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M. Angelica Salvatierra G., Hiroshi Gemma, Shuichi Iwahori
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
475-482
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Carbohydrate partitioning and graft union development of peaches grafted onto Prunus tomentosa Thunb. were compared with the one on Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. The low total dry matter confirmed the dwarfing effects of P. tomentosa. The distribution (%) of dry matter was lower in the new leaves and shoots compared with that on P. persica, but the root dry matter distribution tended to be higher for the former rootstocks. That the roots are a sink for carbohydrates was demonstrated by the translocation of labeled
13C, which was found mainly in the small roots of dwarfing rootstocks. The carbohydrate content showed that the main sugar present is sorbitol which followed a similar pattern in both rootstocks. The carbohydrate contents in peaches on dwarfing rootstocks were lower in the new shoots and tended to be higher in the roots ; the starch content in roots, branches, and leaves of dwarfing rootstock was higher than that in the peach stock. During the first months the graft union on both rootstocks was characterized by the development of similar callus and cambial cells, with connective vascular cambium, but in the dwarfing rootstock necrotic cells were observed in the callus and in the new xylem of scion. The graft union zone of dwarfing rootstocks, two and four years after budding, showed necrotic points in the xylem of rootstocks which were rarely observed in vigorous rootstocks. Thinner vessels were observed in the intergraft zone on dwarfing rootstocks. The xylem elements orientation lost a normal pattern, and vessels in swirling shape were observed in the intergraft zone on both rootstocks. These observations indicate that necrosis in the graft union was brought about by some substances produced by the scion or rootstock, which accumulated because of a disfunctional vascular system. Hence, the poor scion-rootstock relationship affected growth.
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Nami Goto, Ryosuke Mochioka, Bonian Lin, Katsumi Hashizume, Norihiko U ...
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
483-490
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were used to analyze the relations among wild grapes in Japan, Korea, and China, and cultivated grapes. RFLP analysis of an intergenic spacer region of ribosomal DNA revealed that all the tested species and varieties of Vitis had their specific banding patterns with some variations among the samples. RAPD data obtained, using the primers OPA01, OPA02, OPA11, OPB01, and OPB06, were clustered by UPGMA. A phenogram of 24 samples of wild grapes and 16 samples of cultivated grapes showed a clear separation between wild and cultivated grapes. Oriental and occidental cultivars of V. vinifera formed separate clusters, which, together, formed a higher cluster that was separate from a cluster formed by the V. labrusca cultivars. Although 'Koshu' was found to be a part of the cluster of oriental cultivars of V. vinifera, as it has been considered to be, the RFLP pattern of 'Koshu' has two weak bands which were not found in other cultivars of V. vinifera.
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Shin Hiratsuka, Tatsuya Kubo, Yoshiji Okada
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
491-496
Published: July 15, 1998
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Stylar proteins were analyzed to establish the self-incompatibility genotype (S-genotype) of several Japanese pear cultivars. The predicted genotypes established by gel electrophoresis were confirmed with pollination experiments. By comparing protein banding patterns of a cultivar with an unknown S-genotype with those of a known one, the genotypes of 'Kisui', 'Aikansui', 'Chikusui', 'Hohsui', and 'Choju' were estimated as S
4S
5, S
4S
5, S
3S
4, S
3S
x, and S
1S
x, respectively. The first 2 genotypes were confirmed by pollination experiments in the orchards, but the last 3 cultivars were not. 'Chikusui' has a relatively low fruit set when crossed with 'Shinseiki' (S
3S
4) and 'Seigyoku' (S
3S
4) over 4 years tested, but, at present, we can not conclude that the combinations are incompatible. Banding patterns of 'Hohsui' indicate that its genotype may be S
2S
3, S
3S
4 or S
3S
5, but at the same time, it is clearly compatible with cultivars possessing the same S-genotypes. A reciprocal cross of 'Hohsui' with the tester cultivar possessing S
3-allele was also fertile, indicating that 'Hohsui' is not homozygous for S
3-allele. An apparent S
1-protein band and a faint S
4- or S
5-band were observed in 'Choju' style by gel electrophoresis. A detailed discussion including genealogical backgrounds of S-genotypes of 'Hohsui' and 'Choju' is included in this text.
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Yoshiyuki Maeda, Hirofumi Kurata, Masaru Adachi, Keishi Shimokawa
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
497-502
Published: July 15, 1998
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Changes in the levels of chlorophylls (Chls) and their derivatives were determined to clarify the Chl metabolic pathway in ethylene-treated satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Nichinan No.1) fruits held in the dark. The fruits were treated with or without 200 ppm ethylene for 16 hr in a 20-1 desiccator at 25°C in darkness. After the treatment, the fruits were further stored in fresh air at 25°C in the dark for 72 hr. Chl pigments in the peel monitored with HPLC revealed that they remained unchanged during ethylene treatment. After 40 hours of treatment, a decrease occurred in the levels of Chl a, Chl b, and pheophytin a. With or without ethylene, low levels of chlorophyllide a (Chlide a), 13
2-Hydroxy (HO) Chl a, pheophorbide a (Phed a), and pyropheophorbide a (Pyrophed a) were eluted as Chl a derivatives. Chlide b and its derivatives could not be detected. The ratio of Chl a to b in the ethylene-treated fruits increased significantly with the advance of degreening. The ethylene-induced Chl metabolic process in Citrus unshiu fruits is discussed.
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Takako Goto, Masanori Miyazaki, Masakazu Oku
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
503-506
Published: July 15, 1998
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The regenerative potential of seven Spinacia oleracea L. varieties in protoplast culture was compared. Although protoplasts were isolated from all cultivars, the yield of protoplast, plating efficiency (PE), and colony formation ratio were remarkably different among them. The highest PE and colony formation ratio were obtained from protoplasts of 'Ujo', followed by 'Jiromaru', 'Hoyo', and 'Minsterland', which exceeded those of 'Sapporo-oba', 'Viroflay', and 'Viking'. Shoots were regenerated by 'Ujo', 'Jiromaru', 'Hoyo', and 'Minsterland'. 'Hoyo' and 'Jiromaru' had the highest frequency ; no shoot developed from the calli of 'Sapporo-oba', 'Viroflay', and 'Viking'. The highest frequency of shoot regeneration was obtained in a media containing 1.0 or 10.0mg·liter
-1 IBA, but at 10.0mg·liter
-1 IBA or IAA, the shootlets were often vitrified and fasciated.
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Saneyuki Kawabata, Ryozo Sakiyama
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
507-514
Published: July 15, 1998
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The control of soluble sugar concentration during a rapidly growing stage was investigated in relation to water content in cucumber fruits. To evaluate the influences of the rate of water accumulation on the concentration of soluble sugars, the enlargement of the fruits was restricted by enclosing the fruits within acrylic sleeves to prevent mechanically the further accumulation of water for 3 to 4 days. The treatment restricted fruit enlargement by 40% to 72% of control fruits on a fresh weight basis, whereas dry matter and hexose contents increased from 127% to 138% and from 134% to 173%, respectively. Although sucrose constitutes a small percentage of total sugars, it increased significantly during the treatment. The activity of acid invertase was negatively correlated to the concentration of sucrose, suggesting that the significant accumulation of sucrose was related to the reduced activity of acid invertase. Whereas the concentration of soluble sugars consistently increased with time, the concentration of dry matter remained constant during the treatment, indicating that the accumulation of soluble sugars was not due to excessive import of carbohydrates relative to water inflow. The relationship between the concentration of soluble sugars and the rate of water accumulation is discussed.
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Masaru Adachi, Keishi Shimokawa
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
515-520
Published: July 15, 1998
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The mechanism of ethylene action on degreening of intact radish (Raphanus sativus) cotyledons was studied using inhibitors of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Ethylene treatments enhanced the degreening and increased Chl-oxidative enzyme activity of cotyledons held in the dark. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, and actinomycin D, an inhibitor of nuclear RNA synthesis, completely inhibited the effects of ethylene, but chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of plastid RNA synthesis, did not. These results suggest that ethylene appears to enhance the degreening of the radish cotyledons through de novo synthesis of Chl-oxidative enzyme(s). Furthermore, an inverse correlation between the contents of total Chls or Chl a, of radish cotyledons and Chl-oxidative enzyme activity was obtained, indicating that Chl-oxidative enzyme(s) is the key enzyme in the degreening process.
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Shiro Isshiki, Noriyoshi Nakamura, Yosuke Tashiro, Sadami Miyazaki
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
521-525
Published: July 15, 1998
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To classify cultivars of Japanese taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), isozyme variations at the five loci, Gpi-2 of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, Aat-1 and Aat-3 of aspartate aminotransferase, Skdh of shikimate dehydrogenase and Idh of isocitrate dehydrogenase, were examined in the 58 cultivars. Allele a at the Aat-3 was recognized specifically in all the examined triploid cultivars, and this allele clearly discriminated the triploid cultivars from the diploid ones. This suggests that these triploid cultivars did not originate as bud mutations or from crosses between diploid ones. Combinations of isozyme genotypes at the five loci divided the 58 cultivars into only 11 groups, which indicates that the Japanese cultivars originated from a relatively small number of progenitors. Isozyme variations in each of the 14 cultivar groups proposed by Kumazawa et al. (1956) were not recognized except those in the Akame and Kurojiku groups. Therefore, wide morphological variations between the cultivars in each of the cultivar groups seem to have occurred as bud mutations in many cases. Cultivars in the Akame and Kurojiku groups seem to have been derived from the several ancestral cultivars of different origins.
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Hiroshi Yamagishi, Mitsuru Tateishi, Toru Terachi, Seiji Murayama
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
526-531
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The phylogenetic relationships among Japanese wild radishes, cultivated radishes, and wild R. raphanistrum species were examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. We compared the PCR products of 61 plants belonging to fourteen strains or varieties within the three categories, by using seven 10 mer random primers. Similarity ratios were calculated for all of the combinations of the individual plants based on 73 polymorphic DNA bands and cluster analysis was performed on these ratios using the average linkage method. Within the strains, the Japanese wild radishes and R. raphanistrum had lower similarity ratios of 51∿73%, those of the cultivated radishes were over 80%. However, these similarity ratios were distinctly higher than those between different strains belonging to the same category. As a consequence, almost all strains and varieties formed unique clusters within themselves. The three strains of the Japanese wild radishes formed a cohesive cluster, showing a genetic resemblance among them, and they clustered with most of the cultivated radishes except for 'Tokinashi' and 'Minowase'. R. raphanistrum stood apart from the large cluster that included the cultivated radishes and Japanese wild radishes. These results indicate that the Japanese wild radishes are a part of a large group of cultivated radishes (R. sativus) which does not include R. raphanistrum.
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Yuxiao Hu, Motoaki Doi, Hideo Imanishi
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
532-536
Published: July 15, 1998
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Cut roses (Rosa hybrida L. 'Bridal Pink') were subjected to wet- or dry-transport at 5°C for 24 to 72 hr and the resulting competition for water between leaves and a flower bud was studied. Water loss during the dry-transport was closely related to the decrease in water potential. Bent neck was observed in 50% of cut flowers when petal and leaf water potentials became -0.9 and -1.2 MPa, respectively. Stomatal conductance decreased throughout the 72 hr dry-transport period. Rehydration did not restore completely the conductance. The hydraulic conductance of basal stem segments decreased with an increase in the duration of dry- and wet-transport, but that of the upper segments decreased only in the dry-transport. No significant difference existed between conductance measured acropetally and basipetally in the uppermost stem segment. Consequently, the water potential of leaves was higher than that of petals, which suggests that when a strong competition for water develops between these two organs during the dry-transport period, water flows from the petals to the leaves. A comparison between water loss from the individual organs and that of the intact cut flowers revealed that 19% of the initial fresh weight was lost from the intact cut flowers after 72 hr dry-transport ; 1/3 of the water lost was translocated to the leaves from the flower bud.
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Tamotsu Hisamatsu, Masaji Koshioka, Satoshi Kubota, Rod W. King
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
537-543
Published: July 15, 1998
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Effects of gibberellin A
4 (GA
4) and three GA biosynthesis inhibitors, uniconazole (UCZ), prohexadione-calcium (PCa), and trinexapac-ethyl (TNE) on growth and flowering of Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. were investigated. In an early flowering 'Sourei', UCZ inhibited stem elongation and flowering. GA
4, PCa and TNE promoted flowering at 20°/15°C and 25°/20°C (day/night) under 12-hr photoperiod as compared to the control. However, only PCa and TNE induced flowering of a late flowering 'Banrei' at 20°/15°C. Flowering was not induced in any treatment at 25°/20°C and 30°/25°C but stem elongation of both cultivars was promoted by GA
4 and PCa at all temperatures. Under green house conditions in the winter, PCa promoted flowering of 'Banrei'. Although GA
4 and PCa promoted stem elongation, they did not induce flowering in the summer. These results indicate that biosynthesis of GA
4 and its deactivation are important factors that control stem elongation and flowering.
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Kazuhiro Dan, Masayasu Nagata, Ichiji Yamashita
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
544-548
Published: July 15, 1998
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Fresh broccoli florets, which were sealed in glass bottles after air was replaced with 100% N
2, were held at 10°C, 20°C, or 30°C for 48 hours. High temperature promoted the production of methanethiol and dimethyl disulfide from anaerobically treated florets, whereas then the fresh broccoli heads were pre-stored in air at 1°C for 7, 14, and 21 days, and the florets were held in 100% N
2 at 20°C for 48 hours, the production of methanethiol and dimethyl disulfide declined. The production of methanethiol and dimethyl disulfide under an anaerobic condition was significantly greater in flower buds than in stems, and likewise, their precursor, S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, was about 4 times higher in flower buds. The activity of C-S lyase, which catalyzes the conversion of S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide to methanethiol and dimethyl disulfide, was significantly higher in flower buds than in stems.
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Yasunori Hamauzu, Kazuo Chachin, Yoshinori Ueda
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
549-555
Published: July 15, 1998
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The carotenoid metabolism in tomato fruit in relation to high temperature inhibition of pigmentation was investigated with pericarp sections of tomato fruits stored at 20°C, 30°C, and 35°C. The pericarp sections were incubated with 2-
14C-mevalonic acid for 10 hours at the same temperatures as the storage temperatures. When tomatoes were stored longer and at higher temperatures, the radioactivity of lycopene extracted from pericarp sections was low, whereas, that of β-carotene was high. The specific radioactivity of the carotenes decreased in order of the steps of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, phytoene→lycopene→β-carotene, in all the sections of the fruit stored at each of the temperatures. We postulate from these results that high temperature inhibits the accumulation of lycopene in tomato fruit because the conversion of lycopene to β-carotene is stimulated instead.
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Takaaki Ishii, Isao Matsumoto, Yogesh Hari Shrestha, Leonard Samita Wa ...
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
556-558
Published: July 15, 1998
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Weeds were collected from citrus orchards in April and July to investigate vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection. The infection was found to be high in the roots of spring weeds : Rumex acetosa L., Agropyron tsukuhiense (Honda) Ohwi var. transiens (Hack.) Ohwi, Stellaria media Villars., Vicia cracca L., Lamium amplexicaule L., and Medicago polymorpha L., and in the roots of summer weeds : Erigeron canadensis L., Amaranthus lividus L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern., Commelina communis L., Oxalis corniculata L., and Digitaria adscendens Henr. Spore formation was mostly found in the roots of spring weed : Stellaria media, Vicia cracca, and Lamium amplexicaule ; no VAM infection was observed in the roots of Rumex japonicus Houtt., Equisetum arvense L., and Polygonum blumei Meisn.
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Megumi Hamano, Hiroyuki Miura, Yutaka Tabei
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
559-561
Published: July 15, 1998
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Differential display technique was applied to detect differential gene expression during the early developmental stage of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) fruit. Total RNA was isolated from fruits 0, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 13 days after pollination. Subsequently cDNAs were synthesized and used as templates for differential display analysis. Eleven polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, related to differential gene expression during fruit development, were observed. Two cDNAs of eleven PCR products, designated as SGR101 and SGR701, were subcloned and sequenced. A homology search revealed that SGR101 shared high homology to S6 kinase homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana and SGR701 shared high homology to the gene which encodes hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein. Differential display technique can detect changes in gene expression during strawberry fruit growth.
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Yong Li Liu, Takashi Suzuki, Noboru Kasai, Takashi Harada
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
562-566
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Lateral buds excised from in vitro culture-derived shoots of tara vine (Actinidia arguta) were subjected to pretreatments in freezing solutions and cold acclimation, and finally to freezing in liquid nitrogen to obtain fundamental knowledges for cryopreservation of plants. 1. A high survival rate after freezing and thawing was obtained in buds cold-acclimated at 5°C for 4 weeks followed by 0°C-2 weeks. 2. The following conditions were thought to be optimal for the pretreatment of lateral buds : a) 15% DMSO in freezing solution, b) 1 hour in the freezing solution and c) freezing solution kept at 0°C. 3. Fifty percent of the cold-acclimated lateral buds survived after being treated for 60 min in a freezing solution of 15% DMSO and 8 M or 11.5 M glycerine and prefrozen to -30°C at 0.5°C/min, and then immersed in liquid nitrogen for 2 hrs.
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Naoki Utsunomiya, Hiroaki Kinai, Yoshinori Matsui, Teruo Takebayashi
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
567-571
Published: July 15, 1998
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The effect of a soil conditioner, consisting mainly of chitosan oligosaccharides on the flowering and fruiting of pot-grown purple passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims var. edulis) under high and low N level from 1993 to 1995 was investigated. The number of flowers and harvested fruits, fruit weight and juice production were increased significantly by the annual addition of soil conditioners and high N. Under low N condition, the soil conditioner reduced flower formation in the first growing season and had little effect on the flowering the next two season, but in 1994 and 1995, the treatment increased the fruit and juice weights to nearly the same degree as those at high N level without the soil conditioner. Neither the soil conditioner nor N level affected fruit set, the days between anthesis and harvest, or total soluble solid and acids contents of the juice. These results indicate that the application of a soil conditioner with enough N stabilize fruit production of purple passionfruit, and that continuous supply of the soil conditioner ensure the yield to a certain degree even if N dosage is reduced.
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Satoshi Taira, Naoko Matsumoto, Miki Ono
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
572-576
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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We examined the accumulation of soluble and insoluble tannins during fruit development in 'Jiro', a pollination-constant, nonastringent cultivar and 'Hiratanenashi', a pollination-variant, astringent parthenocarpic cultivar of persimmon. Soluble tannins were synthesized and had accumulated in the fruits of both cultivars by the second growth stage but 'Hiratanenashi' accumulated more tannins than 'Jiro' did. In 'Hiratanenashi' fruit, almost all of the tannins which accumulated during fruit development were in the soluble form ; the total amount varied little after the second growth stage. In 'Jiro' fruit the proportion of insoluble tannins to total tannins was about half in the early stages of growth. A portion of insoluble tannins in 'Jiro' fruits could not be dissolved after the second growth stage. These results suggest that soluble tannins in 'Jiro' fruit are more apt to polymerize into the insoluble form than those in 'Hiratanenashi' fruit, but once they become insoluble, they do not readily become soluble again.
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Shiping Wang, Goro Okamoto, Ken Hirano
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
577-582
Published: July 15, 1998
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Changes in carbohydrates and nitrogenous compounds in 'Kyoho' grapevines, grown under restricted rooting-zone conditions and in non-restricted conditions (control), were analysed during winter dormancy until full bloom. There were no significant differences in levels of sugars and starch, and total-N between the treated and control during winter dormancy. At bud-burst, however, vines with restricted rooting-zone contained more sugars in small roots but lower N level in the trunk and cane, compared to those with unrestricted rooting volume. Similar trends were observed in xylem sap collected from the trunk base at bud burst, young shoots disbudded 2 and 3 weeks after bud burst, and shoots and flower clusters at full bloom. Relationships between the nutritional status and retarded shoot growth, accompanied with improved berry set, in vines grown under restricted rooting-zone are discussed.
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Masaharu Masuda, Tomoko Furuichi, Youhui Ma, Kenji Kato
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
583-588
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Three types of male sterile mutants were induced by irradiation of dry tomato seeds of cv. First with gamma rays. The mutants are characterized by : a) pollen degradation process, b) morphorogical differences in the floral organs and c) anther colour. Their genetic systems were also investigated. One group of male sterile mutants developed normal pistil and stamen with yellow anther, and thus this type was indistinguishable from the non-irradiated (control) plants even at flowering stage. Pollen degradation of this type (T-1) became evident at micro-sporogenesis. The second one was morphologically distinguishable by an exserted style because of a degenerating anther which became yellow-brown acropetally. Pollen degradation of this type (T-2) became evident around meiosis stage. The third one developed normal pistil and stamen with yellow anther, similar to those in T-1. However, the pistil became longer than the stamen a few days before anthesis, and top of staminal-corn split at anthesis so that the stigma was disclosed. Pollen degradation of this type (T-3) became evident from tetrad to early microspore stages. For each type, when heterozygous plants, Msms, was selfed, fertile and sterile progenies in the M2 and M3 generations segregated at a ratio of 3 : 1. The fertile and sterile progenies from a testcross between sterile, msms, and heterozygous plants, Msms, segregated at a ratio of 1 : 1. These results indicate that the three types of male sterility are controlled by a single recessive gene.
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Hiroshi Yoshioka, Emiko Shimizu, Nobuyuki Fukuoka, Takahiro Fujiwara, ...
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
589-594
Published: July 15, 1998
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The drag resistance (resistance to uprooting) of seedlings after transplanting was measured with a pull gauge for evaluating the rooting ability of cabbage plug seedlings. A high coefficient of correlation, r, exists between the increase in root weight and the drag resistance of seedlings made within eight days of transplanting. The same tendency was observed between the quantity of new roots growing out from rootball. The drag resistance of seedlings decreased conspicuously when plug seedlings were placed in the dark after transplanting. The drag resistance was not affected by uprooting speed of the seedlings. By subtracting the drag resistance of seedlings just after transplanting from the experimental values, the effect of particle size in the soil media could be excluded. Differences in rooting ability could be measured more accurately by laying a plastic sheet under the rootball at the transplanting time. As a result of this study, rooting ability of plug seedlings could be evaluated by measuring drag resistance of seedlings within eight days after transplanting.
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Masakazu Kasumi, Fumio Sakuma
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
595-599
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Flowering, pollination, fertilization and seed formation of the lotus rhizome plant were studied to establish an efficient artificial crossing method. The results were as follows. 1. Flowers were in full bloom at 6 : 00∿7 : 00 a.m. and closed about 12 : 00 a.m. ; flowering continued about for 4 days. In flowering day, the diameters of cv. Tennou and Hayaka flowers were 1 to 10 cm, whereas those of cv. Chugoku were 1 to 5 cm. 2. Though anther dehiscence of 3 varieties did not occur in flowering day, did mostly in 1 day after flowering and all in 2 days after flowering. 3. The stigmas were most receptive in flowering day ; receptivity decreased in 1 day after flowering. Stigmas were completely unreceptive in 2 days after flowering in cv. Tennou. 4. Pollens had the highest pollination ability in 1 day after flowering. 5. In conclusion, the efficient seed formation was obtained by crossing between the pistils of flowering day and the pollens of 1 day after flowering. 6. Thereby, an artificial crossing method was establised for many cross combinations among lotus rhizome cultivars.
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Naotaka Matsuzoe, Kazufumi Zushi, Tomio Johjima
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
600-606
Published: July 15, 1998
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The effect of soil water content on fruit coloring and carotene formation of fruit was examined using four cherry tomatoes 'Mini Carol' (fruit color : red type), 'Cherry Pink' (pink type), 'Yellow Carol' (yellow type), and 'Orange Carol' (yellowish tangerine type). The soil water deficit treatment hastened the fruit coloring in the spring and fall croppings of 'Mini Carol' and in the fall cropping of 'Cherry Pink'. In most cultivars, pigmentation was advanced by soil water deficit because the color hue angle of the tomato was lower, and/or, their chroma was higher than that of control treatment. Soil water deficit on the fruit coloring was more effective in the fall cropping than it was in the spring, except for 'Orange Carol' which was unaffected by the treatment in spring or fall cropping. On the red and pink type tomatoes, total carotene per fresh weight of fully ripe fruit was increased by soil water deficit ; moreover, the ratio of lycopene per colored carotene content was higher than that of the control treatment. Soil water deficit increased the amount of β-carotene per fresh weight of 'Yellow Carol' but it had no effect on β-carotene content in 'Orange Carol' in the spring or fall cropping.
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Kenji Murakami, Junko Nishioka, Sachiko Matsubara
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
607-612
Published: July 15, 1998
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Somatic hybrid plants were obtained by electrofusion between protoplasts isolated from suspension cells of taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott) 'Yatsugashira' and 'Malaysia No.4'. Friable calli were obtained from these two cultivars which proliferated on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 30 g·liter
-1 sucrose, 1 mg·liter
-1 2, 4-D and 2ip ('Yatsugashira') or 2 mg·liter
-1 2, 4-D and 2ip ('Malaysia No.4'). Suspension cells were derived from the friable calli and the protoplasts isolated from these suspension cells were fused by electrofusion. The fused protoplasts were cultured in the liquid media consisting of half strength MS inorganic salts, Kao and Michayluk (1975) organic substances, 0.2 mg·liter
-1 NAA and 2 mg·liter
-1 BA, 0.1 M glucose and 0.3 M mannitol. Shoot regeneration from protoplast-derived calli occurred on solid MS medium supplemented with 30 g·liter
-1 sucrose, 0.2 mg·liter
-1 NAA and 2 mg·liter
-1 BA. The shoots initiated roots after being transferred to a MS medium without phytohormones. About 200 plants which were obtained from fused protoplasts grew vigorously in the field. The morphology of their corm and cormels were intermediate between 'Yatsugashira' and 'Malaysia No.4'. Their leaf shapes were compact as compared with the two parents. The chromosome number of regenerated plants was 2n=4x=56, which is the sum of two parents. We considered them to be somatic hybrids based on their morphological characters, chromosome numbers and electrophoretic pattern of corm proteins.
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Shi Rong Guo, Kazuyoshi Nada, Shoji Tachibana
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
613-618
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Guo and Tachibana (1997) found that cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings tolerated low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) in nutrient solution, in contrast to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether nitrate reductase (NR) has some roles in the high tolerance of cucumber to root-zone hypoxia. Seedlings of cucumber and tomato were grown in nutrient solutions kept at 25°C with 0, 1, 2 or 4 ppm DO for 6 days. In vivo NR activity in roots increased as the DO levels were lowered to 0 to 2 ppm in both species, but the rate of the increase was greater in cucumber. NR activity in cucumber leaves increased significantly at 1 and 2 ppm DO over the activity at 4 ppm DO, whereas tomato leaves showed almost the same NR activity between 1 and 4 ppm DO throughout the experimental period. NADH levels in roots at 1 ppm DO were significantly higher than in those at 4 ppm DO in both species. But at 0 ppm DO, they increased even more in cucumber but decreased in tomato. NAD levels in cucumber roots were almost unaffected by DO levels. In tomato roots, however, they markedly decreased at 0 and 1 ppm DO as compared with those at 4 ppm DO. The addition of 50μM/l sodium tungstate (an inhibitor of NR) in nutrient solution caused a marked reduction in NR activity in the roots and leaves of cucumber grown at both 1 and 4 ppm DO, but exerted a greater growth inhibition at 1 ppm than at 4 ppm DO. The results are indicative that NR has some roles in the high tolerance of cucumber to low DO levels in nutrient solution. Possible roles of NR in the high tolerance of cucumber to root-zone hypoxia are discussed.
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Kazuo Yoneda, Nobutoshi Suzuki
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
619-625
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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To develop a more efficient method of growing of Odontoglossum intergeneric hybrids, two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature and light intensity on the growth and flowering of these hybrids, and on nutrient absorption. Exp. 1. Effects of temperature 1) The rates of increase in expanded leaf area, chlorophyll density, bulb diameter, root length, and dry matter were fastest at 18°C. 2) Leaf area expansion occurred earlier in plants grown 25°C than in those kept at 18°C and 11°C by four and eleven weeks, respectively. 3) The nutrient concentrations varied little among the plots except for a high P level at 18°C ; the total nutrient absorbed by the plants was greatest at 18°C. The amounts of nutrients other than N and P were also considerably increased at 18°C. 4) The optimum growth occurred at 18°C ; but the flower stalks elongated and bloomed the earliest at 25°C. Exp. 2. Effects of light intensity 1) At lower light intensity (87.5% shade), the expanded leaf area was largest, but the development of other organs was most retarded compared to plants exposed to higher light intensities. 2) Low light intensity resulted in the highest N, P, K content. Although the amounts of N, P and K absorption were not greatly influenced by light intensity, Ca absorption decreased at low light intensity. 3) The number of flower stalks was not affected by low light intensity, but the anthesis was delayed about 10 days. 4) The rate of growth, the amount of nutrient absorbed and the number of flowers did not vary among the light plots, but chlorophyll density decreased and many leaves were burned under high light intensity (50% shade). We conclude that the optimum conditions for growth and flowering of these intergeneric hybrids are moderate light intensity (68% shade) and 18°C.
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Tomohiro Matsumura, Michio Kanechi, Noboru Inagaki, Susumu Maekawa
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
626-631
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The effects of NaCl stress on germination and early vegetative growth of 20 floricultural Asteraceae species and a wild halophyte species, sea aster (Aster tripolium L., Asteraceae) were studied to evaluate the possibility of selecting salt-tolerant species. Cluster analysis with the germination percentages relative to non-salinized control on the 10th day after sowing in 50 to 300 mM NaCl classified safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. 'Roundish Leaf') as the most salt-tolerant. Although the germination percentage of sea aster decreased as salinity increased, its ability to germinate at 300 mM NaCl was next to that of safflower. To evaluate salt tolerance during the early vegetative growth of three species, sea aster, safflower, and Chrysanthemum paludosum Poir., plants were grown hydroponically at 25 and 50 mM NaCl for safflower and C. paludosum and at 150 and 300 mM NaCl for sea aster. Sea aster was much more tolerant of high salinity than were the other two species, and C. paludosum was more tolerant than was safflower. In conclusion, these three species differed in their sensitivities to salinity between germination and early vegetative growth. Therefore, selecting for salt-tolerant species is difficult because tolerance is genetically determined at the germination stage.
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Takayo Miyama, Katsuhiko Inamoto, Motoaki Doi, Hideo Imanishi
1998 Volume 67 Issue 4 Pages
632-634
Published: July 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Lateral buds from flower stalks of annual statice (Limonium sinuatum Mill. 'Early Blue') were cultured in vitro at 20°C or 27°C on a half strength Murashige-Skoog medium containing 0.01 mg·liter
-1 NAA, 1.0 mg·liter
-1 BA, 30 g·liter
-1 sucrose, and 8 g·liter
-1 agar. The emerging shoots were excised from clumps of multiple shoots and subcultured for 4 weeks at 20°C on a hormone-free rooting medium. The rooted plantlets were transplanted into pots and grown at 20°C. The bolting percentage of the plants derived from the primary culture at 20°C was 67%, whereas that of plants kept at 27°C was only 13%. When divided clumps of multiple shoots were subcultured twice for multiplication using the same medium as in the primary culture, plants failed to bolt. However, when comparable shoots were subjected to 2°C for 4 weeks during the final subculture for multiplication or rooting culture, almost all plants bolted. Repeated subculture for multiplication following the low temperature treatment resulted in a decrease in the bolting percentage. These results indicate that high temperature and repeated subculturing during in vitro multiplication cause a disappearance of the flowering potential of the micropropagated statice plants, whereas low temperature treatment during subculture can restore it.
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