing from December resulted in more vigorous development of flower clusters at 27°C than at 13°C. Only slight differences between the plots were observed when vines were forced from February.
Although the temperature control of roots was terminated three weeks after blooming, the berry size at harvest was larger in vines treated at 27°C than at 13°C for all durations of heating.View full abstractDownload PDF (1036K) -
Goro OKAMOTO, Kyoko YAMAMOTO, Kazuo SHIMAMURA1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 251-258
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAmong a group of tetraploid grape varieties which are genetically related to ‘Kyoho’ (Vitis vinifera L.×V. labrusca L.), ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Pione’ set a large number of seedless berries which hardly grew to the normal size of their seeded berries. Other varieties, such as ‘Beni Zuiho’, ‘Beni Izu’, ‘Red Qeen’ and ‘Honey Red’, usually set more seeded and fewer seedless berries. To study the cause of the production of seedless berries in these varieties, we investigated the completeness of floral organs and the penetration of pollen tubes into ovules.
Abnormal ovules and immature embryo sacs were observed more frequently in ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Pione’ than in the other varieties. Pollen grains lacking the generative and vegetative nucleus were also more frequent in ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Pione’, although pollen germinability on agar media was not related to the frequency of such nonfunctional pollen. The number of pollen tubes growing into intact pistils was markedly reduced at the middle and lower part of ovary tissue in all varieties. In ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Pione’, this reduction was more severe and fewer pollen tubes penetrated the ovules than in other varieties.
From these results, we concluded that the poor setting of seeded berries in ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Pione’ is due to the retarded development of ovules and the low ability of pollen tubes to fertilize ovules. It became apparent that in ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Pione’, many unfertilized ovaries develop into seedless berries, although the mechanisms are not clear.View full abstractDownload PDF (918K) -
Keiichi WATANABE, Bunjiro TAKAHASHI1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 259-264
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe flower bud differentiation and development in a pistillate cultivar ‘Bluno’ and a staminate cultivar ‘Matua’ of kiwi (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) were studied at Kanagawa Prefecture from 1981 to 1982.
1. Both ‘Bluno’ and ‘Matua’ differentiated flower buds in mid-March.
2. The flower bud development in these cultivars progressed very rapidly after differentiation and the initial formation of stamens was observed on April 5 in ‘Bluno’ and March 30 in ‘Matua’.
3. Full bloom was observed in ‘Bluno’ about 65 days after flower bud differentiation and the blooming period was 5-7 days.
4. Full bloom in ‘Matua’ was observed about 62 days after flower bud differentiation and flowering continued to the end of May.
5. Thus, the time of flower bud differentiation in kiwi is different from those in most of the deciduous fruit trees. That is, most of the deciduous fruit trees initiate the flower bud differentiation during the season preceding the year in which the flowers bloom, but kiwi does not until mid-March of the current year of flowering.View full abstractDownload PDF (815K) -
Kiyoshi BANNO, Shinji HAYASHI, Kenji TANABE1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 265-270
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the relationships between nitrogen nutrition and flower bud formation of three cultivars of Japanese pear, ‘Shinsui’, ‘Nijisseiki’ and ‘Hosui’ in sandculture, the effects of concentration and time of nitrogen supply(0-160ppm), when irrigated twice a week, were investigated.
1. The higher concentration of nitrogen tended to promote both tree growth and flower bud formation in all cultivars.
2. The higher concentration of nitrogen tended to increase the nitrogen content in each portion of the tree, although it decreased the carbohydrate content.
3. Nitrogen supplied from June to July tended to promote flower bud formation in all cultivars.
From these results it was found that flower bud formation in Japanese pear was preferably promoted by nitrogen nutrition.View full abstractDownload PDF (709K) -
Hisashi HARADA1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 271-277
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSShoot elongation and axillary bud development in relation to flower initiation were investigated in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Hiratanenashi). Winter buds contained primordia of all the leaves that subsequently expanded during shoot elongation. At the end of the period of shoot elogation, the terminal tip of the shoot stopped growing and aborted. The number of leaf primordia within an axillary bud increased immediately after shoot tip abortion, and was affected by thickening growth of the shoot. In early July, the production of new leaf primordia gradually decreased and flower initiation began.
The occurrence of flower initiation and its probability appeared to be related to vegetative development and the decline in activity of apical meristems in the axillary buds.View full abstractDownload PDF (719K) -
Kiminori KATO1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 278-289
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the changes in fruit constituents, carbon dioxide and ethylene evolution, and other characteristics of persimmon fruits during de-astringency and ripening, experiments were conducted on fruits containing different concentrations of ethanol, ranging from 0.00% to 1.40% as obtained by various alcohol treatments.
1. The higher the concentration of ethanol, the shorter the time to the beginning of decrease in tannin concentration and the more rapid the rate of decrease in tannin concentration. However, a lag period was found in the decrease in tannin concentration At 20°C this was about 2 days. Increased ethanol concentration had a marked influence at concentrations below about 0.2 to 0.3%.
2. There was a higher acetaldehyde concentration with increasing ethanol concentration.
3. Alcohol treatment caused a rise in ethylene evolution, the peak rate being higher with increasing ethanol vapor concentration. At 20°C it occurred about 1 day after tart of treatment. This high rate of ethylene evolution at 20°C induced a rise in arbon dioxide evolution and seemed to stimulate decreases in both flesh firmness and eel chlorophyll concentration.
4. There was no significant difference in the rate of decrease in flesh firmness between alcohol-treated fruits containing less than 0.1 to 0.2% of ethanol and untreated fruits.
5. The peel carotenoid concentration of alcohol-treated fruits containing 0.03 to 0.20% of ethanol increased at a similar or somewhat slower rate compared with that of ntreated fruits.
6. No significant discoloration at the peel surface was observed in fruits containing less than about 0.1% of ethanol. Moderate to severe discoloration was observed in fruits containing more than about 0.1% of ethanol treated under excessive moisture conditions and in fruits containing more than about 0.3% of ethanol. Fruit exhibited a ore severe discoloration with a decrease in temperature at the time of alcohol reatment.
7. Based on astringency removal and fruit quality, an adequate concentration of ethanol n fruit during de-astringency by ethanol was considered to be about 0.1 to 0.2% of thanol at 10°C to 20°C, and about 0.2% of ethanol at 30°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (1295K) -
Kazuo KAWASHIMA, Yasushi KAMIHISA, Kenichi KATABE1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 290-297
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to control blackening of pericarp during removal of astringency in kaki fruits y ethanol treatment, super-absorbent polymer sheets were applied, using Hiratanenashi, ne of the principal varieties of astringent cultivars in Japan.
1. By adding 38%(V/V) ethanol solution to the super-absorbent polymer sheet B that had igh absorbing ability, both the rate and the degree of blackening of pericarp were arkedly reduced, compared with the control treatment, spraying of 38%(V/V) ethanol olution alone. However, the blackening of pericarp of the highest kaki fruits was not educed.
2. Blackening of pericarp was not reduced by employing the super-absorbent polymer heet hat had a lower absorbing ability or spraying 38%(V/V) ethanol solution to the uper-absorbent polymer sheet B that had a high absorbing ability.
3. Blackening was not prevented by employing the super-absorbent polymer sheet B in a ase of corrugated cardboard that was closed up more tightly than the ordinary one.
4. When 38%(V/V) ethanol solution was absorbed into the super-absorbent polymer sheet, he astringency disappeared slowly, compared with ordinary spraying.
5. It was suggested that the effect of the super-absorbent polymer sheet B having a igh bsorbing ability on the control of blackening of pericarp was due both to the proper oncentration of gaseous ethanol, so that 38%(V/V) ethanol solution came in contact with he pericarp of persimmon, and to the prevention of high humidity conditions in the orrugated cardboard.View full abstractDownload PDF (1104K) -
Hiroyuki FUKUDA1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 298-302
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDuring storage ‘Fuji’ apples are affected by internal breakdown, and some peculiar types of browning disorder tentatively named “coreline browning” and “inner-core browning”. The relationship between watercore and the occurrence of these disorders and the effect of calcium sprays was investigated.
Internal breakdown was classified as type I (assumed to be watercore breakdown) and type II (assumed to be Jonathan breakdown). The incidence of type I breakdown increased with watercore intensity at harvest. Type II breakdown appeared only in apples with watercore indices 4 and 5 (severe to very severe watercore). In two out of three seasons, the incidence of coreline browning tended to increase with increasing intensity of watercore. Watercore of ‘Fuji’ remained longer in the coreline region; this may be the reason why this peculiar type of disorder appeared in ‘Fuji’.
The incidence of inner-core browning was not related to watercore intensity. However, some relation between the occurrence of this disorder and watercore was suspected, because the inner-core region around the endocarp in which the disorder appears is the last part which is affected by watercore during storage.
Calcium spraying caused an increase in coreline browning and in scald.View full abstractDownload PDF (672K) -
Hirokazu FUKUI, Shigeru IMAKAWA, Tsutomu TAMURA1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 303-307
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEarly fruit drop in ‘McIntosh Red’ apples was enhanced by 30 days of high night temperature (25°C) beginning on the 10th day after full bloom. A reduced rate of fruit enlargement for two days indicated the imminence of fruit drop; abscission occured 6 to 10 days later. The fruit drop process was divided into four stages stage A, potential fruit drop as indicated by the reduced rate of fruit enlargement; stage B, two days after potential fruit drop; stage C, four days after potential fruit drop; stage D, abscission. There was no difference in ethylene evolution between fruits of stage A and persistent fruits. However, the stage of fruit drop advanced from B to C, ethylene evolution increased. Few fruit at stage A had formed an abscission layer but those which had, evolved more ethylene than those which had not. These results suggest that ethylene evolution and abscission layer formation are not the primary factors causing the early drop of apple fruit but are part of the ageing process which occurs with the advance of the fruit drop process.View full abstractDownload PDF (701K) -
Hiroshi DAITO, Yoshihiko SATO1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 308-313
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRespiration and ethylene evolution rates of ‘satsuma’ mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marcovitch) fruit were investigated. Samples of ‘Okitsu Wase’, an early maturing cultivar, and ‘Silverhill’, a common cultivar, were harvested at intervals of approximately 15 days from September 1, 1970 to January 11, 1971.
The respiration rate of fruit of both cultivars harvested from early September to early October showed a marked increase from 4 to 6 day after harvest, and a second increase 6 to 4 days later, followed by a subsequent decrease.
The respiration rate of both cultivars harvested from mid-October to mid-January of the following year continued to decrease gradually, 10 days after harvest. In fully developed fruit of both cultivars, an increase in respiration was observed one day after harvest.
The ethylene evolution rate of fruit of both cultivars harvested from early September to early October began to increase rapidly 1 to 4 days after harvest. As the ethylene production of fruits increased, the color turned from completely green to yellow-orange.
The ethylene evolution rate of fruit harvested from mid-October to mid-January of the following year after harvest also increased gradually in both cultivars.View full abstractDownload PDF (633K) -
Mineo TAKATA1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 314-319
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeveral kinds of citrus fruit, including satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.), hassaku orange (Citrus hassaku Hort.) and natsudaidai (Citrus natsudaidai Hayata), responded to 10ppm ethylene treatment by increases in CO2 evolution at 20°C.
When ethylene treatments were continued for more than 3 days, maximum rates of CO2 evolution were reached during days 1 to 3, the rates of CO2 evolution declining there after.
When 1-day treatments with ethylene were repeated every other day, the fruit showed an increase in respiration rate to the first 3 to 5 treatments, but responded little to the subsequent treatments.
When the treatment of 3 days of ethylene and 1 day of air was repeated, the 2nd and the 3rd cycles did not induce any response in the fruits.
When the treatment of 2 days of ethylene and 1 day of air was repeated, the first 2 cycles induced a response but subsequent ones had little effect.
When the treatments with ethylene for 3 or 6 days and air for 3 days were repeated, the fruits responded to the 2nd cycle.
In view of these results, it was thought that citrus fruit(non-climacteric type of fruit) has a certain ability to respond to ethylene for a limited time and that this ability can be recovered during a period of several days without treatment.View full abstractDownload PDF (715K) -
Takaaki ISHII, Kazuomi KADOYA1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 320-330
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was carried out to examine the effect of ethylene, which is evolved from organic materials applied to soil, on the growth of citrus trees.
The roots were exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50ppm ethylene in the soil atmosphere for 4 weeks. Shoot elongation, total and root fresh weights, main root length, and succinate dehydrogenase activity of roots, were severely inhibited at and above 5ppm ethylene. Ethylene application also caused swelling of root tips and brownish coloration of roots. At 0 and 0.05ppm ethylene most root hairs were observed in patches in the zone 5-15mm behind the tip, and they were conical, papillate, and pear-shaped. With increasing ethylene concentration, however, the number of tubular-shaped root hairs increased. At 50ppm, most of the root hairs were withered or lost. Ethylene application also affected the contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in leaves, shoots, and roots. In soil where unfermented organic materials have been applied, ethylene has often been detected at concentrations high enough to inhibit growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (1435K) -
Koki KANAHAMA, Takashi SAITO1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 331-337
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFruit curvature in cucumber was investigated in relation to plant density of 7.3, 5.5 and 2.2 plants per 3.3m2, and shading with 0, 1, 2 and 3 layer(s) of cheesecloth.
1. Curvature angle of the fruit at harvest and duration from flowering to harvest were not affected by plant density, but affected by shading, increasing with the number of layers of cheesecloth.
2. In both experiments, there was no high correlation between the curvature angle of fruit at harvest and the length or curvature angle of the ovary on the flowering day.
3. The value of leaf dry weight times light transmission rate devided by the number of fruit harvested did not vary with planting density, while it decreased with the increasing number of layers of cheesecloth, resulting in the increase of the average curvature angle of the fruit.
4. Assuming that the above-mentioned value corresponds to the rate of photosynthate supply to the individual fruit, though in rough estimation, the occurrence of curvature in cucumber fruit might be considered to be due to insufficient supply of photosynthates to the fruit.View full abstractDownload PDF (747K) -
Noriaki AOKI, Shigeto YOSHINO1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 338-346
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was undertaken to clarify the effects of precooling and temperature of cold storage on the growth and quality of cut flowers of forced tree paeony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. cv. ‘Hanakisoi’).
Experiment 1.
1. The number of petals at the start of cold storage increased with duration of precooling at 15°C. The stage of flower bud differentiation was promoted by precooling.
2. Sprouting and flowering time occurred earlier following precooling; after cold storage at 0°C without precooling, sprouting time was delayed for 1 or 2 weeks and the flowering time for 2 weeks or more.
3. The percentage of flowering was highest after precooling for 3 weeks and cold storage at 4°C and was lowest after precooling for 3 weeks and cold storage at 0°C.
4. The quality of cut flowers was high when the plants were kept in cold storage at 4°C or 0°C after precooling for 3 weeks, but was poor when kept in cold storage at 0°C without precooling.
5. The number of petals of cut flowers decreased with precooling for 2 weeks or more.
Experiment 2.
1. Sprouting and flowering time was markedly promoted and the quality of cut flowers improved with precooling. However, the number of petals of cut flowers decreased. These results were almost similar to experiment 1.
2. The percentage of flowering was high in all treatments.
These results show that, in the forcing of 2 year-old plants, it is most efficient to precool for 3 weeks and cold store at 4°C. It was also suggested that 3 or 4 year-old plants can be kept in cold storage at 0°C for 6 weeks if they are first precooled.View full abstractDownload PDF (935K) -
Naoki YAMAUCHI, Kazuki YAMAWAKI, Yoshinori UEDA, Kazuo CHACHIN1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 347-353
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to clarify the subcellular localization of redox enzymes involving ascorbic acid in cucumber fruits. Subcellular fractions were prepared by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. From the determination of chlorophyll content and marker enzyme activities in each fraction, it was found that monodehydroascorbate reductase was contained in chloroplasts, mitochondria, microsomes, and cytosol. This enzyme was found not in broken chloroplasts but in intact ones. On the other hand, ascorbate oxidase was localized in microsomes and cytosol, and dehydroascorbate reductase was almost completely localized in cytosol.
Considering the ubiquitous distribution of monodehydroascorbate reductase in cucumber fruit cells, it is thought that this enzyme constitutes the main reducing system to regenerate ascorbic acid.View full abstractDownload PDF (826K) -
Yasuji YOSHIDA, Motoko UEDA1984 Volume 53 Issue 3 Pages 354-361
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn recent years, the annual production of citrus fruits has been about 4 million tons. Supply of these fruits is in excess of demand on the fresh fruit market, so about 750 thousand tons are used for canning and for juice processing. After juice extraction is completed, the amounts of peel and pulp refuse are almost equal to that of juice. Although this refuse can be used for live-stock, and provides the raw materials for vinegar, molases, orange flour and feed yeast, these are only limited uses. This study was carried out to obtain fundamental data with respect to development of new uses for pulp refuse. A summary of the results is shown below.
1. Chemical analyses of the main composition of pulp refuse showed that crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash and nitrogen free extract contents ranged from 8.0 to 19.8%, 4.6 to 12.3%, 9.4 to 16.0%, 2.5 to 5.3% and 48.1 to 71.5% by dry weight, respectively. More detailed fiber analyses showed that the refuse included 7.2-14.7% pectic substances, 6.5-10.0% cellulose and 1.3-2.8% hemicellulose, with their total content amounting to 15.9-26.0% by dry weight.
2. Under the microscope the segment wall of Hassaku was found to have a honeycomb like structure. Such organization would serve to hold much water or oil.
3. A soft white powder of washed, dried pulp refuse was made by copious washing with warm water and exposure to sunlight for 8hrs. at 35-40°C, and humidity above 80%. For each species tested, the pulp refuse yielded about 5% soft white powder.
4. Washed, dried pulp refuse was composed of 6.3-12.3% crude protein, 1.5-8.7% crude fat, 25.2-30.9% crude fiber, 2.0-4.2% ash and 49.8-63.2% nitrogen free extract. It contained 12.3-37.5% pectic substances, 10.6-29.6% cellulose and 4.1-18.8% hemicellulose and the sum of these components accounted for 39.5-68.4% on the dry matter basis.
5. Water or oil holding capacities were 9.7-15.1g/g or 5.8-9.3g/g, respectively. The settling volume of washed, dried pulp refuse prepared from Wase satsuma mandarin and from satsuma mandarin were 10.4ml/g and 10.3ml/g, respectively. When washed, dried pulp refuse was treated with cellulase, the water or oil holding capacities were increased.
From these results, it was concluded that pulp refuse may be used as a source of dietary fiber.View full abstractDownload PDF (942K)
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