The objective of this study was to clarify the details of Self-Perceived Burden (SPB), defined as the feeling experienced by patients who believe they are a burden on those caring for them, in cases of patients with terminal cancer and their family caregivers. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 inpatients with terminal cancer in palliative care units who had required home care by their family members prior to hospitalization. The results were examined by content analysis. The SPB of the patients with terminal cancer consisted of "feeling sorry for burdening caregivers unilaterally and not being able to return the favor", "feeling sorry for letting caregivers support their activities or share their responsibilities", "feeling sorry for disrupting family life", "feeling sorry for increasingly burdening caregivers as the cancer progresses and the patient prepares for death" , "concern about exhausting caregivers" and "desire to fulfill family responsibilities at the end of life". The results of this study should deepen the understanding of SPB from the perspective of patients with terminal cancer and support those who provide their care.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a physical activity self-management agency scale that includes cognitive selfmanagement skills, and to examine the usefulness of the scale.
Method: The subjects were 193 students at University A. Scale development involved several phases, including item development, reliability testing, construct validity testing, and criterion-related validity testing. Furthermore, we examined the usefulness of the scale based on the relevancy of universal self-management agency and physical activity self-management agency.
Results: Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the extent to which the physical activity self-management agency scale structure fit the present data. The fit indices were approximately satisfactory (GFI = .955, AGFI = .926, RMSEA = .038). The scale comprises four factors with 11 items. Cronbach's alpha for the total scale score was .865. A significant difference in the scale score was observed with the continuance of exercise. It was also shown that physical activity self-management agency had a greater effect on continuing to exercise than universal self-management agency (β = .319, p < .01).
Conclusion: We developed a physical activity self-management agency scale and confirmed its construct validity, validity by external standards, and reliability. The usefulness of the scale was suggested.

This study was designed to determine the association between support provided by head and vice-head nurses, senior nurses, and their contemporaries at the hospital and clinical nursing competence in recent graduate nurses. An anonymous self-report questionnaire survey was conducted with 141 nurses working at a university hospital at six months and one year after being employed. At six months, there was a weak positive correlation between "introspective support" provided by their contemporaries at the hospital and nurses' clinical nursing competence. At one year, there was a relatively strong positive correlation between "duty support" provided by their contemporaries at the hospital and their clinical nursing competence, and a weak positive correlation between their clinical nursing competence and "introspective support"/ "mental support". Additionally, there was a weak positive correlation between "mental support" provided by the head, vice-head, and senior nurses and clinical nursing competence. The most important factor to enhance clinical nursing competence was sharing their experiences and thoughts in the ward and consulting among their contemporaries at the hospital. Potentially, mental support obtained from head, vice-head, and senior nurses allowed graduate nurses to experience feelings that were accepted in the workplace, which promoted development of their clinical nursing competence.

Objective: This study aimed to clarify the concept of 'personality' in nursing, and examined its applicability to support patients' self-fulfillment.
Methods: Related research papers were extracted using the database Ichushi Web (ver. 5) with the keyword 'personality' , and analyzed using Rodgers' model for concept analysis.
Results: These papers defined 'personality' as follows: an internalized, fundamental trait of an individual, outlining his/her individuality as different from those of others, consistent and essential qualities, and character recognized by others; and a state in which human dignity is protected.
Conclusion: It may be possible to make nursing support for patients' self-fulfillment throughout life more feasible by deepening nurses' understanding of 'personality'. The need to consider patients' physical conditions when providing 'personality' - focused nursing indicates the importance of fully discharging nursing duties. The results also suggested that the consequences of 'personality' are associated with the method nurses use to identify the 'personality' of each patient in care settings.

Nurses who work in hospitals often experience difficulty in coping with older adult patients with dementia. This study aimed to develop e-learning material for nurses in general hospitals on how to communicate and cope with older adult patients with dementia. A particular focus was maintaining the quality of education content. The e-learning material had specific characteristics. The material comprised vivid and realistic case studies that included video and animation. In addition, interaction between nurse and learning material was secured by including in the content a nurse who autonomously identified the mistakes made in the case studies. The e-learning material was provided to 15 nurses. Differences in achievement of four specific learning goals before and after completion of the e-learning material were analyzed statistically. Nurses' feedback reports were analyzed qualitatively. The results of the analysis of the effect of the e-learning material showed that the achievement of each goal was significantly higher after completion of the e-learning material than before ( p<.05). The analysis of the nurses' feedback extracted categories such as "realization of a patient's hidden thoughts" and "successful experience." Targeted e-learning material may be effective in helping nurses learn to communicate and cope with older adult patients with dementia, and the quality of the material could be assured.