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Volume 56, Issue 3
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Yoshikazu T. YAMAKI1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 263-267
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSConcentrations of total, free, and combined acids (hereinafter referred to as total acidity, free acidity, and combined acidity, respectively) of juice in four citrus species were determined to clarify the relationships among them.
A high correlation coefficient was found in each species, between total acidity (T) and free acidity (F).
Linear regressions between T and F were:
T=0.967F+6.606 (r=0.954) for Satsuma mandarin
T=0.981F+6.779 (r=0.996) for Natsudaidai
T=1.199F+3.699 (r=0.990) for Hyuganatsu
T=0.964F+7.849 (r=0.988) for Eureka Lemon
where acids were expressed as me/100ml.
For these four species, it may be possible by using these linear regression lines, to make an estimation of total acidity of juice within an allowable error, if only free acidity is available.View full abstractDownload PDF (534K) -
Some fundamental experiments focusing on the significance of stigmas in incompatible reactionsKensuke YAMASHITA1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 268-272
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome fundamental experiments were carried out to increase information about self-incompatibility on Hassaku (Citrus hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka). The following results were obtained.
1. Using isoelectric focusing analysis, buffer-soluble glycoproteins in self-pollinated pistils 15 minutes after pollination were compared with those in pistils that were cross-pollinated with Hyuganatsu (C. tamurana Hort. ex Tanaka). Some qualitative differences between self- and cross-pollinations were observed on every part of the pistils, but these were not so great as those 30 minutes after pollination reported in a previous paper.
2. Through an in vitro pollination in petri dishes, the growth of the self-pollinated pollen tubes was not stimulated even by the partial excision of styles or ovaries before pollination, and the tubes stayed long in the stigmas.
3. When immature flower buds, half the length of the mature ones, were self-pollinated after the stigma was smeared with an exudate of‘Banpeiyu’flowers at the stage of one day before opening, many self-fertilized seeds of Hassaku were obtained.
These results indicate how critical the stigmas are in the incompatibility of Hassaku, although it is a gametophytic incompatible plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (514K) -
Hisashi YAMADA, Hiroo MUKAI, Akira SUGIURA, Takashi TOMANA1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 273-279
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing pot-grown Wase satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees grafted on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) and Natsudaidai (C. natsudaidai Hayata) seedlings, the effect of water stress on cold hardiness was examined by withholding water in varying periods of time from fall to winter. Freezing tests were conducted at intervals during the withholding of water to evaluate cold hardiness. Water relations and carbohydrate and proline contents in plant parts were also determined. Almost the same results were obtained with both species and are summarized as follows.
1. Transpiration and leaf water potential of water-stressed trees were always lower than in non-stressed (irrigated) ones, though those characters in the non-stressed trees declined gradually from November to January.
2. Freezing tests done in November and December revealed that water stress given beforehand increased cold hardiness. However, freezing tests in January, when even non-stressed trees were already hardened sufficiently by natural low temperature, demonstrated that the trees stressed from October or November on were less hardy compared to non-stressed controls, though the trees stressed from December on were somewhat hardier.
3. Water stress increased proline contents in leaves, stems and roots while it reduced starch contents. Total sugar contents in November and December in the trees stressed earlier were higher than in non-stressed ones. However in January, sugar contents in the leaves and stems of the trees stressed from October or November on were lower than in the trees non-stressed or stressed from December on. These sugar changes were closely related to the changes in cold hardiness.
4. In conclusion, it is suggested that under relatively warm temperature conditions from fall to early winter, water stress induces cold hardening, but that in mid-winter when the trees have been naturally hardened, any beneficial effect of water stress given beforehand is diminished or even becomes detrimental.View full abstractDownload PDF (770K) -
Naohiro KUBOTA, Toshiyuki EGAWA, Kazuo SHIMAMURA1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 280-286
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInvestigations were carried out to clarify the effect of root temperature on budbreak, growth of shoots, flower clusters, and roots in 4-year-old potted‘Muscat of Alexandria’vines grafted on‘Hybrid Franc’rootstock. Root temperature was controlled to 13, 20, 27, and 34°C from December, and to 13 and 27°C from February under forced conditions. Root activity was determined in terms of TTC reduction and O2 consumption. Seasonal changes in activity in unheated vines were also determined for comparison.
1. In the vines heated from both December and February, higher root temperatures resulted in fewer days being required for budbreak, especially when forced from December. The percentage of budbreak was also higher in the vines at 27°C than at 13°C. Shoot growth was vigorous at 27°C. When forced from December, the development of flower clusters was more vigorous at 27°C than at 13°C, but there was little difference between the two temperatures from February.
2. There was marked promotion of rooting at 27°C with forcing from both December and February, and it was more marked in the forcing from February than from December at both 13 and 27°C. The same trend was observed in root elongation. At 34°C the new roots were small in diameter and short in length, while they were thick at 13°C and were of medium size in the plots at 20 and 27°C. The development of the stele in new roots at 27°C was superior to that at 13°C.
3. In the unheated vines, root activity estimated from TTC reduction and O2 consumption was low from December to March, and then it increased gradually towards bursting and then markedly to flowering. In the vines forced from both December and February, the increase of root activity towards bursting after the start of treatments was larger at 27°C than at 13°C, especially in the forcing from February. At both root temperatures the increase was larger in vines forced from February than in those forced from December. Regardless of the time of forcing, root activity was always higher in vines controlled at 27°C than at 13°C throughout the period of the experiment.View full abstractDownload PDF (817K) -
Masahiko YAMADA, Hiroyasu YAMANE, Toshio HIRABAYASHI1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 287-292
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSYearly fluctuations of two types of fruit cracking of so-called“Hetasuki”and “Kachorekka”, which occur at the calyx end and the stylar end, respectively, were studied in clones from seedling populations of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.). Fruits were rated for the degree of cracking using a scale of 0 to 10 (0=none, 10=severe). The greater the mean values of indices in 3 or 5 years of evaluations, the larger the yearly fluctuations in the cracking indices became. The interaction of genotype and year in cracking indices was very large. Progenies which bear fruit with severe cracking even in one year can be removed earlier in the breeding program, because they have the genetic property of a high degree of cracking. On the contrary, rather long-term evaluations are necessary for the selection of promising progenies with little or no fruit cracking.View full abstractDownload PDF (589K) -
Masahiko YAMADA, Akio KURIHARA, Toshiaki SUMS1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 293-299
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFruit bearing and its yearly fluctuation were examined in 17 varieties of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) to develop a new, effective method for selecting progenies with good bearing habits in the breeding program. About 50 flowers, arranged to a leaf-flower ratio of 15:1, were hand pollinated or covered with bags to protect against cross pollination, and the number of fruit set from the flowers was counted at harvest. The experiment was repeated with 12 varieties for 3 seasons (1981-1983).
Fruit drop was confined to the early developmental stages in all varieties except for‘Okitsu No. 15’which showed a heavy late drop. Generally, yearly fluctuation of fruit set was small in pollinated fruits. On the contrary, there were large fluctuations in non-pollinated fruits; for example, from 9% to 84% in‘Tenjingosho’. Parthenocarpic fruit set of non-pollinated fruits, however, changed yearly in parallel in every variety. This seemed to be due to the genotype of each variety.
Yearly fluctuation in seed number of pollinated fruits at harvest time was very small; thus there was a high correlation between yearly seed number and the mean of 3 seasons. Although there was no correlation between fruit set and seed number on the whole varieties, varieties with low parthenocarpic ability showed a high correlation between them in 1981, when fruit set was comparatively low in all varieties. In many cases, seed number seemed to be a useful index to represent the ability to set seed at an early stage. This ability can be accurately estimated within a few years by the use of this index, because its yearly variation is very small.
Fruit-bearing characteristics of seedling progenies in the breeding program could be predicted by the above test of pollinated and non-pollinated fruit, as compared with standard varieties.View full abstractDownload PDF (854K) -
Protein Analysis on Pistils and Pollens of Almonds with Special Reference to Sf, a Self-fertile GeneKensuke YAMASHITA, Thierry GAUDE, Christian DUMAS, Charles GRASSELLY, ...1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 300-305
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. In order to test our hypothesis for the origin and transfer of Sf, a self-fertile gene, as well as for the genetic constitution of several almond cultivars, some preliminary protein analysis on pistils and pollen grains was carried out by isoelectric-focusing and SDS-PAGE in combination with a silver-nitrate staining procedure recently established. Some specific protein bands peculiar to Amygdalus webbii and‘Tuono’were observed. This could indicate the transfer of the Sf gene from the former to the latter. Some specific protein bands on certain cultivars and strains also appeared. These may be related to S2, S3 or S4. We believe that our hypothesis could be proved through further electrophoretic analysis.
2. Artificial pollination was carried out among the 4 cultivars and strains whose genetic constitution is supposed to be S1S3, and the pollen behavior in pistils soon after pollination was investigated by means of fluorescent microscopy. Two remarkable features were observed: namely, bad adhesion of pollen grains stigma surfaces and abnormal tube thinning with poor callose accumulation onto tube walls. This revealed the existence of cross-incompatibility among No. 484, ‘Ferraduel’, ‘Ferralise’and No. 892. It seems that stigmas are very critical in pollination incompatibility of almonds.View full abstractDownload PDF (900K) -
II. Physiological DifferencesTakashi HOSOKI, Yutaka TSUCHIHASHI, Tadashi ASAHIRA1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 306-312
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPhysiological differences between melons with high and low drought resistance were studied.
Melons with high drought resistance, which was estimated by leaf water saturation deficit (WSD) after water restriction, showed high osmosis resistance in isolated mesophyll cells.
The leaf diffusive resistance of‘Howell’, an American cantalope with high drought resistance, was quickly modified when leaves were treated with abscisic acid (ABA), N6-benayladenine (BA) or gibberellic acid (GA3).‘Katsurashirouri’, a Japanese pickling melon with low drought resistance, did not respond to these growth regulators.
Under non-stress conditions, the levels of ABA and gibberellic acid extracted from leaves of‘Howell’were slightly higher than those extracted from leaves of‘Katsurashirouri’. Under water stress, the level of ABA in leaves of‘Katsurashirouri’ increased more rapidly than in leaves of‘Howell’. The level of gibberellic acid in both cultivars decreased at the same rate under the same stress conditions. Under non-stress conditions, the cytokinin content was the same in both cultivars, but under water stress, cytokinin decreased more rapidly in‘Howell’than in ‘Katsurashirouri’.View full abstractDownload PDF (660K) -
Gensho ISHII, Ryoyasu SAIJO1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 313-320
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of various cultural conditions on the ITC (isothiocyanate content) of radish root juice was investigated.
1. ITC decreased with days after sowing. The roots harvested in early summer contained a higher level of ITC than those harvested in autumn.
2. ITC was higher in radish roots grown in alluvial soil than in those grown ando soil.
3. One radish plant in a pot was treated at 5 different sulfate concentrations in nutrient solution. ITC in the roots increased linearly with increasing sulfate levels in pots filled with vermiculite. Chlorosis and slight curling of younger leaves-symptoms of sulfur deficiency-appeared when pots contained zero or 0.1mM sulfate.
4. Mulching treatment with plastic film increased ITC in roots.
5. Planting density did not affect ITC in roots.View full abstractDownload PDF (919K) -
Yasutaka KANO1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 321-327
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLengthwise hollowness in the central part of roots occurrs frequently in summer-sown Japanese radishes, especially‘Gensuke’. To clarify the causes of this physiological disorder, root growth and the occurrence of hollowness in roots were investigated in‘Gensuke’sown from July to September at 15-day intervals, in 1984 and 1985. Furthermore, the effect on the roots of cooling the soil by piping cool water into the rows was investigated in summer-sown culture in 1984.
1. In both 1984 and 1985, maximum air and soil temperatures were highest during the period from July 31 to August 15. In 1984, maximum soil temperature was reduced by about 6°C by the cooling treatment compared to that of the control, even in this period.
2. The greatest root weight 60 days after sowing was obtained in plants sown on July 17 in 1984 and July 1 in 1985. Hollow root began to increase from the 20-30th day after sowing. In both 1984 and 1985, the occurrence 60 days after sowing was high in plants sown from the beginning to the middle of July, but low from the end of July to the middle of August.
3. The occurrence of hollow root was quite high in the control, but was low in the cooling treatment. Especially, the reduction of the occurrence by the cooling treatment was remarkable in plants sown during July.
From these results, I believe that high soil temperature is one of the important factors causing hollowness in roots of‘Gensuke’.View full abstractDownload PDF (651K) -
Yoichi ARAKI, Yasushi GOTOO1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 328-333
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor the purpose of water management based on the water potential, the pressure chamber method was examined in tomato, in which growth and yield are largely influenced by water management.
1. There are two ways to determine pressure in the pressure chamber method. In the original way, the operational valve is turned to the pressurization side after opening the rate valve set at the optimum rate of pressurization, decided in advance. In the advanced way, the rate valve is opened after turning the operational valve to the pressurization side. The advanced way was more suitable for tomato than the original way.
2. In the original way, a rate of pressurization of 0.3 to 0.5kg/cm2/s was recommended.
3. In comparing the pressure chamber method with the thermocouple psychorometer method, the water potential obtained by the pressure chamber method was usually lower than by the thermocouple psychrometer one. This could be attributed to the rise of varor pressure by the apoplastic water in the thermocouple psychrometer method.
In conclusion, the plant water status of tomato could be estimated easily by the pressure chamber method.View full abstractDownload PDF (737K) -
Yoshiteru SAKATA, Takeshi NISHIO, Kenji TAKAYANAGI1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 334-338
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAxenic seedlings of tomato cv. Ponderosa were used as material for protoplast culture. Mesophyll protoplasts were treated in an enzyme solution containing 0.5% Cellulase“Onozuka”RS and 0.1% Pectolyase Y-23 for 3.5hr. at 27°C at 40spm. Protoplasts were incubated in a liquid medium containing one-fourth strength mineral salts of MS medium(8), organic components of 8p medium(5), 1.0mg/l NAA and 0.5mg/l BA at 29°C in the dark. After the first cell division, the culture was transferred to a light intensity of 300lux at 25°C. By adding mannitol-free medium stepwise after the first or second cell division, protoplasts were grown to small calluses 0.5-1.0mm in diameter) by the 30th day. The calluses, transplanted onto agar medium containing MS basal medium, 1.0mg/l Zeatin and 0.02mg/l GA, differentiated adventitious buds within 18 days. Regenerated shoots formed roots on MS agar medium with 0.2mg/l GA, and developed into fertile plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (592K) -
Naotoshi HAKODA1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 339-343
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPeroxidase isozyme activities of the genus Camellia were examined to study the interrelationship between cultivars of Camellia sasanqua and species of the genus Camellia, and to identify the process of differentiation of cultivars in C. sasanqua. For the analysis, 13 species, 1 subspecies, 2 varieties, 4 intersecific hybrids, and 97 cultivars of C. sasanqua and C. japonica were used.
Peroxidase zymogram patterns of Camellia species showed clear differences between sections in many cases, although there were a few exceptions which showed no significant differences. Especially, there were marked differences in the zymogram patterns between section Paracamellia including C. sasanqua and section Camellia including C. japonica. Peroxidase zymograms of interspecific hybrids generally showed the bands common to their parents.
Peroxidase zymogram patterns of cultivars of C. sasanqua showed certain tendencies depending on four groups. Cultivars of“Sasanqua group”showed zymogram patterns similar to wild C. sasanqua. Cultivars of“Vernalis group”shared common bands with C. sasanqua and C. japonica. In“Hiemalis group”, some cultivars showed the same zymogram patterns as in“Sasanqua group”and others showed one of the patterns of“Vernalis group”. These results would indicate that the variation of cultivars in C. sasanqua has developed from interspecific hybrids between C. sasanqua and C. japonica.
′Tagoto-no-tsuki′, a cultivar of“Obscura group”, showed the same zymogram pattern as C. oleifera, but no significant differences could be observed from other species of section Paracamellia.View full abstractDownload PDF (586K) -
Biing Shan FUH, Takao ICHII1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 344-351
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFatty acid composition of neutral, phospho- and glycolipids in the flavedo tissues of Naruto (Citrus medioglobosa hort. ex Tanaka) was determined in relation to the effects of aging and temperature.
The proportion of linoleic acid (18:2) in all lipid fractions increased, and that of linolenic acid (18:3) and the 18:3/18:2 ratio decreased during degreening period from October toward mid-winter in 1982 and 1984 trials. Thereafter, these changes were reversed as the fruit began to regreen, with the exception of glycolipids in the 1984 trial where no such reverse tendency was observed. The double bond index in fatty acids considerably decreased during winter in neutral lipids, but not in phospho- and glycolipids. Marked increases in the amounts of total fatty acids, particularly in neutral and phospholipids, were observed during winter.
During storage, the 18:2 proportion in all lipid fractions increased, and the 18:3 proportion and the 18:3/18:2 ratio decreased. GA treatment delayed a decline of the 18:3 proportion and the 18:3/18:2 ratio. Stored fruits at 5°C showed a higher 18:3 proportion and 18:3/18:2 ratio in all lipid fractions than did those at 20°C, and also larger amounts of phospho- and glycolipids.View full abstractDownload PDF (851K) -
Hiroshi HYODO, Saeko AIZAWA, Shinichi AO1987 Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 352-355
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSKiwifruits (Actinidia chinensis Planch. cv. Hayward) began to produce ethylene at an increasing rate (exponentially) at 21°C after reaching the threshold level of 0.1μlkg-1h-1. The high rate of ethylene production is associated with fruit ripening. The time required for the fruits to reach the threshold level became much shorter and the wide range of variation in the time became less after fruits were stored for 4 months and longer at 2°C. Both 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and N-malonyl-ACC (MACC) levels increased in proportion to the rate of ethylene production in the range higher than 0.2nmolg-1h-1, below which both ACC and MACC levels remained almost constant. Ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) activity increased in parallel with the rate of ethylene production, which may indicate that EFE activity regulates ethylene production in the fruit tissue as well as the step of ACC formation.View full abstractDownload PDF (424K)
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