To clarify the detailed features of the red bengala samples excavated from the Shimo-ohgibaru archaeological site in the late Yayoi period (2
nd to 3
rd century A.D.) from the viewpoint of materials science, colorimetric measurements, X-ray fluorescence analyses, X-ray diffraction measurements, transmission electron microscope observations, and surface area measurements of the ancient bengala samples were achieved. The ancient bengala sample was found to be high purity
α - Fe
2O
3. The features of the color tone and particle size of the ancient bengala were clarified by comparing with those of commercially available bengala, Fukiya bengala, and synthesized
α-Fe
2O
3. In addition, the starting materials and synthesis processes of the ancient bengala were discussed by applying the elutriation experiments of representative natural hematite and heat-treated natural iron hydroxide (Oniita).
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