The aim of this study was to explore and describe how individuals with Crohn's disease (CD) experience their dietary life. A grounded theory approach was used with semi-structured interviews and the constant comparative method of qualitative analysis. Participants were 17 adults with CD at home in remission.
The study revealed the reconstructive process of their dietary life by experiential learning. The process was composed of three-stage; (1) responding to the diet and nutrition therapy, (2) beginning of the learning cycle by relapse, and (3) acquiring of their own dietary style. These findings indicate that nurses need to support them according to the occasion of the process and their meanings of the dietary life.

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We examined the relationship between the frequency of going outdoors and physical, psychological and social functioning among frail elderly in order to obtain information that may help prevent them from becoming housebound. Subjects were 61 elderly people characterized as frail who lived in urban environments. A survey was conducted by multi-dimensional examination which included interviews and physical performance tests. We found that on average, those in our study population went outdoors 5.5±1.9 days per week. Thirty-three of them went out every day. Multiple regression analysis revealed that gender, neighbor network, walking ability to neighborhood, history of falls, and the frequency of contact with others were significant factors which influenced their frequency of going outdoors. Specifically, males, those with more neighbors, those with walking ability to their neighborhood, those with no history of falls, and those with a higher frequency of contact with others were more likely to go outdoors more often. These factors should be considered in attempts to maintain not only physical functioning but also social functioning to prevent frail elderly from becoming housebound.

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Purpose: This research was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of a questionnaire in clarifying characteristic patterns of thinking and behavior that contribute to weight gain. The questionnaire consisted of eight major and 48 background factors that contribute to weight gain in young male employees after hire. Participants responded to questionnaire items using a six-point scale.
Methods: Subjects were 197 full-time male employees aged 25 to 35 years. A questionnaire was created and administered, and principal component analysis was used to evaluate the results.
Results: Subjects gaining three or more kilograms after hire represented 62.8%, of which 43.9% gained 10 or more kilograms. Screening based on responses to 18 questions from two major components resulted in a 60% rate of accuracy for the identification of obese participants and participants who had gained. We were also able to classify three characteristic patterns of thinking and behavior that contribute to weight gain in obese individuals from 48 background factors.
Conclusion: This study suggests that the questionnaire consisting of eight major factors and the 48 background factors contributing to weight gain is useful as a health instruction tool to be used for weight control for young male employees after hire.

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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health condition and lifestyle factors, and consequently to clarify the predicting factors of hypertension and obesity in medical college students.
Design and Methods: For 413 (146 male and 267 female) college students with the age ranging 18 to 29, casual medical checkup was performed, in which resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure measurements were included. Simultaneously, heart rate, height, weight and body fat ratio (BFR) were also measured. On the other hand, student's lifestyle information was interviewed by unsigned questionnaire. Contributing parameters for hypertension (SBP> 130mmHg and/or DBP> 85 mmHg) and obesity (BMI> 25.0) were discriminated by stepwise analysis.
Results: Obesity group were 20.6% in male and 7.9% in female, respectively. Students with hypertension formed 50.0% of male and 12.4% of female students, respectively. Male and female students had a problem about a diet.
Fifty six percents of male and 76% of female thought that there was its healthy problem. It was suggested that health education subject relevant to a college student' s lifestyle.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a simple questionnaire as a method for evaluating the health cognition in outpatients with cardiometabolic diseases. Research for this study took the consent of the ethical committees for clinical investigations from three hospitals and it was conducted three times. A simple questionnaire consisted of twelve items, and the Euro QOL and SF8 questionnaires were used to measure the criteria-related validity.
The sample size in the third research was 146. The outpatients were aged 61.8±11.9 years old. Three components were extracted three components from seven items by principle component analysis (quartimax rotation) ; the first component was named "understanding of disease" , the second component was named "physical fatigue" , and the third component was named "intentional control" . The rate of cumulative contribution was 70.926%. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.635 in overall. p<0.001.
This study completed a simple questionnaire to evaluate at quickly and a little burdens to the patient's answer. It is possible to use on nursing in outpatient department which is very busy area in limited work time and very few nurses.

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In this research factors affecting the relationship between nurses and families of patients with cranial nervous disease were studied to find an effective way to support the families. The participants consisted of six nurses. The dates were collected through group interview to examine their relationship with the families. Qualitative and inductive analyses of the results clarified a core category of the affecting factors as "Difficulty in establishing a relationship between nurses and families because of the patients' inability to communicate" including 8 other categories. Perceiving "Families' feelings like those of a drowning man catching at a straw" and "Realizing the importance of a single word" , nurses became too nervous about their words and deeds. Patients' cranial nervous disorder caused "Difficulties in verbal communication with patients" . This affected "Families' unspoken demands to protect patients" , "Difficulties in comprehending patients' exact states" and "Difference in accepting patients' conditions between nurses and families" on the relationship between nurses and families. In spite of nurses' support by "Telling families about patients' states" , "Difficulties in receiving feedback from families" made the nurses feel more difficult to establish relationship with families. The analysis of the categories found the triangle structure consisting of patients, families and nurses. Above all, this study has proved that the nurses' support by "Telling families about patients' states" has significant meaning in consideration of the relationship between nurses and　families of patients.

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The purpose of this study was to obtain suggestions for effective discharge support by clarifying the actual situations of nursing consultations in 1525 cases at a special functioning hospital from February 2002 to March 2007, and comparing the characteristics of those patients who returned home and those who transferred to other medical facilities.
Support rate for inpatients was 86.0%. The average length of stay of patients who received support was 70.1 days, with the average number of days needed for support being some 28.0 days. The utilization of the Long-Term Care Insurance System was most common.
Most of the patients who returned home suffered from malignant tumors, and they needed significantly more coordination of social resources and conferences with caregivers than those who transferred to another medical facility. Most of the patients who transferred to another medical facility suffered from cerebral vascular diseases, and many of them needed to continue with rehabilitation, etc., and they required significantly more contact and coordination with other facilities than those who returned home.
This study suggests that early cooperation between hospital wards, the establishment of a cooperation system, and discharge support from the viewpoint of home care are effective.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between self-efficacy of self-management and life style, physical status and social support in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention. Information on demographic data, life style, physical status such as medication, subjective symptoms and blood test data, self-efficacy and social support was obtained by means of a questionnaire and from the clinical records of the patients. From the results of our analysis, self-efficacy was significantly related to an over 65 years of age, restriction of fat, angina, no subjective symptoms, triglyceride, and social supports from children. It suggested that a nurse should guide each patient to control his/her medical data as a barometer of health status, educate the precaution against a symptom and the treatment for a distress, and intervene to get the patients' family support for them in order to promote self-efficacy.

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This study is one of a series of studies that examine burnout among nurses and its relevance to the organizational climate. It focuses on the head nurse from the viewpoint of the organizational climate. A total of 540 nurses responded to the questionnaires. Factor analysis was used to extract the following two factors: (1) the head nurse's consideration for staff nurses and (2) her positive and challenging attitude to nursing. There was a significant difference with regard to the two subscales on the scale to measure the head nurse as recognized by the wards. The results regarding the experienced age group revealed a mild relation between the two subscales of the head nurse as recognized by the members of her team and the personal achievement of the "mid-level nurse layer." The importance of the head nurse's role in developing the "nurse layer" was also indicated. With regard to the "young nurse layer," the head nurse as recognized by the members of her team was the most affirmatively evaluated aspect of this study. The head nurse's consideration for staff nurses was observed to affect the suppressed depersonalization and emotional exhaustion of the "novice nurse layer."

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The purpose of this study was to presidents at 474 three-year nursing course schools in Japan in order to clarify the actual situation of the contributions made to the community by such schools and 182 schools participated．Sixty percent of the schools held a "school festival" as a community contribution activity in which local residents could participate or students performed. In addition, most schools performed "volunteer activities."
Thirty percent of the presidents responded that they, "have no plans for future community contribution activities," stating such reasons as a "lack of talented persons," and that "current activities are sufficient." Many answered that cooperation with the community is important, but that they were unable to become involved. At schools established more than 30 years ago, teachers performed "consultations for local residents" significantly more often, and the "nursing license examination pass rate" for the past three examinations, "admissions rate," and "percentage of graduates continuing on for higher education" were significantly higher than at schools established less than 30 years ago. The term "community" appeared in the academic principles and educational goals of schools established less than 30 years ago significantly more often than at schools established more than 30 years ago.

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