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Volume 74, Issue 3
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE (ENGLISH)
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Haruyuki Kuroda, Shonosuke Sagisaka2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 181-188
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUltrastructural changes in xylem parenchyma cells of apple twigs were studied in relation to seasonal fluctuation in cold hardiness. During active growth from mid-June to mid-July, the most striking changes were cell wall thickening and the formation of pits. In the cytoplasm, the appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), polysomes, dictyosomes, and vesicles indicate that these organelles participate in cell wall thickening and the formation of pits. In early August immediately after cessation of shoot elongation, starch granules in the plastids began to increase in size and number; protein-lipid bodies appeared. During cold acclimation from late September to mid-October, the vacuoles shrank in size, and the cell became full of plastids containing large starch granules. In early November, unidentified organelles that were similar in size to plastoglobuli appeared near the thylakoid membranes in plastids. In mid-January when cold hardiness reached a maximal level, small vacuoles were dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. In late February, the formation of plastid initials occurred, while plasmodesmata formed in the pits. During deacclimation from late March to mid-April, the vacuoles enlarged, starch granules in the plastids decreased in size, and unidentified organelles reappeared in the plastids. At the onset of flowering in mid-May, starch granules in the plastids increased in size again. Moreover, during a one-year cycle, the rough ER was prominent along the cell wall, while mitochondria appeared to be adjacent or attached to the surface of the plastids. Based on these results, the relationship between ultrastructures in xylem parenchyma cells of the apple twigs and cold hardiness, especially the deep supercooling characteristic is discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (2387K) -
Toshio Yoshida2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 189-195
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe inheritance of the crooked twig and thorn trait from Flying Dragon (Hiryu) trifoliate orange was studied by utilizing one-year-old seedlings obtained from selfings and crossings of trifoliate orange cultivars and strains, including the Flying Dragon and Citrus plants. The segregation patterns of crooked-type and straight-type seedlings were different in reciprocal crosses: crooked-type seedlings occurred only in progenies from seed parents with cytoplasm inherited from Flying Dragon but not in the progenies from seed parents without that cytoplasm. As straight-type seedlings segregated in the progeny in which crooked-type ones occurred, it was considered that the cytoplasmic and the nuclear genes would play roles in the inheritance of crookedness of twigs and thorns and that a crooked-type seedling occurs when both the cytoplasmic and the nuclear genes are of the crooked-type. The hypothesis regarding the nuclear gene, namely, that the expression of crookedness is controlled by three pairs of complementary genes, Cr1, Cr2 and Cr3, and that the genotype of the Flying Dragon is Cr1cr1Cr2cr2Cr3cr3, was consistent with the observed segregation ratios, except for that in one advanced population of Flying Dragon.View full abstractDownload PDF (1315K) -
Shozo Kobayashi, Nami Goto-Yamamoto, Hirohiko Hirochika2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 196-203
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBy using white-skinned cultivars (‘Italia’ and ‘Muscat of Alexandria’) and putative red-skinned sports (‘Ruby Okuyama’ and ‘Flame Muscat’) from the white cultivars, we analyzed the expression and function of a myb-related gene, VvmybA1, involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in grapes. A simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis showed that ‘Ruby Okuyama’ and ‘Flame Muscat’ are true derivatives by bud mutation from ‘Italia’ and ‘Muscat of Alexandria’, respectively. The VvmybA1 transcript was detected in berry skins of ‘Ruby Okuyama’ after coloring had begun; it was not detectable in those of ‘Italia’. Three VvmybA cDNAs (VvmybA1, VvmybA2, and VvmybA3) from ‘Ruby Okuyama’ under the control of the 35S promoter were introduced into somatic embryos of ‘Kyoho’ by particle bombardment. Upon the introduction of VvmybA1, red cells were induced in the embryos, whereas the introduction of VvmybA2 or VvmybA3 failed to do so. The VvmybA1 cDNA was also shown to have the ability to induce the anthocyanin-producing cells in the skin tissues of ‘Muscat of Alexandria’. The relationship between the skin-color mutations and the detailed structure of the VvmybA1 gene is also described.View full abstractDownload PDF (3110K) -
Toshiya Yamamoto, Masami Yamaguchi, Tateki Hayashi2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 204-213
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn integrated genetic linkage map, based on an intraspecific peach F2 population, was constructed to include 94 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci, 14 sequence tagged sites (STSs), 34 AFLPs, 24 RAPDs, 3 ISSRs, and 9 phenotypic traits. This map contains 178 markers placed in 8 linkage groups that correspond to the basic chromosome number of the species (n=8) with a map distance of 571 cM with an average distance of 3.2 cM between each pair of loci. Our peach genetic linkage map was completely aligned with the European Prunus reference map by using 42 common DNA markers as anchor loci and linkages; the order of all loci were conserved between the 2 maps. It also appears that this peach map covers almost the whole genome in comparison with the Prunus reference map. Nine phenotypic traits were identified in 4 linkage groups. Two kinds of root-knot nematode resistance loci Mia and Mja located on the top of linkage group 2 were very close. Two loci corresponding to flower color (Fc) and flesh color around the stone (Cs), were mapped on the linkage group 3. Flesh adhesion (F), one of the more important characteristics of stone fruits, was mapped at the bottom of linkage group 4. The positions these phenotypic traits were compared with those from other Prunus maps and their relationships were examined.View full abstractDownload PDF (1032K) -
Tsuneo Ogata, Yohei Kabashima, Shuji Shiozaki, Shosaku Horiuchi2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 214-220
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe histology of the graft union by splice grafting epicotyls in auto- and heterografts of 4-week-old nucellar seedlings of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.), yuzu (C. junos Sieb. ex Tanaka), plus common trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) and its crooked spine type variety, Hiryu (Flying Dragon) (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa (T. Ito) Swingle) was studied under light microscope. Callus formation at the graft interface that started immediately after grafting was especially active adjacent to the severed vascular bundles. Regeneration of the vascular cambium occurred within 1 week after grafting in all graft combinations that led to the formation of a new vascular bundle. The new vascular bundle was formed with exterior winding by obstruction of the callus mass proliferating at the graft interface; the winding tended to be deeper in heterografts with satsuma than that in autograft of satsuma. However, the winding tended to revert to a straight configuration by the subsequent formation of newer vascular bundles. No obvious morphological differences of cells were observed at the graft interfaces in the auto- and heterografts during the process of callus formation and vascular bundle generation during the 6 weeks after grafting. Callus formation at the graft interface as a response to wounding and vascular bundle regeneration may be spatially competitive processes, and the anatomical and physiological mismatches between scion and stock cause the delay of vascular bundle formation, resulting in the winding.View full abstractDownload PDF (2468K) -
Omar Franco-Mora, Kenji Tanabe, Akihiro Itai, Fumio Tamura, Hiroyuki I ...2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 221-227
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the relationship between free endogenous polyamines (PAs) and ethylene during growth and ripening of Japanese pear fruit, the evolutions of these compounds were monitored in seven cultivars with high, moderate and low levels of maximum ethylene production at ripening. Ethylene production at 12 and/or 25 days after full bloom (DAFB) reflected their potential at ripening. Moreover, a negative correlation between PAs and ethylene was present at 12 DAFB (r = −0.81, P < 0.01) and after harvest (r = −0.94, P < 0.01). Thus, young fruitlet (12 DAFB) and ripening fruit of ‘Kikusui’, ‘Housui’, ‘Nijisseiki’, and ‘Niitaka’ with high PAs contents evolved low to moderate amounts of ethylene, whereas ‘Edoya’, ‘Ninomiya’, and ‘Awayuki’ produced high levels of ethylene while possessing low PAs contents at those respective stages. After harvest, negative correlation between PAs and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) might suggest competition between PAs and ethylene via S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) because SAM is an intermediate for spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) synthesis while contributing to the formation of ACC. Nevertheless, the higher correlation of ethylene with putrescine (PUT) than ethylene with SPD and SPM suggests that the competitive factor might not, by itself, explain the high free PAs content, especially of PUT, that is present in low and moderate ethylene producing cultivars. However, collectively, our results indicate that the balance between ethylene and PAs may control the ripening of Japanese pear fruit.View full abstractDownload PDF (637K) -
Naoki Hata, Kenji Murakami, Yuichi Yoshida, Masaharu Masuda2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 228-233
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor an efficient harvest of self-fertilized seeds in spinach, the effect of temperature on the expression of gynomonoecy was studied by employing selfed-seed populations from three gynomonoecious plants that produced 525, 359 and 186 seeds/plant. These selfed-seed populations were named P-1, P-2, and P-3, respectively. Seeds, sown monthly from December to March in an unheated glasshouse, revealed that the frequency of gynomonoecious plants was highest in P-1 and lowest in P-3 at any sowing time. In December-sown seeds of P-1, the frequency of gynomonoecious plants was 33%; as the sowing time was delayed, the frequency of gynomonoecious plants increased until it reached 100% in the March-sown seeds. Similar results were obtained in a growth chamber kept at 15, 20 and 25°C, and under 16 h photoperiod with 120 μmol · m−2 · s−1 PPFD. However, the frequency of hermaphroditic flowers on gynomonoecious plants was affected by temperature in all three populations; it was lowest at 15°C and highest at 20°C. At 25°C, hermaphroditic flowers occurred near the shoot apex, but the number of nodes with hermaphroditic flowers was equal or less than at 20°C due to the delay in bolting and/or reduced plant height. When seedlings were transferred to 25°C after bolting was induced at 20°C for 18 days, the mean plant height was reduced but the number of nodes with hermaphroditic flowers was unaffected. This cultural manipulation seems to be advantageous for seed production because it suggests that a line with a strong expression of gynomonoecy can be selected to maximize the production of self-fertilized spinach seeds.View full abstractDownload PDF (623K) -
Shinichiro Jo, Masanori Ochiai, Kazuyoshi Furuta, Koichi Yagi2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 234-241
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeveral species and varieties of genus Cypripedium grown in Japanese Islands and northeast China were investigated using genetic analysis. C. macranthos var. hotei-atsmorianum and C. macranthos var. rebunense were collected in northern Japan. They are regarded as varieties or forms of C. macranthos of Eurasia. Although the large subunit of ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate decarboxylase/oxydase (rbcL) of chloroplast did not show any difference among the species, a difference between C. macranthos var. hotei-atsmorianum and the other two was found in the sequence of nuclear DNA encoding the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA. Random amplified polymorphic DNA method (RAPD) revealed a difference between C. macranthos var. rebunense from others. That C. calceolus and C. macranthos which were both collected in the Eurasia differed was demonstrated by their rbcL analyses and ITS sequences. The genetic analyses confirmed that C. × ventricosum was a hybrid of C. calceolus × C. macranthos. Thus, analyses using rbcL and ITS region are useful to distinguish species and varieties of Cypripedium.View full abstractDownload PDF (875K) -
Seung Jae Hwang, Han-Min Park, Byoung Ryong Jeong2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 242-247
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of root and foliar applications of potassium silicate on the growth and quality of hydroponically-grown cut flower miniature rose Rosa hybrida ‘Pinocchio’ were evaluated. In a hydroponic system that uses rockwool slabs as a growing medium, the growth and quality of plants in four treatments, including the control (untreated), root feeding, foliar spray, and root feeding + foliar spray of a 200 mg · L−1 potassium silicate solution, were examined. The treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with four replicates per treatment. Four rooted cuttings per treatment started on rockwool cubes were planted on a rockwool slab on Aug. 7, 2000 and grown for 413 days. The mean flower stem length, mean yield by grade, and total yield were significantly greater in the root feeding treatment than in the others; likewise, fresh and dry weights of roots were significantly heavier. Stem diameter, number of branches, dry matter, and shoot fresh and dry weights significantly increased in the root feeding + foliar spray plot as compared to the control. Stem flexibility, measured as the modulus of elasticity was greatest in the root feeding + foliar spray treatment. Photomicrographs taken with a scanning electron microscope showed the formation of a film of glass on the leaf surface in the foliar spray treatment. From these results, we concluded that the applications of potassium silicate proved to have beneficial effects on the growth and quality of cut flower miniature rose ‘Pinocchio’ in the rockwool culture system.View full abstractDownload PDF (1239K) -
Guinevere I. Ortiz, Sumiko Sugaya, Yoshihiko Sekozawa, Hisashi Ito, Ke ...2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 248-254
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFruits of ‘Rendaiji’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), known to be highly susceptible to rapid softening after harvest or astringency removal treatment, were treated with 20 μL · L−1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 20°C for 24 h after treatment with ethanol vapor to remove astringency. The fruit were then stored at 20°C to monitor ripening-related changes, such as physicochemical, physiological, and biochemical parameters at regular intervals. 1-MCP treatment delayed fruit softening brought about by exposure to ethanol vapor and extended shelf-life of the fruits by 8 days. No suppression in ethylene evolution and respiration rate was observed in 1-MCP-treated fruits. Fruits treated with 1-MCP had higher soluble solids content, less weight loss and slower color development and they softened normally. 1-MCP-treatment caused a transient suppression in polygalacturonase (PG) activity; pectin methyl esterase (PME) and β-galactosidase activities were significantly inhibited, but had no deleterious effects on the quality of ‘Rendaiji’ persimmon fruits.View full abstractDownload PDF (757K)
SHORT COMMUNICATION (ENGLISH)
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Haruyuki Kuroda, Toshihiko Sugiura, Hiroyoshi Sugiura2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 255-257
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the breaking of endodormancy was studied by using flower buds of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai ‘Kosui’) in the latter stage of endodormancy. Applications of 0.25, 1.0, 2.5, and 10% H2O2 promoted budbreak in flower buds; the most effective concentration was 2.5% applied in late November and 10% in early December. No phytotoxicity with H2O2 was observed in any treatment concentration or time. These results indicate that H2O2 is an effective compound for breaking endodormancy in flower buds of the Japanese pear.View full abstractDownload PDF (328K) -
Tsuyoshi Amemiya, Yasuo Suzuki, Shohei Yamaki, Katsuhiro Shiratake2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 258-260
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe cloned two cDNAs (PcVHA-A1, PcVHA-A2) encoding V-ATPase A subunit (catalytic subunit) in pear (Pyrus communis L. var. sativa DC, ‘La France’). They encode proteins with a calculated molecular weight of approximately 69 kDa, which consist of 623 amino acids. The expression of PcVHA-A1 mRNA was extremely high in mature fruit and young leaves, but low in flower, young fruit, mature leaves, and root, it increased with the maturation of pear fruit. On the other hand, the expression of PcVHA-A2 mRNA was relatively high at the early and late developmental stages of the pear fruit. A certain level of PcVHA-A2 expression was also observed in flowers and leaves.View full abstractDownload PDF (738K)
ORIGINAL ARTICLE (JAPANESE)
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Hisashi Ito, Yutaka Nishikawa, Tetsuo Maegawa, Kenji Wada2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 261-267
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: November 11, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFruit ripening process of ‘Maekawa Jiro’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki), grown in the plastic house and the open field, was investigated from 1999 to 2001. The plastic house was covered with polyvinyl chloride film from early January to late June or early July and then uncovered. Additionally, the plastic house was heated at night from early January to early June. Air temperature in the plastic house was higher than that in the open field before full bloom and for 120 days thereafter. The plastic house-grown fruits began to color about 130 days after full bloom, which was approximately 20 days later than that of the open field-grown fruits; subsequent coloring in the former was also slower. Sucrose content in the open field-grown fruits increased gradually concurrent with the color development, whereas that of the plastic house-grown fruits did not increase appreciably until about 180 days after full bloom; it increased rapidly as the fruits approached maturity. Compared with the open field-grown fruits, the plastic house-grown fruits attained the same Brix and flesh firmness at a lower index of coloration at maturity. We attribute this to a possible high-temperature-mediated inhibition of pigment formation. These results indicate that the plastic house-grown ‘Maekawa Jiro’ persimmon fruits accumulated more sugars at a softer flesh firmness for the same degree of coloration. Hence, plastic house-grown ‘Maekawa Jiro’ persimmon fruits should be harvested when the fruit skin at the apex becomes 5 to 6 according to the standard color chart.View full abstractDownload PDF (735K)
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