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Kenji Kobashi, Hiroshi Gemma, Shuichi Iwahori
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
465-470
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Spraying 500mg·liter
-1 abscisic acid (ABA) on fruit 90 days after full bloom (DAFB) enhanced sugar accumulation in 'Hakuho' peach fruit which was accompanied by a temporal rise in ABA content. Simultaneously, the activity of sorbitol oxidase (SOX), a predominant enzyme in the metabolism of the translocated sugar alcohol, sorbitol, increased. Activities of the sugar metabolizing enzymes, sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and acid invertase were unaffected by the ABA treatment, whereas NAD
+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was not detected. These results indicate that ABA may stimulate SOX activity, enhancing sugar accumulation in the fruit. Possible mechanisms of accelerated sugar accumulation by ABA are discussed in relation to sugar metabolism.
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Masashi Yamamoto, Takashi Haji, Masami Yamaguchi, Hideaki Yaegaki, Tet ...
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
471-475
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The chromomycin A
3 (CMA) and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) chromosome banding patterns of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) (2n=16) were determined on root tips of open-pollinated seedlings of three cultivars : 'Ohatsumomo', 'Akatsuki', and 'Momo daigi tsukuba 4 gou' ('Tsukuba No.4'). Root tips were pretreated in 2mM 8-hydroxyquinoline at 10°C for 4hr ; the chromosome samples were prepared by the enzymatic maceration and air-drying method. CMA positive (+) and DAPI negative (-) bands were observed in the satellite position of two chromosomes, terminal position of two chromosomes, and proximal position of two chromosomes. Ten chromosomes did not have any CMA+/DAPI-band. The number and positions of CMA+/DAPI-bands were stable, and there was no difference among the seedlings from the three cultivars. No CMA-/DAPI+band was observed.
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Kiyoshi Banno, Hironobu Ishikawa, Yasunori Hamauzu, Hiroki Tabira
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
476-481
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Two hundred fifty random sequence primers were used to screen a pair of bulked DNA samples derived from open-pollinated progenies of Japanese pear 'Osa Nijisseiki' to identify RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers linked to the susceptible A gene of black spot disease. Only one primer, CMNB41, among three primers which generated DNA fragments, was present in the susceptible bulk, but not in the resistant one. CMNB41 generated the DNA fragment, CMNB41/2350, which co-segregated with the susceptible A gene among the selfpollinated F
1 progenies of 'Osa Nijisseiki'. This RAPD marker CMNB41/2350 is at a distance of about 3.1 cM from the susceptible A gene. Moreover, the frequency of occurrence of the CMNB41/2350 marker in susceptible cultivars and selected progenies of 'Osa Nijisseiki' x 'Oharabeni' was 96%.
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Shinnosuke Kusaba, Yuriko Murakami, Makoto Matsuoka, Nagao Matsuta, To ...
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
482-486
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The rice gene, OSH1, contains a homeobox whose product is thought to have DNA binding activity. When OSH1 cDNA was introduced into kiwifruit plants under the control of three different promoters, only the transgenic kiwifruit plants containing the OSH1 cDNA under the control of the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus exhibited morphological changes. The morphology of these 35S-OSH1 transformed plants was divisible into three categories : normal-, mild-, and severe-phenotype. Severe-phenotype transgenic kiwifruits were very dwarfed with tiny leaves having dissected margins and lacked apical dominance. RNA blot analysis revealed that severe-phenotype plants had the highest level of OSH1 expression in all transgenic and wild-type kiwifruit plants. We conclude that OSH1 can act as a morphological regulator in transgenic kiwifruit, causing dwarfism and loss of apical dominance. If adapted these features may lead to labor-saving in kiwifruit vineyard management.
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Huijuan Jia, Ken Hirano, Goro Okamoto
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
487-493
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Effects of fertilizer levels on tree growth and fruit quality of 'Hakuho' peaches (Prunus persica) were evaluated. Three levels, High (H), Medium (M), and Low (L) of complete liquid fertilizers were applied twice a week from bud break. H, M, and L levels of fertilizers contained 160, 80, and 40ppm of nitrogen (N), respectively. The application rates were reduced to half at the end of the pit hardening stage. Shoot growth proceeded quickly in trees of the H treatment before the pit hardening stage, but it became more vigorous in the M treatment thereafter. Leaf chlorophyll and leaf N contents were higher in trees treated with higher levels of fertilizer, but the photosynthetic rate was low in the H treatment. Total soluble solids (TSS) and sucrose contents of the fruit were highest in the M treatment and lowest in the H treatment at harvest, whereas the titratable acidity, citric acid and malic acid were highest in the H treatment. Skin coloration was poorest in the H treatment fruit. γ-decalactone, a major constituent of peach aroma, was most abundant in fruit of the M treatment and lowest in the H treatment. Sensory evaluation of the M treatment fruit was rated the highest, whereas that of the H treatment was poorest. These results suggest that excessive fertilizer application for peach trees significantly diminishes fruit flavor by reducing sweetness as well as aroma.
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Masayoshi Shigyo, Mitsuyasu Iino, Yosuke Tashiro
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
494-498
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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In a series of alien monosomic addition lines (AMALs ; FF+1A-FF+8A) of Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) with extra chromosomes from shallot (A. cepa L. Aggregatum group), seed and pollen fertility were assessed to reveal the effect of the alien chromosomes on the fertility of the recipient species. Data for seed fertility which were derived from three styles of pollination (open pollination, selfing, and backcrossing with A. fistulosum) yielded considerable variations among types of the AMALs. FF+8A had high seed fertility, whereas FF+3A had very low one. Pollen grains with normal number and shape of nuclei were observed in all types of the AMALs, but pollen fertility varied among the types. Particularly, FF+4A had high pollen fertility (approx. 80%), whereas FF+1A expressed very low pollen fertility (approx. 31%). These results indicate that alien chromosomes remarkably influence both seed and pollen fertility of the recipient species. A regression analysis revealed that there was no correlation between seed and pollen fertility in the AMALs. This indicates that genes related to the destinies of seed and pollen in the AMALs are located respectively on different chromosome of A. cepa Aggregatum group.
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S. M. Lutfor Rahman, Eiji Nawata, Tetsuo Sakuratani
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
499-504
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The effect of water stress on the growth, yield, and various morphological characteristics related to yield and eco-physiological responses of tomato was studied in two drought-tolerant cultivars, 'TM 0126' (TM) and 'VF-134-1-2' (VF) and two drought-sensitive ones, 'Kyokko' (KK) and 'Ratan' (RT). Water stress decreased yield, flower number, fruit set percentage and dry matter production in all cultivars, but the reduction was greater in drought-sensitive cultivars than in tolerant ones. Photosynthetic rate (Pr), transpiration rate (Tr), leaf water potential (Ψ
w), and water use efficiency (WUE) were reduced, and leaf temperature (Tl) and stomatal resistance (r
s) were increased by water stress in all cultivars. The reduction of Pr, Tr, Ψ
w and WUE, however, was less pronounced in tolerant cultivars than in sensitive ones, whereas the increase of Tl and r
s was more conspicuous in tolerant cultivars than in sensitive ones. After re-watering, all these eco-physiological responses returned to near normal state, but the recovery was more rapid and complete in tolerant cultivars than in sensitive ones. The better performances of tolerant cultivars under water stress and recovery after re-watering are attributed to the ability of plants to maintain a better water status and minimize the reduction of photosynthesis.
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Megumi Adachi, Saneyuki Kawabata, Ryozo Sakiyama
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
505-512
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Changes in carbohydrate content in capitulum, upper stems, middle stems, lower stems, upper leaves, and middle leaves in cut chrysanthemum stalks placed in vases at 20, 25 and 30°C were investigated for 3 weeks. The capitula showed no apparent senescence symptoms within 3 weeks at 20°C and 25°C, but senesced rapidly at 30°C. The leaves wilted earlier than did the capitula. Fructans were found at all plant parts, particularly, in the stems. During capitulum development, fructan content in the upper and middle stems rapidly declined to a low level which suggests that fructans in these stems were utilized for capitulum development. After the anthesis, leaves and stems seemed to serve as a carbohydrate source, but we could not elucidate whether the quantity of carbohydrates in the leaves and stems is related to the longevity of cut chrysanthemums.
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Hiroshi Okubo, Chih Wei Huang, Fumiyo Kishimoto
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
513-518
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Effects of anti-auxins and various morphological types of twin and single scales on bulblet formation in amaryllis (Hippeastrum×hybridum hort.) were investigated. Auxin inhibited bulblet production on single scales, whereas anti-auxins promoted it. Twin scales without the lower half of the basal plate did not lose their ability to produce bulblets. The rate of bulblet formation in two scales obtained from four adjacent scales by removing inner two scales was very low when the two distant scales were connected by a lower half of the basal plate ; it was higher when they were connected by an upper half of the basal plate. Two independent scales without a basal plate but connected by plain agar blocks or agar blocks containing activated charcoal formed bulblets faster than did single scales without a basal plate. A single scale having a thicker basal plate induced bulblet formation faster than did the normal single scales. Thus, auxin has a negative role in bulblet production, whereas the basal plate has a significant role as has the outer scales in twin scale propagation of a new plant. We recommend the use of anti-auxins and scales attached to a portion of the basal plate as efficient means of in vitro bulblet propagation.
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Saneyuki Kawabata, Yukie Kusuhara, Yuhua Li, Ryozo Sakiyama
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
519-526
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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We investigated the influence of low light intensity on the pigmentation of petals in potted lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.]. When whole plants were placed under 1, 000lx, the petals at anthesis had lighter petal than control flowers exposed to 10, 000-15, 000lx. Shading flower buds during the opening process had no effect on petal color intensity. However, shading the stem and leaf parts significantly reduced the intensity of petal color. When flower buds were detached with peduncles and placed in sucrose solutions, their petal color became more intense as the sucrose concentration was increased. There was a positive correlation between anthocyanin and soluble sugar content in the petals, regardless of light conditions. In detached flowers, the transcript levels of chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase were enhanced as the sucrose concentration increased. These results suggest that low light intensity affects petal pigmentation through reduced photosynthesis in the leaves or stems, which, in turn, reduces the soluble sugar content of petals and leads to a repression of the genes that encode enzymes of anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway.
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Tamotsu Hisamatsu, Masaji Koshioka, Naomi Oyama, Lewis N. Mander
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
527-533
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Treatments with gibberellin A
1(GA
1), GA
3 and GA
20 promoted stem elongation in rosetted seedlings of Eustoma grandiflorum in the following order : GA
1=GA
3>GA
20, whereas ent-kaurene (K), ent-kaurenoic acid (KA) and GA
19 did not. GA
1, GA
3, GA
19 and GA
20 treatments promoted leaf elongation in the order of GA
1=GA
3=GA
20 > GA
19, although K and KA did not. Quantitative analysis of endogenous GAs suggested that GA-biosynthesis pathway prior to GA
53 might be blocked in the rosetted plants. Furthermore, the results of stem and leaf elongation by the GA treatment indicate that there was a difference in 20-oxidase activity between stem and leaves of rosetted plants. Quantitative analyses also provided evidence that there were tissue-specific 20-oxidase activities not only in the rosetted plants but also in the non-rosetted plants of E. grandiflorum. GA
3-induced stem elongation, but not floral initiation in rosetted plants under 35°/30°C. Uniconazole (UCZ) inhibited leaf expansion, stem elongation and flower bud development of the non-rosetted plants, but did not inhibit flower bud initiation. These results indicate that leaf expansion, stem elongation and flower bud development are apparently GA-dependent but flower bud initiation is not.
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Kazuo Ichimura, Shigefumi Ueyama, Rie Goto
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
534-539
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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To investigate the role of soluble carbohydrates, particularly methyl glucoside, myo-inositol and xylose, cut 'Sonia' roses were continuously treated with distilled water (control) or a solution containing 30g·liter
-1 sucrose and 200mg·liter
-1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (HQS). Changes in carbohydrate concentrations in different plants of the cut flowers were determined. This treatment extended the vase life of cut flowers and increased fresh weight of petals. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were the main carbohydrates in petals, whereas the concentrations of others were lower at harvest. Although xylose concentration was very low at harvest, it increased with time ; the rest of the carbohydrates changed little with time. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were the main carbohydrates in the remaining flower part, which were slightly affected by the treatment with sucrose plus HQS. Sucrose, fructose and methyl glucoside were main carbohydrates in the stem at harvest ; their concentrations in the control decreased with time but sucrose plus HQS suppressed this decrease. Sucrose was most abundant in leaves, followed by myo-inositol at harvest. The sucrose concentration in the control decreased sharply during first day after harvest but the treatment with sucrose plus HQS suppressed this decrease. On the contrary, the myo-inositol concentration was almost constant with time regardless of the treatment. Treatment with methyl glucoside and xylose markedly promoted flower bud opening, whereas myo-inositol did not. These results suggest that methyl glucoside and xylose are readily metabolized and contribute to flower opening in cut roses.
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Tamotsu Hisamatsu, Satoshi Kubota, Masaji Koshioka
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
540-545
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Promotive effects of prohexadione-calcium (PCa) on vegetative growth and the time of anthesis (flowering) of Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. in plastic-film greenhouse conditions were investigated. Low temperature requirement for flowering is more stringent for late flowering cultivars than for early flowering cultivars. The flowering season of 'Sourei' (extremely early), 'Pearl Pink' (early) and 'Fujimusume' (mid) was significantly accelerated in PCa-10, PCa-100 and GA
3-100ppm treatments compared to that in the control. Although GA
3 treatment significantly decreased spike length and stem diameter, decrease of spike length was not observed and that of stem diameter was not significant in PCa-10 and 100ppm treatments. The flowering time of 'Banrei' (late) was promoted in PCa-100 and PCa-1000ppm treatments. High dose of PCa treatment decreased length of cut stem. These results indicate that accelerating flowering time in summer sown M. incana is possible by PCa treatment in the plastic-film greenhouse conditions.
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Takashi Onozaki, Takashi Yamaguchi, Masami Himeno, Hiroshi Ikeda
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
546-550
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas caryophylli) is one of the most important and damaging disease of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) in Japan. It causes serious crop losses in carnations grown in the warm districts. However, breeding for resistance to this disease in carnation has been rarely carried out. Therefore, 277 carnation cultivars were screened for resistance to bacterial wilt by using the cut-root soaking method with an inoculum concentration of 10
7 cfu (colony-forming units)/ml. Two hundred seven cultivars (74.7%) were highly susceptible, whereas 3 cultivars, 'Wiko', 'Nocto', and 'Sandrosa' possessed adequate resistance.
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Masaya Kato, Hiroshi Hyodo
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
551-557
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. La France) fruit induced to ripen by low-temperature treatment was used for this study. The activity of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) oxidase and the rate of ethylene production increased rapidly during fruit ripening at 20°C. ACC oxidase, isolated from pear fruit at the climacteric stage, was purified to near homogeneity. Its molecular mass was estimated to be 40 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Pear fruit ACC oxidase was recognized by the antibody raised against ACC oxidase, purified from Escherichia coli cells transformed with cDNA of broccoli ACC oxidase by western blotting. The apparent Km values for their substrates ACC and O
2 of ACC oxidase were estimated to be 42.2μM and 0.53%, respectively. The optimal concentration of ascorbate, cosubstrate, for ACC oxidase was 15 mM and the apparent Km for ascorbate was estimated to be 1.9 mM. The concentrations of cofactors Fe
2+ and HCO
3- for maximum activity were 25μM and 30 mM, respectively ; the Km for HCO
3- was estimated to be 3.8 mM. These enzymatic properties were found to be similar to ACC oxidase derived from other plants.
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Rie Azuma, Hirofumi Kurata, Masaru Adachi, Keishi Shimokawa
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
558-562
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The mechanism of ethylene action on degreening in satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Nichinan No.1) fruits was investigated using inhibitors of protein synthesis and soluble chlorophyllase (chlorophyll-chlorophyllide hydrolase, Chlase ; E.C. 3.1.1.14). This enzyme which catalyzes the dephytylation of chlorophyll (Chl) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), was partially purified. Chlase catalyzes the first step in the Chl breakdown process. Ethylene treatments promoted the degreening and increased soluble Chlase activity of C. unshiu fruit peels held in the dark. Cycloheximide (CH), an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, inhibited the effects of ethylene, whereas chloramphenicol (CP), an inhibitor of plastid protein synthesis, also weakly inhibited the Chlase activity. These results suggest that ethylene appears to enhance the degreening of the peels through de novo synthesis of Chlase. Moreover, de novo cytoplasmic protein synthesis and chloroplast-dependent enzyme synthesis may regulate Chlase activity in the peel of ethylene-treated C. unshiu fruits. Soluble Chlase was precipitated with acetone from C. unshiu fruit peels and purified by the following method : after ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel-filtration through Sephadex G-25 and Phenyl Sepharose CL-4B (hydrophobic chromatography) were used. The soluble Chlase was purified ca. 203.5-fold with a yield of 45.5%.
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Satoru Kondo, Yasuyoshi Hayata, Koichi Inoue
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
563-565
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The effect of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on flowering in apple was investigated by using 'Fuji' (biennial bearing cultivar) and 'Ohrin' (regular-bearing cultivar) cultivars (Malus pumila Mill.). IAA concentration in the seed of 'Fuji' was higher than that of 'Ohrin' 28 days after full bloom (DAFB) to 108 DAFB. The IAA levels in 'Ohrin' peaked later than they did in 'Fuji'. After 55 DAFB, IAA levels in the bourse of fruiting trees were higher than those of trees which had undergone non-fruiting deflorated treatment. The IAA levels in the seed and bourse of 'Fuji' peaked at 77 DAFB which coincide with the time of flower bud initiation. These results suggest that IAA may be related to flower bud formation in apple.
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Masaharu Masuda, Youhui Ma, Koji Uchida, Kenji Kato
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
566-568
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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A new male-sterile tomato mutant characterized by morphologically normal flowers and acetocarmine-stainable mature pollens, was induced by irradiating seeds with gamma rays. Mature pollen grains which stain black by iodine solution at anthesis, exhibited a lower germination rate and proved to be self-unfruitful by self-pollination in spring. Thus, the inhibition of starch degradation is associated with the low pollen germination, but whether it causes pollen sterility is unclear. From the segregation ratio of self-pollinated progenies of heterozygous plant (Msms), both inhibition of starch degradation and male sterility were controlled by single recessive genes, respectively, which might be activated at the post maturation stage of pollen.
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Sadao Komori, Junichi Soejima, Yuji Ito, Hideo Bessho, Kazuyuki Abe, N ...
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
569-577
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The self-incompatibility genotypes of the parents, 'Golden Delicious' (GD), 'Jonathan' (J) and 'Fuji' (F) were established by analyzing the F
2 progenies of 'Hatsuaki' (J×GD) and 'Iwakami' (F×J) derived by back-crossing the F
1, 'Hatsuaki' (H) and 'Iwakami' (I) to their respective parental cultivars. That is, the F
2 progenies from H×J, J×H, H×GD and GD×H were back-crossed to J and GD and those from F×I, I×J and J×I were back-crossed to F and I. The segregation ratio of compatible to incompatible plants was estimated. Among the 'Hatsuaki' progenies, the segregation ratio of compatible to incompatible from (H×J)×J and (H×GD)×GD was estimated at 1 : 1, (other 6 combinations were 1 : 0). In the 'Iwakami' progenies, those of (F×I)×J, (I×J)×F, (I×J)×J, and (J×I)×F were estimated at 1 : 1, (other 2 combinations were 1 : 0). These results suggest that Jonathan' has no common S-allele with 'Golden Delicious', and 'Fuji' has one common S-allele with 'Jonathan'.
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Hirokazu Fukui, Yoshihiro Suzuki, Emiko Ogawa, Katsunori Hirata, Yohic ...
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
578-584
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Nursery trees of Japanese persimmon 'Nishimurawase' were propagated through shoot tip culture and transplanted after rooting in plastic cloth pot filled with artificial media. Trees were cultured for four years with different nitrogenous fertilizers (Table 1). Dry weight of total shoots and trunk increased in June to October, especially in August to October. Dry weight of leaves was highest in August ; root weight remained stable from June to August, but it subsequently increased dramatically. Nitrogen content was stable in current shoots at 5-6mg/g (dw), whereas in lateral shoots and trunk, it stayed at 4mg/g. Leaves have 15 to 16mg/g N in June, decreasing steadily thereafter until August ; N decreased rapidly between August and October. Nitrogen content of fine roots and tap and lateral roots was at 7-9 and 3-4mg/g respectively. In fruits, it reached 15.9mg/g in June and subsequently dropped suddenly. The total nitrogen content of current shoots is stable but low ; that of lateral shoots and trunk remained low before August but subsequently increased. Slight increase in leaves was reversed after August 1 ; autumnal leaf fall occrred in early November. Total nitrogen content of roots decreased from winter to June 1 because nitrogen is translocated to new growing organs during this period. Roots accumulated an abundance of total nitrogen until October 1. A 10% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer inhibited the uptake of nitrogen, especially in roots ; it had little effect on the nitrogen levels of the trunk, shoots and leaves.
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Jun Song Liu, Shousaku Horiuchi, Tsuneo Ogata, Shuji Shiozaki, Ryosuke ...
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
585-590
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The relationship between embryo dormancy induction and ABA level in 'Campbell Early' grape seed during berry maturation was investigated. In vitro germination and rooting percentages of embryos excised from seeds were high one week before veraison ; both gradually declined to zero 2 weeks after veraison. The ABA contents in the flesh and the seed increased as the germination and rooting percentages of embryos decreased. Stem ringing and spraying the cluster with 10ppm 2, 4-D three weeks before veraison had little influence on embryo germination, rooting and ABA content in the seed. The germination and rooting of embryos excised from seeds 10 days before veraison and incubated on agar medium, decreased with increasing ABA concentration ; both processes were suppressed entirely in embryos incubated on agar medium containing 20ppm ABA. These results indicate that ABA is a potent endogenous factor which induces embryo dormancy in grape seed.
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Yuji Asano, Masahiro Imagawa
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
591-597
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Three yam cultivars, Nagaimo, Ichoimo, and Tsukuneimo in Dioscorea opposita and 9 lines in Dioscorea japonica were artificially pollinated to observe capsule development and hybrid seed formation. A large number of normal seeds were produced in 7 combinations in D. japonica. Almost all of them contained an embryo (larger than 0.8mm) which developed into seedlings when sown in soil or cultured in vitro. However, cross incompatibility existed among 4 combinations in D. japonica, and no normal seed was produced. In the combination of D. opposita and D. japonica (cv. Ichoimo×D. japonica and cv. Tsukuneimo×D. japonica), there was a difference in the seed-forming capacity depending on the D. japonica used for the pollen parent. Only a few seeds containing an immature embryo were produced in cv. Ichoimo×cv. Nagaimo, cv. Ichoimo×D. japonica, cv. Tsukuneimo×cv. Nagaimo, cv. Tsukuneimo×D. japonica, and D. japonica×cv. Nagaimo. However, in these five combinations, some seedlings were obtained by the embryo culture. The results of this study suggest that crossbreeding of yam is possible.
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Toshiki Asao, Noriko Shimizu, Katsumi Ohta, Takashi Hosoki
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
598-602
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The effect of rootstocks in non-renewal solution culture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Shogoin-aonaga-fushinari), on sustaining yield in the late harvest period for autumn, spring, and summer crops was investigated. 1. Vegetative growth of 'Shogoin-aonaga-fushinari' plants at the end of the experiment was only slightly affected for the 3 seasons whether they were ungrafted or grafted on seedings of 'Shogoin-aonaga-fushinari', 'Hokushin' or 'Aodai'. There is no evidence that rootstocks influence vegetative growth. 2. The number of harvested fruit of 'Shogoin-aonaga-fushinari' in the summer crop was increased by grafting on the rootstock of 'Hokushin' or 'Aodai'. The weekly number of harvested fruit which decreased in the late harvest period on ungrafted plants was not observed on plants grafted on 'Hokushin' or 'Aodai' seedlings, thereby, extending the harvest season. Thus, the fruit yield in the closed nutrient flow system was sustained for a longer period by grafting 'Shogoin-aonaga-fushinari' on 'Hokushin' or 'Aodai' seedlings.
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Yasunori Yoshida, Takamasa Seino, Koki Kanahama
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
603-607
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Combination effects of 17/12°C, 24/19°C, 30/25°C and 35/30°C and constant light vs 8-hr photoperiod on the development of flowering spikes and tubers in Chinese yams (Dioscorea opposita Thunb. cv. Ichoimo) were investigated. 1. Growth of the main shoot was promoted excessively by constant light in combination with 24/19°C and 30/25°C (day/night), but significantly inhibited by an 8-hr photoperiod at the same temperatures. Critical high temperature for shoot growth under constant light lies between 30/25°C and 35/30°C. Shoot growth ceased in all treatments except for 17/12°C and 8-hr photoperiod. Shoot dieback occurred about 80 days after shoot elongation ceased. 2. Flowering spikes were initiated only on plants grown under 8-hr photoperiod at 35/30°C, 30/25°C and 24/19°C. At 30/25°C, 5 out of 8 plants developed spikes, whereas at 24/19°C and 35/30°C, only 3 out of 8 plants did. 3. Early development of aerial and new tubers was similarly promoted by short days under all temperatures treatments. The highest yield of tubers was attained in the 8-hr photoperiod with 24/19°C ; yield was moderate under 8-hr photoperiod in combination with 30/25°C and 35/30°C, and the lowest at 8-hr photoperiod and 17/12°C. At the onset of shoot dieback, the highest yields of aerial and new tubers occurred under an 8-hr photoperiod and 30/25°C and 24/19°C as well as under constant light and 24/19°C. These data indicate that the development of aerial and new tubers was promoted under short days in combination with a moderate temperature, although their final weight was heaviest under constant light and 24/19°C.
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Nobuyuki Matsui, Kazuo Yoneda
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
608-613
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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This study was carried out to determine suitable light intensity and temperature on the growth and the flowering of mericlone plants of the Colombia type, Miltonia vexillaria. 1. CO
2 absorption pattern Miltonia vexillaria showed the C
3 type photosynthesis. 2. With an increase of light intensity, the CO
2 absorption rate increased but when the leaf temperature exceeded 27°C, the CO
2 absorption rate decreased markedly, irrespective of light intensity. 3. Without controlling the maximum temperature, the leaf areas of leads and new leads were small and pseudobulb diameter was also small. The mortality of plants increased as the light was intensified. 4. When maximum temperature was kept below 32°C and the light intensity was high (50% shading) or inermediate (68% shading), the pseudobulbs expanded rapidly, the roots grew long, and the dry matter production was high. 5. Plants failed to flower when the maximum temperature exceeded 32°C, but flowered early when they were kept below this temperature. Under low light intensity (87.5% shading), the plants flowered irregularly and the number of flower stalk per plant was small, whereas under intermediate and high light intensity, the number and diameter of flower stalks increased. The elongation of flower stalk under high light intensity was inhibited.
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Yukio Higuchi, Akiyoshi Kitajima, Isao Ogiwara, Naotoshi Hakoda, Isao ...
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
614-621
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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A comparison of the trichome types was made by the Craven test and microscopic observation between primin-secreting and primin-free cultivars of Primula obconica. 1. All cultivars were classified into two groups according to the lengths of trichomes. Group one had trichomes (Fig.1, A∿D) whose lengths were 150μm or less, whereas group two was represented by those with trichomes exceeding 1mm (Fig.1, E). Moreover, the trichomes of group one was further classified into four types from the characteristics of the tips, e.g., A : red tip ; B : colorless tip ; C : yellow tip and D : tip with crystallized substance (Fig.1, A, B, C and D, respectively). 2. The trichomes of B, C, and D types were observed both on the primin-secreting and free cultivars but those of A type were observed only on the primin-secreting cultivars. By the Craven test, only the trichome of A type secreted primin at its apex. 3. The distribution density of A type trichome (primin-secreting) was higher on the basal part of the midrib in leaves and on the calyx and peduncle in flower clusters, than in other parts of leaves and flower clusters. Thus, it should be possible to select primin-free plants by avoiding the plants with red tipped trichomes on midrib of young leaves, calyx and peduncle of flower clusters.
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Ichiji Yamashita, Kazuhiro Dan, Hiroshi Ikeda
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
622-627
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Storage of cut spray type chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Tzvelev) by modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) using polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) film was studied. The 2% O
2 atmosphere reduced the respiration rate of cut chrysanthemum 50%. The passive MAP, in which low O
2 atmosphere is established through respiration, did not create an environment of less than 10% O
2 even when thick PE film bag was used. In the active MAP, the internal atmosphere was replaced with N
2-enriched 2% O
2 gas provided with a gas separation membrane-N
2 generator ; this established the desired atmosphere rapidly and successfully. The active MAP of cut chrysanthemum, harvested at a partly open stage, delayed the further opening of the flower and bud during storage for 10 days at 10°C. The vase life of active MAP stored chrysanthemum was 13-15 days after exposure to the air at 20°C ; those of wet-stored and perforated bag-stored were 6 and 7 days, respectively. The vase life of passive MAP, using PP and PE was 7 days. Leaf analysis revealed that under active MAP, the green color intensity and ascorbic acid content were retained longer compared with the other storage methods tested ; active MAP prolongs the vase life of cut chrysanthemums.
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Kazuhisa Haruki, Takashi Hosoki, Youji Nako
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
628-634
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The enlargement and nutrient absorption from a liquid-shaking culture with or without glucose by Lilium japonicum bulbs were investigated. Promotion of NH
4+, NO
3- and H
2PO
4- absorption by illumination occurred after one or two weeks in the medium, independent of glucose. Glucose absorption from the medium was promoted by illumination three or four weeks after treatments were started ; a concomitant promotion of bulb enlargement was noted. These results indicate that nitrogen uptake was accelerated by illumination as well as bulb enlargement through the increase in glucose absorption. The effects of glutamine supplement on the bulb enlargement and nitrogen uptake were investigated because it is absorbed more readily than inorganic nitrogen ions are. Bulb enlargement and absorption of total N were promoted by the presence of glutamine in the medium even in the dark. Thus, adding glutamine to the medium could substitute for illumination in promoting bulb enlargement ; it would eliminate the need for light and, thereby, reduce the cost of bulb production by liquid-shaking culture.
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Motoaki Doi, Nobuo Nagai, Hideo Imanishi
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
635-639
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Pulsing cut Gypsophila paniculata L. 'Bristol Fairy' stems with 30% of buds open for 3 hr in a preservative that contained 0.2mM silver thiosulfate and 4% sucrose promoted bud opening and prolonged vase life. Precooling to 1°C followed by transportation at 5°C, improved the longevity of cut flowers which were hydrated with the preservative, but precooling alone had no effect, especially on those hydrated with deionized water. Subjecting cut flowers to 18∿25°C or sudden rise in temperature from 1°C to 18°C increased ethylene and carbon dioxide concentrations within carton boxes during the transport period. This, presumably resulting in an increasing number of florets exhibiting petal browning. Maintaining cut gypsophila flowers at 25°C for 24 hr also caused severe water stress, making rehydration after transport difficult.
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Pin San Xu, Yoshiji Niimi
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
640-647
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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This study evaluated the effects of chemotherapy (addition of ribavirin or 2-thiouracil to a medium) and/or heat treatment at 35°C on the production of virus-free bulblets in the scales culture of Lilium longiflorum 'Georgia' and L. x 'Casablanca', infected with lily symptomless virus (LSV), tulip breaking virus-lily (TBV-L), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). 1. When scales were cultured on a medium with ribavirin at 50μM, ELISA-absorbance values at 405nm for LSV in the incubated scales decreased as the incubation time lengthened, whereas the TBV-L values of the scales decreased at almost the same rate as those of the control. 2. When scales of L. longiflorum 'Georgia' were cultured on medium with antiviral chemicals, the number of bulblets formed decreased as concentrations of antiviral chemicals increased. Viruses were detected in about 20% of the bulblets at the end of culture when the scales were cultured on medium with ribavirin and 2-thiouracil at 50μM ; however, more than 44% of the bulblets, which were transplanted into soil and cultivated in the greenhouse for 6 months, showed the positive reaction in viruses. 3. Scales excised from bulblets heat-treated at 35°C for 4 weeks formed fewer bulblets than those of control, especially the scales of 'Georgia'. 4. Chemotherapy in combination with thermotherapy was more effective in decreasing the number of virus-infected bulblets than was the single treatment. When scales, kept at 35°C for 4 weeks, were cultured on medium with 5μM ribavirin, viruses were detected in 30% of the bulblets of 'Georgia' and 6% of those in 'Casablanca' at the end of in vitro culture. However, viruses were detected in 100% of the bulblets in 'Georgia' and 44% of those in 'Casablanca' which were transplanted into soil and cultivated in the greenhouse for 6 months.
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Yasuhiro Murai, Hisashi Harada, Ryosuke Mochioka, Tsuneo Ogata, Shuji ...
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
648-654
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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We attempted to vegetatively propagate mume (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) by softwood cuttings and investigated the relationship between carbohydrates in shoots and root formation. With IBA treatment, rooting rate was more than 50% when cuttings were collected in early June to early August, whereas it decreased to no rooting in October. Without IBA treatment, cuttings did not root except in June. There is a relationship between rooting ability and bud dormancy in that rooting ability decreased as bud break rate became reduced. High rooting rate occurred when sorbitol content in the cuttings was high. The carbohydrates, sorbitol and total sugars content, in the basal part of cuttings increased in IBA-treated cuttings 14 days after planting, whereas in untreated cuttings, they increased 21 days after planting. Moreover, the maximum quantity of sorbitol in IBA-treated cuttings was more than that in untreated ones. When sorbitol, glucose, sucrose and fructose were tested in invitro rooting of microcuttings, the highest in vitro rooting rate and the largest number of roots per microcutting were obtained when the explants were imbedded in WP medium supplemented with sorbitol.
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Takahiro Tanigawa, Yasuo Kobayashi, Hiroshi Matsui, Yuriko Matsuda
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
655-660
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Bending of flower necks (crooked neck) in greenhouse chrysanthemum often occurs in the winter crop. The factors inducing this phenomenon were studied by examining the histology of the stem, and noting the degree and rate of its occurrence among clonal lines of cv. Shuhonochikara. There are two types of crooked neck in chrysathemum : one, the bending of the flower neck which occurs in the uppermost (non-serrated) leaf node ; and two, the terminal flower neck adheres to an axillary bud. In the former, the vascular bundles were twisted and disconnected in the stem, whereas in the latter, the cortical tissues of the terminal and axillary buds adhere with the remaining meristematic tissues scattered within. Thus, these two abnormal developments of the vascular system are considered to be the main factors inducing crooked neck. The expanding axillary flower bud at the shoot apex, examined 9 days after the start of short-day treatment under 25/15°C (light/dark) regimen, was found to develop 4 to 5 days later than that of the terminal flower bud. The adhered-type crooked neck was visible histologically three weeks after the start of short-day treatment. From these results, it was estimated that the crooked neck was initiated between 1 to 3 weeks after the start of short-day treatment. The bending ranging from 10.4 to 23.9 degrees in the flower neck (Fig. 1) occurs among the clonal lines of cv. Shuhonochikara. The differences in the crooked angle within these lines was clearly recognised as there is a possitive correlation between the crooked angle of flower neck and mean internode length of cut flower.
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Yoshiyuki Maeda, Masaru Adachi, Keishi Shimokawa
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
661-668
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Acetone powder extracts (APE), prepared from Citrus unshiu fruit, contained a pyropheophorbide a degrading enzyme. The enzyme catalyses the degradation of pyropheophorbide a in the presence of H
2O
2 and 2, 4-dichlorophenol (DCP). The optimum pH values were 6.2 with potassium phosphate buffer and 4.2 with acetate buffer. Linearity between the rate of the degradation and protein concentration existed over the range 0.0∿250μg protein per 3.0ml of the reaction mixture. The Km for the pyropheophorbide a, DCP and H
2O
2 was ca. 140μM, ca. 1.3mM, and ca. 45μM, respectively. The enzymatic degradation of pyropheophorbide a was inhibited by ascorbate, hydroquinone, n-propyl gallate. We confirmed that tiron and potassium cyanide (KCN) are involved with free radicals. Pyropheophorbide a degradation by APE resulted in the opening of the chlorophyll-ring and a decrease in the red and Soret bands of the UV/VIS differential spectrum of the reaction mixture. Moreover, pyropheophorbide a and pheophorbide a degradation by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) followed a similar reaction pattern. The velocity of pheophorbide a degradation by APE was slower than that of pyropheophorbide a under the same reacting condition. These results suggest that pyropheophorbide a-degrading enzyme from Citrus unshiu fruit is a peroxidase isozyme.
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Tomomi Tsuda, Kazuo Chachin, Yoshinori Ueda
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
669-674
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The effects of packaging 'Carabao' mangoes, imported from the Philippines in polyethylene (PE) bags, with and without perforations, and kept at 20°C, were investigated. Their appearance, using a 6-point numerical peel color index (PCI), sugar and organic acid contents, and their tendency to shrivel were assesed. 1. Portions of the peel still remained greenish after day 7 in PE20 bag although fruit maturities, which were ranked as PCI-2 and PCI-3 initially, advanced to PCI-4 and PCI-5, respectively. The Hunter, a value which increased in both the peel and flesh with time, was smaller in the fruit packaged in PE20 bag than it was in unpackaged fruits (control) of those packaged in the perforated PE bag. 2. Starch content in PCI-2 fruit was higher level than that in PCI3 but it rapidly decreased in the first day of storage. Sucrose was a predominant sugar in 'Carabao' mangoes. The total sugar, sucrose, and fructose contents increased during storage. The tendency for sugar to increase was slower in the fruit in PE20 bag than in the others. Sugar content in PCI-2 fruit in perforated or PE20 bags were lower than that in PCI-3 fruits. Glucose content decreased in the control or perforated PE bag faster than it did in fruits in the PE20 bag. 3. Citric acid which is the predominant organic acid in 'Carabao' mangoes was initially higher in fruits at stage PCI-2 than in those of PCI-3 ; it decreased during storage. The tendency for citric acid to decrease in fruit in the PE20 bag was slower, but its level was similar to fruits of the control and perforated PE20 bags. Malic and succinic acids were also found in 'Carabao' mangoes but remained at a low level during storage. 4. Shrivelling, which occurred in the peel of PCI-2 and -3 fruits, began on day 5 in control fruits and on day 7 in perforated PE bags, at which time the water loss was about 7%. Shrivelling did not occur in fruits in PE20 bags at both stages PCI-2 or -3. 5. Packaging PCI-3 fruits in perforated PE bags did not prevent increases in sugars, decreases in organic acids, nor advancement in flesh and peel color or water loss as compared with those of PCI-2. Thus, we recommend that imported 'Carabao' mango fruits at PCI-3 be packages in perforated PE bags because they were most effective in maintaining quality.
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Yasunori Hamauzu, Yuko Ueda, Kiyoshi Banno
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
675-682
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Changes in the concentration and composition of polyphenols in apple cv. 'Tsugaru' and the antioxidant activity in the flesh extract were investigated during fruit development and after a browning treatment. 1. The concentration of total polyphenols in the flesh decreased during fruit growth from 157mg/100gFW at 66 days after anthesis (66 DAA) to 58.6mg/100gFW at 121 DAA. The change in condensed tannins followed a similar pattern as that of total polyphenols throughout the fruit growth period. 2. The major polyphenols found in apple flesh were catechins including proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), especially polymer type found in fraction A-II. Chlorogenic acid in fraction B-I amounted to 4% of total polyphenols. 3. The antioxidant activity of flesh extract in the linoleic acid peroxidation system depended upon the concentration of polyphenols. Therefore, the antioxidant capacity of the fruit decreased, coinciding with the decrease in total polyphenols during fruit development. 4. Browning treatment caused a decrease in catechins and proanthocyanidins more than that in chlorogenic acid and lowered the antioxidant activity of flesh extract. 5. Relationship between the antioxidant activity and concentration of total polyphenols in apple flesh extracts was almost the same as that in standard solution of epicatechin.
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Xinping Tan, Yoshinori Ueda, Yoshihiro Imahori, Kazuo Chachin
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
683-688
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Pigments of Balsam pear (Momordica charantia L.) fruit during development, ripening and storage were investigated to determine the optimum horticultural stage and temperature management of the post-harvest fruit and also to obtain data on their carotenoid composition. The fruit were harvested at six stages (A, B, C, D, E and F) of development and ripening. The fruit harvested at stage C (horticultural maturity) were packaged with polyethylene film bags and stored at 1, 10, 20 and 30°C. The pigments of balsam pear fruits during development and storage were analyzed quantitatively by HPLC. The main composition of carotenoids was lutein with a minimal quantities of β-carotene and α-carotene found in the pulp as well as in the aril of young balsam pear fruits. Both chlorophyll and total carotenoid contents decreased steadily during fruit development from stage A to D. However, the total carotenoids increased significantly while the chlorophyll disappeared completely during stage E to F. The highest content of carotenoids was found in ripe fruit (stage F) and the principal components were lutein and cryptoxanthin. The carotenoid content in the aril increased considerably during fruit ripening, lycopene being the main component, reaching 64.75mg/100g FW at stage E. Both chlorophylls a and b contents decreased significantly in the fruit stored at higher temperature than at lower temperature. The lutein and cryptoxanthin contents in pulp increased during storage at 20 and 30°C, but increased slightly or tended to decrease during storage at 1 and 10°C, respectively. The pattern of changes of carotenoids in the aril was similar to that of the pulp.
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Etsuko Kozukue, Nobuyuki Kozukue, Hironobu Tsuchida
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
689-693
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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The changes in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), shikimic acid dehydrogenase (SADH), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities of bamboo shoots during storage at 20°C were examined in relation to their browning. 1. Determination of G6PDH, SADH and PPO activities in the three sections of bamboo shoots revealed that G6PDH and SADH were the highest in the apical section and the least in the basal section, and also that G6PDH activity was the highest among the three enzymes, while PPO maintained nearly the same activity in the three sections. 2. After 2 days in storage, G6PDH and SADH activities of bamboo shoots increased to about 1.3 and 1.7 times those of the initial day, respectively, then decreased over 9 days as browning increased. Meanwhile PPO activity increased slightly after 2 days, then decreased. 3. PAL activity of bamboo shoots was the highest in the basal and the least in the apical sections. TAL activity in all sections was quite low, compared to PAL activity but they exhibited the same trends. 4. Both PAL and TAL activities in the basal section of bamboo shoots decreased after 2 days, then stayed at the same level ; after 9 days they increased rapidly.
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Kazuhiro Dan, Masayasu Nagata, Yasuhisa Kuginuki, Ichiji Yamashita
1999 Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages
694-696
Published: May 15, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2008
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Productions of methanethiol, S-Methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO) level and C-S lyase activities in flowers and leaves of broccoli (17 cultivars), cabbage and Chinese cabbage under anaerobic conditions were measured. Methanethiol production from flower buds was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that from leaves in cabbage, Chinese cabbage and broccoli. SMCSO content (p<0.01) and C-S lyase activity (p<0.05) were also significantly higher in flower buds than those in leaves. Among the 17 broccoli cultivars, levels of methanethiol in flower buds ranged from 1391 to 4302μ g/kg f.w. under anaerobic conditions. The maximum level of SMCSO content and C-S lyase activity were nearly double the minimum within the broccoli cultivars.
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