We have developed the CAI course ware for post-operative care. In this paper, we assessed the learning process of course takers and evaluated the CAI course ware by analyzing learning records. At this analysis, the idea of item characteristic curve on the test theory was employed. Then, it was found that this CAI course ware had appropriate difficulty and efficiency for learners. Almost all course takers could utilize the visual and auditory aids when these are presented at a question, and they selected the correct answer for the question. Each cumulative proportion of correct answers of high, middle and low achievement group for such kind of questions was almost 100%. Therefore, it could be concluded that the virtual reality of this multimedia instruments was useful and effective for learners. However, it was also observed that, as a learning instrument, not only video and pictures but also verbal definitions and explanations at details were required to deepen the understanding. Because it was difficult to select the all correct choices of a multiple-answer question, the cumulative proportions of correct answers of such questions were not so improved even if the number of response times were increased.

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The purpose of this study was to search for the meaning of Successful Aging in the late elderly in the suburban districts. This study was a qualitative research, and the subjects were 10 elderly people older than seventy-five. Six categories for the meaning of Successful Aging in the late elderly were identified: Satisfaction, Challenge, Health, Self-confidence, Participation and Self-conservation. The clarification of the meaning of Successful Aging in the late elderly could contribute to the construction of a renewed elderly-people image and the further understanding of the elderly in the areas of medicine and nursing education.

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This study was conducted in the visitors at the open seminar "Our Diet and Health" and the parents of preschool children for two purposes: １. To expose a picture of their interests in and use of nutrition labels as well as problems. ２. To understand what they want to know and how they can learn. The results showed that 90% of the subjects used of nutrition labels. They made the most of the labeling of processed foods and vacuum-packed foods in the visitors group, and snack foods followed by drinks in the parents group. In the ingredients shown in the labels, they paid the most attention to sodium and then fat in the visitors group, calorie, calcium, and then sugar in the parents group. We believe that these differences were due to the difference of the health issues between the groups. Both groups required the labels because of the lack of prior knowledge about the recommended dietary allowances and the ingredients that meet their health requirements at the current stage in their lifecycle, and also the environmental factors when shopping. Therefore, they have needs for continuous learning, in which we believe specialists such as healthcare professionals need to be involved.

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This study aims to produce a concept based on nursing methodology to explain how home oxygen therapy (HOT) patients come to accept their need for oxygen treatment, and to clarify the characteristics in the physiological process leading to acceptance. Data were from semi-structured interviews of 20 hospitalized HOT patients. Twelve main concepts were identified in the overall psychological process. In the HOT introduction stage, patients felt overcome with anxiety and disappointment about undergoing HOT, followed by a temporary resolve to undergo HOT, from the realization that supplemental oxygen was absolutely necessary, and next by the desire and determination to discontinue oxygen treatment and improve their dyspnea. In the home stage, patients felt psychological shock from the greater than imagined attention they drew in public, were inconvenienced and burdened going out with an oxygen device, and then partially or completely discontinued HOT based on their interpretation of the effects of inhaling oxygen. In the after the second hospitalization stage, patients acknowledged their dependent condition and again realized the necessity of oxygen after experiencing dyspnea. Finally, after accepting that discontinuing HOT was not possible because dyspnea would worsen, they made the value judgment that oxygen was a new part of themselves.

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Relation between postoperative psychiatric symptoms and physical conditions of adult living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) recipients.
Purposes:
The study aimed to explore the postoperative psychiatric symptoms among adult living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) recipients, and to investigate how psychiatric morbidity was linked to physical conditions.
Methods:
We recruited 107 patients who had undergone LRLT. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed using the Structural Clinical Interview for the DSM-Ⅲ- R. Physical conditions were administered to evaluate the serum albumin, total bilirubin, total protein, blood loss, operation time, percentage of liver of transplantation, complications, and to decide pulse therapy and rejection. Data gathered from patient's medical records. Data were symbolized and an individual was made not to be able to be specified by it.
Results:
Of the 107 subjects, 58 were female and 49 were male. The mean age was 40.1±11.7 years (range of 20 to 66), with no significant difference noted about sexual, age.29%(n=31) of our sample had a current or probable psychiatric diagnosis according to the DSM-Ⅲ- R. When subjects were divided into psychiatric symptoms and none, no significant difference in serum albumin, total bilirubin, blood loss, operation times, complications, percentage of liver of transplantation and to decide pulse therapy and rejection between the two groups was evident. However, total protein of the former group (5.8±0.9 g/dl) was significantly lower than that of the latter group (6.4±1.1 g/dl).
Conclusion:
The higher rates of psychiatric symptoms among adult LRLT recipients were associated with under baseline total proteins.

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This research improved the skill related to the personal relations as one of what should be of the nursing care education, and adopted the "Narrative"(a story) in the lecture as an approach of the patient understanding.
Afterwards, the relations with the patients were carried out to verify the related results by using the roll lettering. (Hereafter abbreviate "R.L.") According to the results of the students' questionnaires, the student of 80 to 90 % answered affirmatively.
As a result to analyze the descriptive contents of the R.L. using the method of applying the Granted-theory, they could imagine their patients definitely, give meaning to the patients' condition and understand them.
Analyzed from the Gibb's reflective cycle, implementing the R.L. was intentionally provided the experienced learning place to learn the patients' empathy through their sick experiences since the students described the patients' conditions and reflected on the relations with their patients.
Reflection-skill proposed by Dr. Balman and others, especially the self-awareness was made clear and suggested to achieve the results in the nursing education leading to the caring.

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The objectives of this study were to clarify the home nursing expectations of the patients’ status　and the nursing care effective for the achievement, for the elderly with cerebro-vascular diseases (CVD). The change of the status on 76 elderly in 13 visiting nursing stations, the achievement of the expected status in 2 months and referred nursing care for the improvement were assessed, on 27 items in 3 domains, which were, physiological, environmental, psychosocial and behavior domain, at 2 time points by the home nurses in charge. Nursing care records of the period were analyzed according to the Omaha System.
The status of the skin signs, stability of blood pressure, the odor of sweat /urine, were improved significantly in 2 months, but their achieved levels were lower than those expected. The subgroup that set priority on the medication, the skin signs, the odor of sweat /urine, nutritional balance showed significantly higher improvement in 2 months, compared to the subgroup that did not. The priority-set subgroup also got more frequent nursing care during the period, referred to each problem, which suggested the effectiveness of those care to achieve the expected level and improvement.

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The present study aimed to examine how information-related activities and the ability to utilize information in nursing students affect their orientation toward critical thinking and metacognition in learning. A questionnaire survey was administered to 205 students who consented to participate in the present study. Responses from 185 students who completed the questionnaire were analyzed（valid-response rate, 90.2%）.
Comparison by school year demonstrated that students in third year were superior to those in first and second years with regard to ability to utilize information, orientation toward critical thinking, and metacognition in learning. The results also showed that developing the ability to utilize information affects orientation toward critical thinking and metacognition in learning. Furthermore, the results indicate that greater utilization of information technology and the internet in various ways has enhanced the ability to utilize information.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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