A new xiphydriid woodwasp, Hyperxiphia ogasawara Shinohara, n. sp., is described and illustrated from the male specimens from Haha-jima Island, Ogasawara Islands. The new species is separated from the other congeners by its peculiar color pattern. This is the first distribution record of the family Xiphydriidae from the Ogasawara Islands and the second record of the Symphyta from the islands, after Orussus boninensis Yasumatsu, 1954 (Orussidae).

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The larvae of Arge nipponensis and A. mali are briefly described and illustrated and their life histories are outlined, mainly based on the material and information obtained from rearing experiments conducted between 2006 and 2012. Both are multivoltine and monophagous species with solitary and cryptic late instar larvae.

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Corrugia formosana (Rohwer, 1916) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) is newly recorded from Miyako-jima Island. This is the second species of sawfly recorded from the island.

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A new species, Hydraena (Hydraenopsis) kandai sp. nov., is described from Yakushima Island and the Ôsumi Peninsula in southern Kyushu, Japan. The type locality is Yakushima-chô on Yakushima Island. This new species inhabits mountain streams. Hydraena kandai sp. nov. resembles H. victoriae Jäch & Díaz, 1999, including in the morphology of the aedeagus, and belongs to the H. porcula lineage. The known distribution of this new species is the northernmost within this lineage.

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Pseudolotelus ogasawarensis Nakane, 1991, previously considered as an endemic species of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan, was determined to be a junior synonym of the widely distributed Ariotus lemoulti (Pic, 1909). The Japanese specimens are illustrated, with additional distribution records and ecological information provided.

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New information on immatuer stages, host plants and life histories is given for the following 19 Japanese species: Cimbicidae: Abia lewisii Cameron, 1887, A. japonica Cameron, 1887, A. sachalinensis Takeuchi, 1931; Tenthredinidae, Allantinae: Allantus rhododendri Togashi, 2003, Asiemphytus albilabris (Takeuchi, 1929), Empria honshuana Prous & Heidemaa, 2011, Eriocampa albipes Matsumura, 1912; Nematinae: Nematus inornatus (Takeuchi, 1936), N. kondoi (Togashi, 2007), N. princeps Zaddach, 1876; Selandriinae: Aneugmenus kiotonis Takeuchi, 1929, Dolerus armillatus Konow, 1896, D. flavopictus Matsumura, 1912, D. japonicus Kirby, 1882, Strongylogaster blechni Takeuchi, 1929; Tenthredininae: Rhogogaster nigriventris Malaise, 1931, Tenthredo hilaris Smith, 1874, T. matsumurai (Takeuchi, 1933), T. mitsuhashii (Matsumura, 1912).

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The larvae of the following 11 Japanese species of the Diprionidae (Hymenoptera) are figured and briefly described: Gilpinia albiclavata Hara, 2015, G. amamiana Okutani, 1965, G. hakonensis (Matsumura, 1912), G. kojimai Hara & Shinohara, 2015, G. nigra Okutani, 1958, Microdiprion hakusanus Togashi, 1970, Monoctenus nipponicus Takeuchi, 1940, Nesodiprion flavipes Hara & Smith, 2015, N. kojimai Hara & Smith, 2015, N. shinoharai Togashi, 1998 and N. tsugae Togashi, 2001. The larvae of 10 of these species are described for the first time. New host plant records are given for Gilpinia amamiana, G. hakonensis, G. nigra and Nesodiprion kojimai. Notes on the oviposition and larval habits of these 11 species are also given.

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Isoclerus parallelus is additionally described based on terminal parts and the biological note is mentioned.

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Newly recorded two antlion species from Tanegashima Island, Japan, were identified as Myrmeleon punctinervis Banks, 1937 and Synclisis kawaii (Nakahara, 1913) based on their larval and adult morphology and DNA barcoding. The larvae and adults of S. kawaii were redescribed and compared with those of Synclisis japonica (Hagen, 1866).

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Platypelochares latimargo Champion, 1923 is recorded from Nepal for the first time.

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A new species of the genus Monsoma MacGillivray, M. atrum sp. nov. is described from Honshu, Japan. A key to females of world species is also provided.

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Thelaxes suberi, a non-native species in Japan, is newly recorded from Kanagawa and Osaka Prefectures. The latter represents the first record in Kinki district. Quercus acutissima and Crematogaster matsumurai are recorded for the first time as its host plant and attending ant in Japan and world. The paper also briefly describes its nymphal morphology and provides an identification guide of T. suberi and Kurisakia querciphila the most confusing species in Japan. Moreover, we report the seasonal effect on the phenotypic plasticity, especially body length, of adult T. suberi.

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The aphid Dermaphis autumna (Monzen) (Hormaphidinae: Nipponaphidini) forms small cone-shaped galls on leaves of the evergreen Distylium racemosum in Japan. Alates emerging from the galls are sexuparae and produce sexuals on the host tree from early winter onwards. Unlike those of other nipponaphidines, the adult male of the species has a bizarre knob-like protrusion on the frons. Our laboratory experiments revealed that the male uses the knob-like protrusion to push a rival male off on the back of a female. It was also shown that first-instar males of Dermaphis autumna develop into the adult stage after two molts without taking food, and that first-instar females have long stylets accompanied by a long flagelliform labrum and feed on twigs of the host tree to mature into adults. The adults and first-instar nymphs of both sexes are described.

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A male Neohirasea japonica (de Haan, 1842) is recorded from Kyushu Island, Japan for the first time. The specimen was collected in Itoshima-shi, Fukuoka Prefecture. We reviewed previous records of the male of this species in Japan. Despite the absence of detailed specimen data, our findings revealed that the earliest record of male N. japonica dates back to 1932. The newly collected specimen reported in this study represents the eighth recorded instance and the eleventh individual of a male N. japonica documented in Japan.

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Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) was recorded from Iriomote Island, Okinawa, Japan, as the first record of this species from the Yaeyama Islands and the island itself. A review of the extant literature and citizen science records suggests that Taiwan may be a possible source of the species on Iriomote Island, as either an early invasion stage or an accidental arrival. However the possibility of three distinct introduction routes, from mainland Japan (Honshu or Kyushu), Okinawa Island, or Taiwan, of human-mediated or natural dispersal could not be ruled out. On Okinawa Island, the species might be rapidly expanding from the northern area of the island. Since the initial invasion 16 years ago, the species has spread to nearly all regions in Japan, indicating that it might have passed the early stages of invasion, although its multiple origins remain possible.

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A new species, Zaitzeviaria gifu sp. nov., is described from Gifu-shi, Gifu Prefecture, Honshu, Japan. It is closely related to Zaitzeviaria gotoi (Nomura, 1958). The new species is characterized by developed sclerites on the endophallus. A revised key to species and check list of the Japanese members of the genus are given.

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A new species, Limnebius miyazakii is described from Fukushima, Miyagi, Niigata and Saitama Prefectures, east Honshu, Japan. This new species is easily distinguished from the known species by its large body size and distinctive aedeagus morphology. This genus added the new species, bringing the total to four.

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A new Lepidocaulinus species from Thailand is described under the name of L. maehongsonensis sp. nov.

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Two species of the predaceous midges of the genus Allohelea Kieffer, 1917, A. tokunagai (Remm, 1993) and A. zherihhini (Remm, 1993), are newly recorded from Japan. Female of A. zherihhini is described with key to Japanese species of Allohelea.

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Callimerus okinawanus is synonymized with Callimerus prasinatus. Callimerus taiwanus is newly recorded from Ishigaki-jima and Iriomote-jima, Okinawa Pref., Japan. Diagnostic characters and male and female genitalia of two species are described based on the type series and additional materials. Callimerus prasinatus is also recorded from Kotakara-jima, Kagoshima Pref. for the first time.

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Two new species, Spinoza yoshidai sp. nov. from Japan and Spinoza suenagai sp. nov. from Laos are described. A key to the species of the genus Spinoza is given.

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Japanese species of the genus Opacifrons Duda are studied, and 4 species are recorded. This genus is recorded from Japan for the first time.

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A new species of the lucioline genus Curtos from the Tokara Group and the Amami Islands, located in the northern to central Ryukyus, is described under the name satsunanus, based on both adult and larval characteristics. In Japan, Curtos costipennis (Gorham, 1880), originally described from China, is found in the Miyako and the Yaeyama Islands in the southwestern Ryukyus. This species has been considered to be geographically isolated in these two island groups from the northern Ryukyus (including the Tokara Group and the Amami Islands) by C. okinawanus Matsumura, 1918, which occurs in the Okinawa Islands of the central Ryukyus. The new species corresponds to the northern populations previously regarded as C. costipennis. Although its general appearance closely resembles that of C. costipennis from the southwestern Ryukyus, differences in body size and certain morphological characteristics, including the shape of the male genitalia and variation among island populations, were recognized. As a result, the population from Amami-Ôshima Island is designated as the nominotypical subspecies satsunanus, while those from the Tokara Group and Tokuno-shima Island are described as the subspecies tokarensis and tokunoshimensis, respectively. Additionally, the larval stage is described based on specimens from Amami-Ôshima Island. The external characteristics of the larval stage, including their markings, are clearly distinct from those of C. okinawanus and C. costipennis found in the Ryukyus, southwestern Japan.

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Type specimens of Choragus and Melanopsacus described by Johraku (1953), Morimoto (1978), Senoh (1984) and Shibata (1984, 1987) are examined. The following taxonomic treatments are conducted: C. konishii Shibata, 1987 is synonymized with C. malus Johraku, 1953, and M. inaequalis Shibata, 1984 is synonymized with M. makiharai Morimoto, 1978. The photographs of holotypes of C. malus, C. konishii, C. velutinus, M. elongatus, M. inaequalis, and M. punctatus are shown for the first time.

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Glabrinotropis Frieser, 1981 is synonymized with Cisanthribus Zimmerman, 1938. Cisanthribus nakanei Morimoto, 1986 is also synonymized with C. chinensis (Frieser, 1981), comb. nov. This species is newly recorded from Taiwan. Livistona chinensis (Arecaceae) is reported as the first host plant of this species.

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We re-examined two morphologically similar species from Japan: Laccophilus lewisius Sharp, 1873, and L. shinobi Yanagi & Akita, 2021. A comparison of the type series of L. shinobi with specimens of L. lewisius revealed that they were almost indistinguishable based on the median lobe, which was originally described as the distinguishing feature. Based on the photographs of instar III larvae taken at the type locality, our examination indicated that the pronotum shape—used to identify instar III larvae— was consistent between the two species. Furthermore, molecular analysis failed to differentiate between the two species. Given these findings, we propose that Laccophilus shinobi Yanagi & Akita, 2021, is a junior synonym of Laccophilus lewisius Sharp, 1873 (syn. nov.)

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In this study, we describe the macropterous forms of Nocticola uenoi uenoi Asahina, 1974 and Nocticola uenoi kikaiensis Asahina, 1974, which have previously not been described in detail, and describe a new species in the genus Nocticola umedai sp. nov. Yanagisawa & Ohgita, collected in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Two forms of this species were identified, namely, a yellowish macropterous form with yellow body color and reduced compound eyes, and a brownish macropterous form with brown body color and developed compound eyes. The yellowish macropterous form can be distinguished from similar species with respect to 1) development of both tegmina and wings of male; 2) L4C long and hook-like; 3) L1 left posterior corner long and spine-like with corrugated and right side with rounded square base and long spine extending from posterior margin, whereas the brownish macropterous form 1) sharply pointed L4C apex; 2) supraanal plate close to quadrangle; 3) subgenital plate asymmetrical; 4) L1 with long projections on either side. We also provided an updated version of the key to macropterous Nocticola previously presented by Lucañas and Maosheng (2023).

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Shimomuraia watarui N. Ohbayashi & Niisato, sp. nov. is described from Lombok Island, Indonesia, representing the fourth species of this endemic genus of Wallacea. It is the first member of the subfamily Lepturinae to be recorded from Lombok Island.

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Three taxa of subterranean Hyphydrini (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) are described from Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan. Matsuyamahydrus shigenobuensis gen. et sp. nov., discovered in the Shigenobu-gawa River system in Matsuyama City, is described as a new genus and species based on its distinctive morphological features. And, Dimitshydrus kunomurafluvialis sp. nov. is described from the Kunomura-gawa River in Uwajima City.

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Two new species of subterranean Noteridae belonging to the genus Phreatodytes are described from Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan. The first species, Phreatodytes shiki sp. nov., was found in driven wells at around the Shigenobu-gawa River system in Matsuyama City. The second species, Phreatodytes masumotoi sp. nov., was discovered in driven well at around the Kunomura-gawa River in Uwajima City.

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A new species Perisphaerus horaianus sp. nov. is described based on specimens collected from Japan and Taiwan. Females of this species are distinguished from similar species primarily by the following diagnostic characters: 1) the anterior surface of the head generally unicolor, dark reddish brown in upper half and darkening to black in lower half; 2) interocular distance approximately half the distance between antennal sockets; 3) basal half to two-thirds of the coxal grooves on mid- and hind coxae black, distal portion light brown; and 4) abdominal pit formula 0-3-3-3-3. Phylogenetic analyses using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods from datasets concatenated from two mitochondrial markers (COX1 and COX2) strongly supported the monophyly of P. horaianus sp. nov., which has a 10.9%–13.2% (K2P) COX1 divergence from P. pygmaeus. Additionally, the female of P. pygmaeus is redescribed, and the female syntype is designated as the lectotype of the species.

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This study reports the results of a 2016–2017 survey on the distribution of the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius), across all seven inhabited islands in the Tokara Islands, southern Japan. The weevil was found on all surveyed islands, mainly utilizing wild Convolvulaceae plants as hosts due to the lack of sweet potato fields. Clear differences in the occurrence status of C. formicarius were observed among the seven islands, depending on the distribution of wild host plants. The weevil was commonly found on Suwanosejima, Kodakarajima, and Takarajima islands, where wild host plants were abundant. In contrast, it was only slightly present on Kuchinoshima, Nakanoshima, Tairajima, and Akusekijima islands, where wild host plants were rare, primarily due to feeding damage by feral goat. These findings suggest that Suwanosejima, Kodakarajima, and Takarajima islands pose a relatively high risk of serving as the invasion source, as the weevil could be unintentionally transported by a regular passenger and cargo ferry. Therefore, to mitigate the risk of its spread into mainland Kyushu from the Tokara Islands, it is necessary to eliminate wild host plants growing in and around ferry ports, particularly on the three islands.

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A tiny aquatic insect, Rhagovelia sumatrensis Lundblad, 1933 (Heteroptera: Veliidae), is reported from Japan for the first time, based on specimens including a macropterous individual collected from Yonaguni-jima Island, Okinawa Prefecture.

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