Car- and ride-sharing services being increasingly used around the world have the potential to promote the diffusion of electric vehicles. Therefore, it is important to estimate environmental load changes resulting from the diffusions of car- and ride-sharing services and electric vehicles throughout vehicle life cycles. In this study, we propose a life cycle simulation (LCS) method that focuses on the diffusions of sharing services and electric vehicles. Car- and ride-sharing services diffusion influences the travel demand and changes the total number of manufactured vehicles. On the other hand, the diffusion of electric vehicles depends on policies of a targeted area and increases the number of manufactured electric vehicles. The proposal LCS method includes two-stage allocation mechanism to integrate the effects of these two types of diffusion. The results of a case study show that this method is able to handle the integrated effects of these two diffusions.

The solid-state ion exchange method enables to dope metal ions to alkali-containing glass surfaces. When silver is used as a dopant material, a silver precipitation layer is formed in the silver-doped area by additive voltage application. Because of the high electrical conductivity, the precipitation layer can be used as an internal wiring in a glass substrate. In this study, we tried to form bilayer wiring in a glass substrate. For the bilayer precipitation, two silver-doped areas are necessary to be separated by a silver-undoped area. Therefore, silver, sodium and silver ions were sequentially doped to a borosilicate glass surface. To prevent silver ions being mixed into the sodium-doped area, the diffusion behaviors of two ionic species were numerically analyzed. The temperature dependences of their diffusion coefficients were also determined by comparing experimental and numerical results carried out under various temperature conditions. Calculated results showed that low temperature doping of sodium ions to silver-doped area is preferable. By adopting suggested conditions, the formation of electrically-insulated two silver precipitation layer was achieved.