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技術と陥穽
初澤 毅
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
335-337
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
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黒澤 富蔵
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
338-341
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
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中山 義則
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
342-344
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
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三隅 伊知子, 権太 聡
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
345-348
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
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八木 明
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
349-352
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
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藤本 俊幸, 小島 勇夫
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
353-356
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
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高谷 裕浩
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
357-360
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
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吉住 恵一, 久保 圭司, 竹内 博之, 半田 宏治, 葛西 孝昭
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
361-366
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
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高 偉
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
367-371
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
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明田川 正人, 高田 孝次
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
372-375
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
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東 正毅, 作原 昌行, 金子 孝信
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
377-381
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
This paper describes a technique which modifies shapes with free-form surfaces using correction functions to the given surface equations. The modification is executed by indicating points or curves through which the shape passes smoothly. A correction function is introduced to define the effect over the whole shape according to the distance along the normal direction of the given surface. The values of the correction function are 1 at the indicated point and 0 at the boundaries, and the shape should be modified to keep the original smoothness. The distance values of the correction functions at the indicated points are determined to satisfy all the given positions by solving linear equations. As for the function for curves, Cardinal spline is used to prevent the oscillation caused by many input points. The correction function for a surface is generated by multiplying two types of functions defined along u and v directions. The same types of correction functions are used in case of points, while the correction functions for the curves, the point fuction is changed across the specified curve according to the parameter values on the curve. The paper also introduces a method for treating a trimmed surface. Smooth free-form surfaces have been obtaind in real time modification. The approximation method of the deformed free-form surface is also presented, which is a fifth degree C
2 spline surface.
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田村 仁, 阿刀 央一, 本多 庸悟
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
382-386
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
For the database of natural texture images, a retrieval method using a texture image itself as a key image of retrieval has been developed. The feature of a texture image cannot always be clearly descried, and a retrieval method, which uses the texture image itself as its retrieval key, seems to be preferable. Based on the reason, a method taking notice of micro-shapes features in texture images has been realized by use of shape-pass filter banks proposed by H.Tamura et al. In the experiments, each of 139 sheets of texture images with 768 x 768 pixels being prepared and divided to nine sheets of equal area, one has been assigned as the key image and the other eight registered to DB for all 139 original images. Feature vectors with nine dimensions are calculated through the filter banks of micro-shapes and registered. At image retrieval, the inner products of the feature vectors of the key image and the registered DB images are calculated, and the images with the value of the inner product of nearly equal to one are selected as to be retrieved. The results of the experiments have shown the effectiveness of the method.
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斉藤 文彦, 寺澤 仁
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
387-391
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
This paper proposes a method to extract symmetrical axes of industrial components that have the two-dimensional symmetrical form in an objective image. When a pair of edge pixels is supposed to be the symmetrical points by the relative location and edge directions, the Combinational Hough Transform is applied to extract symmetrical axes. The experimental results show that symmetrical axes of industrial components are extracted successfully by the proposed method. The averaged processing time to extract symmetrical axes was 1.13 second that was reduced 72% in comparison with by using the conventional method The proposed method can be applied to various industrial image applications such as alignment, measurement and inspection of symmetrical components.
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郭 志徹, 高増 潔, 山本 明弘, 和田 智之, 洲之内 啓, 加瀬 究, 田代 英夫
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
392-396
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
A highly accurate, non-destructive and high speeding surface profile measuring system based on wavelength scanning interferometry has been developed. Main components of this system include a compact interferometer based on Michelson interferometry, an electronically tuned Ti: Sapphire laser for wide range wavelength scanning, and a high speeding multi-port CCD camera functioning as a detector. Prior researches have provided evidence that this system is able to measure the surface of an object for a 5×2.5 mm
2 area up to a measurement range of 1.5 mm within 4 seconds. In addition, the data processing procedures are used to reduce noise and interpolate signal, which improves the depth resolution to the degree of less then 3 μm. The accuracy of the measurement of wavelength scanning interferometry is directly influenced by the scanning accuracy of wavelength. This study investigates the accuracy of wavelength scanning by employing two methods that are designed for calibrating systematic error. The experimental results are used to evaluate the performance of the two calibrating methods.
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ゴルフスイングを表現する評価モデルの構築
芝田 京子, 原川 哲美, 川口 忠雄
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
397-402
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
The purpose of this study is to propose brand-new 2-dimentional model to estimate golfer's swing motion. This model was constructed to take singular value decomposition and prototype with approximative polygon to the typical points of a body picked up a series of 2-dimentional photographs. Usually, many results of analysis by using 3-dimentional method are reported. There is no discussion about relationship between the results of 2-dimentional method and 3-dimentional method. Further more, there is no information about superiority of 2-dimentional method. According to this study the following results were obtained. The relationship between actual golfer's swing motion and whole rhythm represented by the combined motions of each body joint has been solved with singular value decomposition. And 2-dimentional prototype cleared how to use each body joint. As a result, 2-dimentional method threw light on difficult problem to reproduce the golfer's swing motion.
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機構の設計と基本動作
淵脇 大海, 庄司 裕一, Trevai CHOMCHANA, 青山 尚之
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
403-407
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
In this paper, we describe design and control of the newly developed versatile micro robot which can be applied to microscopes. In order to provide microscopic manipulation, the unique locomotion mechanism which is composed of four piezo elements and two electromagnets is proposed. Here two legs arranged on cross each other are connected by four piezo elements so that it can move in any directions, i.e. in X and Y directions as well as rotate at the specified point precisely with the manner of inch worm. Moreover the combination of particular wave forms for piezo elements can provide "arc trajectory with facing center", that is important for the micro manipulator to keep its tip end within the microscopic area. In the primary experiments, several performances such as motion accuracy, reliability and precise dexterity are checked by the CCD camera based microscope image tracker. The design procedure, basic performance and biomedical application of this tiny robot also are discussed to open the new field for micro-robotics in precision region.
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傾斜切削プロセスの理解とベクトルによる定式化
社本 英二
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
408-414
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
Mechanics of oblique cutting are discussed in the present paper in order to understand the basics of the practical three dimensional cutting processes such as turning, drilling and milling. Misconception of the effective rake angle, which has been widely accepted for many years, is pointed out, and a simple way of understanding the basic oblique cutting process is introduced. Furthermore, the oblique cutting process is newly formulated with vector equations by employing the thin shear plane model in order to easily understand and quickly simulate the process and to model more complicated three dimensional cutting processes in the future. Two equations among three unknown vectors, which show the directions of shear, chip flow and resultant cutting force, are derived from the geometric relations of velocities and forces. The last equation required to solve the three unknown vectors is obtained by applying either the maximum shear stress or the minimum energy principle. It is shown that the directions and the cutting forces simulated by solving the proposed vector equations are in good agreement with the published experimental data, and that well known empirical rules on the oblique cutting process, e.g. Stabler's chip flow rule, can be explained without any calculation by utilizing the proposed analytical model.
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羽生 博之, 小田木 寛, 村上 良彦, 神谷 庄司, 坂 真澄
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
415-419
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
Recently, due to the increasing amount of aluminum machined in the automobile industry, there has arisen a corresponding need for tools to perform efficient and effective aluminum processing. For the machining of aluminum alloy that contains a large amount of silicon, highly wear-resistant cutting tools such as diamond coated ones are needed. Because high silicon aluminum alloy contains silicon particles dispersed in the matrix of aluminum, which quickly wear the tools. However, diamond coatings on cutting edges are easily broken off by the mechanical collision against the particles. Under anew concept of reducing the stress in diamond coatings on cutting edges, we tried to optimize the construction of coated drills by changing the shape of cutting edges and coating thickness. Shape of thinning and helix angle were selected as the parameters to optimize the shape of drills. The drills with negative angel of thinning and 20 degree helix angle showed the best performance including durability. By putting together the results above, the diamond-coated drills with optimized structure were newly developed. Their performance appeared to be satisfactory in cutting high silicon aluminum alloy from 12 to 23% silicon content.
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長坂 一徳, 山川 あす香, 山路 伊和夫, 中川 平三郎, 廣垣 俊樹, 垣野 義昭, 喜田 義宏, 市橋 秀友
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
420-424
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
In cutting hardened die steel with carbide end mill, the criterion for judging a tool failure are divided broadly into three categories, that is, wear, chipping or breakage. Among them, the prediction of the tool failure caused by wear is relatively easy, but it is difficult to estimate the tool failure caused by the remaining two. Thus it is desirable to select the cutting conditions which lead a tool failure caused by the wear. In this study a mathematical model for predicting the tool failure patterns is identified by applying simultaneous approach to fuzzy cluster, principal components and multiple regression analysis. In the approach the kind of machine, spindle speed, feed, radial depth of cut, axial depth of cut, free length and run out are chosen as predictor variables from the tool failure tests using carbide radius end mill, and the tool failure patterns (wear, chipping and breakage) as response variables. As the results, three clusters are obtained and from each cluster input variables affecting the tool failure patterns are extracted. According to the approach it is possible to predict the tool failure patterns and to select the cutting conditions leading to the tool failure caused by wear.
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残留応力解放機構の解明
田村 武夫, 小林 禎将
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
425-429
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
The method of laser surface modification with melting has been proposed for surface modification of electrical discharge machined surfaces. This method can eliminate defects, such as cracks and micro-craters, by melting and solidifying heat-affected zones using a laser beam. However, the tensile stress, which ranges from 550MPa to 850MPa, is retained in the laser-irradiated surface, and residual stress can be removed by aging treatment. In this study, the residual stress relief mechanism was experimentally examined, and the following results were obtained. The tensile residual stress on the laser-treated material is removed due to the reason that the retained austenite structure is transformed into a martensite one. This transformation is achieved by precipitating the carbides at the grain boundaries. The relationship between the aging temperature and aging time was experimentally determined when the residual stress on the laser-treated material was removed by aging treatment. It was found that the residual stress on the laser-treated material can be removed after a short time of 5 minutes by performing aging treatment at 600°C.
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上田 隆司, 荻野 健太朗, 山田 啓司, 細川 晃, 佐藤 昌彦
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
430-434
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
The water-solution type coolant is used instead of ordinary. oil type coolant and the effect of the coolant on the finishing is investigated experimentally. As work materials, titanium, titanium alloies and Ni-based alloy are used. Electrolytic in-process dressing is employed to promote the ability of metal removal because the water-solution type coolant is inferior to that of oil type one in the permeability. The specific cutting energy k
s of these materials are compared with k
s of a bearing steel in order to evaluate the machinability of the work materials. The results obtained are as follows. The superfinishing opera-tion using a water-solution type coolant is the effective method to finish the surface of these difficult-to-cut materials when the electrolytic in-process dressing is applied together. The suitable conditions in electrolytic dressing for each work material are obtained, and the titanium which has the highest adhesive property needs the strongest electrolysis among the work materials used in this study. The electrolytic-in-process dressing makes it possible to maintain the cutting ability of the finer grain size stone for a long time, and to obtain the mirror surface of Incoloy 800 with #8000 SD diamond stone.
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藤田 純, 濱村 実, 斯波 和広, 垣野 義昭, 松原 厚, 大脇 悟史
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
435-440
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
In this paper, the influence of guide mechanism on the contouring errors of circular interpolation motion in the NC machine tools is analyzed theoretically. In order to analyze the errors at the quadrant changes, a dynamical model of a feed drive is proposed. The model can deal with linear rolling guide way, sliding guide way and sliding guide way with influence of wiper seal. By using the model the equations that describe motion of ballscrew or motion of slide table after the quadrant changing position are derived. Calculating the motion, the relation between characteristics of guide mechanism and contouring errors such as stick motion or lost motion is clarified. Some motion tests are conducted, and the measured motions coincide with the calculated motions fairly well.
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開ループ制御による楕円形状加工の実現
市田 良夫, 森本 喜隆, 佐藤 隆之介, 片瀬 広樹
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
441-445
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
A new non-circle turning machine has been developed to obtain the oval profile which is required as the cross sectional profile of automobile piston. In this machine, an original displacement enlargement mechanism that vibrates synchronizing with spindle rotation of an NC lathe is adapted. This mechanism is driven by PZT electric device, which has not enough elongation originally, exciting the representative point of the beam support on the tool base. The resonant frequency is designed the twice of fundamental rotation frequency so that the target profile is machined as oval one. The ordinary pistons are machined by copy lathe. The maximum revolution seldom exceeds 800rpm because of the limitation of dynamic characteristics depending on stylus follower. There are various NC lathes equipped additional axis and/or linear motor to solve this problem. These kinds of machine are not suitable for mass-production but these should be used for flexible manufacturing. Although the developed turning lathe machine is so simple that only the specific spindle revolution is acceptable, this machine is the most suitable for mass-production. Experimental turning machining results showed the profile deviations for various oval targets settled within ±2.0μm compared with the conventional profile tolerance of 10μm.
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創成運動修正機構を用いた場合
楊 榮松, 久米原 宏之, 根津 紀久雄
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
446-450
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
With the machine setting parameters given, this paper presents a solution to theoretical tooth flanks of hypoid gears manufactured by using a generating motion modification roll. When a pinion is cut separately, a rotation angle is set relative to the blank. And in this study a tooth contact analysis of gear's convex and concave tooth flanks is carried out to determine this angle, from which the position of the pinion's concave surface relative to its convex surface is derived. Furthermore, an accurate geometrical modeling can be achieved from this tooth contact analysis. Solid modeling of hypoid gears is given, and MSC/PATRAN is utilized to analyze the instantaneous three dimensional stress and deformation fields during meshing process of hypoid gears. It is found that the high accuracy of analysis on solid model under the condition of tooth contact is obtained by the method proposed in this paper.
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芦 毅, 竹内 芳美, 三ッ森 学, 高橋 一郎, 加瀬 究, 安斎 正博
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
451-455
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
End mills are widely used in various machining. Especially, ball end mills are in the widest use to create a variety of curved surfaces. In recent years, high speed milling has been gradually utilized in the light of machining efficiency. It is due to the development of machine tools with high speed and high accuracy, together with the advance of CNC. However, tool wear and breakage are becoming conspicuous with high speed milling. Thus, demands for tools suitable for high speed milling are rapidly increasing. In this study, four kinds of ball end mills were designed and fabricated by means of a tool grinding CAD/CAM system developed by ourselves. As a result, it is found that ball end mills with negative helix angle and negative rake angle are superior to the others from high speed cutting experiments.
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山内 和人, 稲垣 耕司, 三村 秀和, 杉山 和久, 広瀬 喜久治, 森 勇藏
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
456-460
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
Machining mechanism of EEM (Elastic Emission Machining) is investigated in the atomic level by employing first-principles molecular-dynamics simulations. Experimental results have suggested that removal of surface atom occurs through a surface chemical reaction between work and powder surfaces. This reaction is explained that powder particle chemisorbs on work surface capturing a work surface atom, and the powder is succeedingly separated removing the atom from work. In this paper, we analyze this separation process by computer simulation, where the work is taken to be silicon (001) ideal surface and the powder particle is SiO
2 and zRO
2 This analysis shows the following results. Firstly, the machining can occur in the unit of atom without introducing any defect around the machined atom. Secondly, machinability dependency on powder-material consists with experimental results. Finally, weakening of back bonds of machined atom is clarified by the density of state analysis.
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装置構造と基本研磨特性
宇根 篤暢, 大保 誠司, 餅田 正秋
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
461-465
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
ULSI devices, which consist of fine patterns of less than 0.1 μm, require a large silicon wafer having a site flatness better than 0.1 μm/30mm. We have developed an oscillation-speed-control-type sequential grinding and polishing machine, which can accurately polish a 12-inch wafer to less than 0.3 μm in flatness by measuring wafer profile on machine after highly accurate grinding. This paper describes the structure and motion accuracies of the machine, the basic polishing characteristics, and the polishing profiles at uniform oscillation speed. Pressure and stock removal increase in the periphery of a wafer when the tool overhangs from the wafer. They agreed with the theoretical results. Super-high flatness of less than 0.2 μm over the entire surface was achieved by adjusting the oscillation range at a uniform oscillation speed. This result is consistent with a simulation corrected on the basis of an experimental result that shows that stock removal saturates with the increase of relative velocity.
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試料厚さが変形特性に及ぼす影響
宇野 義幸, 岡本 康寛, 柴田 隆義, 大久保 雅史, 難波 義治
2002 年 68 巻 3 号 p.
466-471
発行日: 2002/03/05
公開日: 2009/04/10
ジャーナル
フリー
In this study, the effect of specimen thickness on machining characteristics and deformation mechanism of laser forming for plastic material with YAG laser were made clear by the experimental analysis. Each specimen with different thickness can be bent to 90 degrees under proper machining conditions. The optimum laser power, in which bending angle takes a maximum under the same feed condition, increases with an increase of specimen thickness. In the case of thick specimen, the deformation occurs without a delay between the beginning point and the end one of irradiation just after finishing of laser scan. On the other hand, thin specimen is deformed from the beginning point of irradiation during laser scan at a small number of laser scan, since the rigidity of thin specimen is lower compared to that of thick specimen. Consequently, the bending angle per one laser scan is small in the case of thin specimen. However, the bending angle per one laser scan becomes larger at a large number of laser scan. Because it is considered that the increase of rigidity of specimen leads to the stable deformation, since the hardness of irradiated area increases with an increase of laser irradiation.
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