三種の50キロ級厚板耐候性高張力鋼板を用いて四型式のy開先拘束割れ試験を実施し,主にルート割れについて検討した結果以下のような結論を得た.
(1)拘束割れ試験片の拘束係数K₀は,試験片の拘束状態で定まる修正係数aとスリット部の長さおよびそこで溶接部のしめる位置などで定まる無限板での拘束係数Kとの積
K₀=a・K
で求められるということが明らかとなった.この式によって本実験における各形式の試験片の拘束係数を求あてみると,JIS Z 3158試験片(S型)がはるかに大きく2スリット式の鉄研割れ試験片より小型のもの(K型),鉄研式割れ試験片(T型),S型試験片より拘束ビード部の短かい試験片(SS型)と順次小さくなるということがほぼ定量的に明らかとなり,各鋼材の割れ発生の限界拘束度が求められた.またこの限界拘束度曲線からルート割れ発生温度_RT₀は,ある範囲内(本実験では拘束度<2400kg/mm・mm)の拘束度では余り変わらないが,拘束度がそれ以上になると急激に高温側に移る傾向があるということも明らかとなった.
(2)50キロ級耐候性鋼材の割れ感受性は厚板の場合でも,SM50材とほぼ同程度と考えてもよかろう。
(3)ルート割れ率はJIS Z 3158の算出法によっても,じゆう分精度よく求めうるということが確認された.

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The pulsating tensile fatigue tests have been carried out on the butt welded specimens using a Vibrophore fatigue testing machine. The microscopic examintion of these specimens has revealed the presence of small notches or grooves which have a sharp root radius and exist mostly at the periphery of the deposited metal near the welded toe. In any case, fatigue crack is initiated at these notches which are exceedingly small, not more than 0.03 mm in root radius and less than 0.1 mm in depth.
In case of fatigue cracking at the periphery of the deposited metal, the smaller the root radius and the deeper the notch, the shorter becomes the fatigue life. Therefore fatigue strength increases as the periphery of the deposited metal becomes very smooth and the root radius of the nocthes becomes large, even if an undercut may be present. The fact that the fatigue strengths of welded materials with different static strengths show nearly similar values can be explained by the presence of such a sharp notch and not by the marcoscopic notch effect. Besides the marcoscopic stress concentration due to the geometrical effect of the welded toe, another microscopic stress concentration caused by these small notches has been confirmed, and such notches influence the fatigue strength of welded specimen.
A conspicuous improvement of the fatigue strength of the welded joints can be attained if the welded toe and the periphery of the deposited metal in the vicinity of the toe are smoothed by some method of welding or post treatment after welding.

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In the welded joint, chemical composition and structure of weld metal or heat-affected zone which is adjacent to it are different from those of parent metal. Hence, the mechanical properties, for example stress-strain relation, of the welded joints must also be different from those of parent metal and change continuously. In this way, considering macroscopically, the welded joints are not homogeneous nor isotropic. Concerning such welded joints which are heterogeneous, it matters a great deal to investigate their strength and ductility. The welded joints are fundamentally idealized as models which are joints consisting solely of parent metal and a soft or hard interlayer. By "soft interlayer" is meant apart of welded joint in which yield point is lower than that of parent metal.
In the present report, such model specimens were made by flash butt welding. The parent metal was grade S35C, the soft interlayer grade S10C. The specimens were given post-weld heat treatment (850°C×10 min. water quenching and 500°C×30 min. tempering) to cause an abrupt change of the mechanical properties between parent metals and soft interlayer. Static tensile test was made for four kinds of specimen diameter, 3, 6, 10 and 15 mm, at room temperature.
In the joints including a soft interlayer under tension, plastic flow will begin at first in the parts of a soft interlayer. The transverse plastic flow of interlayer at the contact surfaces and the neighbouring zone will be held in check by the stronger parent metal, and the interlayer will be in a triaxial stress state analogous to that in the neck of tension specimen. The triaxiality will be severe with a decrease in the thickness of soft interlayer. The ultimate tensile strength of the joints exceeds that of the material of interlayer, if the values of thickness of interlayer are sufficiently low. The present paper describes theoretical and experimental investigations on the effect of thickness of a soft interlayer or specimen diameter on mechanical properties of welded specimens under static tension. The results obtained are as follows.
(1) The yeild stress, ultimate tensile strength, plastic constraint factor and reduction in area of the welded joint including a soft interlayer are represented as functions of the relative thickness X, or the ratio of thickness of soft interlayer to specimen diameter, regardless of the specimen diameter.
(2) The yield stress and ultimate tensile strength increase and the elongation and reduction in area decrease as the relative thickness decreases. Fracture mode becomes brittle for a sufficiently small value of X, although the material of interlayer possesses high ductility under unidirectional tension at room temperature.
(3) The test results on ultimate tensile strength agree with the results of the authors' theoretical analysis for a comparatively large value of X.

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The intensity of restraint will be one of the, important factors in weld cracking. It has been recently reported that the critical intensity of restraint Kcr for given materials and welding conditions can be obtained from the RRC-test results and that the occurrence of weld cracks in the actual weld joints may be estimated by the comparison of the Kcr-value with the intensity of restraint K of actual weld joint. Evaluation of the K-value for actual weld joints will be of practical importance.
The present paper deals with the evaluation of the K-value for the weld joints as shown in Figs. I (b) (c). In the evaluation were considered elastic and plastic deformations in fillet welds produced by restraint forts which were not taken into consideration in the investigation by Terao, et al..
Theoretical analysis revealed that the K-values are influenced by the factors such as the size of fillet weld or total throat depth a, welding heat input Q and uncompleted weld length 2 d. The K-value decreasee with an increase of Q (See Figs. 7thru9.) and increases with an increase of a and a decrease of d. No remarkable increase of the K-value is observed with a decrease of G as the result of plastic deformations of fillet welds. Examples calculated for sevral conditions are shown in Figs. 11, 12, 14.

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以上軟鋼板の点溶接におけるメッキ金属の影響について行なった実験の結果を要約すると次のとおりである.
(1)軟鋼板にほどこしたメッキ金属の種類により,その点溶接条件は著しく異なる.所要熱入力は錫,銅,ニッケル,裸,クロムメッキ鋼板の順で小さく,溶接条件範囲は裸鋼板,錫,銅メッキ鋼板はほぼ同じで広く,ニッケルメッキ鋼板はこれらに比べて狭い.クロムメッキ鋼板は加圧力が低い(250kg以下)合場に条件範囲は狭いが,加圧力が高い場合は裸鋼板とほぼ同程度である.
(2)電極形状が同一の場合,引張セン断強度は錫と銅メッキ鋼板は裸鋼板に比べて大きく,ニッケルとクロムメッキ鋼板は小さいが,その差は少ない.十字引張強度もほぼどうようの傾向であるが,ニッケルとクロムメッキ鋼板は他のものにくらべてかなり低い.
(3)ナゲット部の硬度はニッケル,銅,クロムメッキ鋼板は裸鋼板にくらべて高く,錫メッキ鋼板は裸鋼板とほぼ同じである.
(4)メッキ鋼板の点溶接条件としては,通電時間は裸鋼板よりも長くすることが好ましく,加圧力については錫のごとく常温または高温硬度の低い金属のメッキ鋼板は低い加圧力でも良好な溶接結果が得られるが,クロムなどのように硬い金属のメッキ鋼板は高い加圧力を用いるのが好ましい.
(5)メッキ厚が2.5～10μの範囲ではその厚さが溶接条件におよぼす影響は小さいが,2・5μ程度の薄いメッキ層によっても溶接条件に著しい影響を与える.

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The present study is an application of the NRIM TRC test (Tensile Restraint Cracking test) to cold cracking in multilayer welds of a high-sterngth steel with a strength level of 100 kg/mm². It was aimed in this study to make clear the cracking behavior and to get practical methods for the prevention of cracking.
A TRC specimen was set up in a 1000 tons NRIM TRC tester and pulled after finishing of a test weld. The constant loading at various stress levels was sustained for sufficient time for cracking.
There occurred two types of macrocracks in multilayer welds depending on the direction of restraining, that is, transverse and longitudinal cracks in longitudinal and transverse TRC tests, respectively. Those cracks in longitudinal and transverse TRC tests, respectively. Those cracks were considered extensions of microcracks. Cracks, both transverse and longitudinal, were the delayed type due to hydrogen and occurred after an incubation period under a sustained tensile loading which exceeded the critical tensile stress for cracking. The incubation period extended from about 1 to 10 hr, mainly depending on restraining stress and hydrogen content. The critical tensile stress for cracking was raised with an increase of preheating temperature and with a decrease of hydrogen content. The critical tensile stress for longitudinal cracking was slightly lower than that for transverse cracking at the same welding conditions and hydrogen content.
Transverse cracks were prevented under the longitudinal tensile stress of 65 kg/mm² with any of the following methods: (a) preheating at 200°C, (b) 100°C preheating and locally tempering postheating at 500°C, or (c) 150°C preheating and lower temperature postheating for 5 hr at 100°C. The restraining stress of 65 kg/mm² was a little over the restraining stress in the so-called window restrained test which has been appreciated as fairly reporducible one of actual severe restraint. Very little change of hydrogen content, about 0.2 cc/ 100 g, in deposited metal was decisive to transverse cracking in such high strength steel welds, supposing actual joints with severe restraint.
Longitudinal cracks were gradually propagated and then usually caused a brittle fracture throughout the joint. The carck was prevented with preheating at 200°C under the transverse tensile stress of 55 kg/mm² At the tensile stress of 65 kg/mm² any crack did not occur with simultaneous use of 150°Cpreheating and lower temperature postheating, 200°C for 1 hr or 100°C for 5 hr.
Effectiveness of lower temperature postheating was discussed with an estimation of existing hydrogen content in a weld at the instant of cracking.

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In the previous reports. Author indicated that preheating flame has the function to keep purityy and momentum of cutting oxygen stream.
It may be supposed that the function of this kind of preheating flame should give an influence on the material thickness to be cut.
Experiment was done about relation between maximum cutting thickness and flame position to cutting oxygen stream using several types of cutting torch, and following results, were obtained.
1) The function of gas flame to keep momentum of oxygen stream was reconfirmed, and the keeping effect was found to be related to flame position to oxygen stream.
2) The momentum of oxygen stream has close relation to maximum cutting thickness (T_m) and therefore preheating flame affects cutting thickness.
3) Position of flame to oxygen stream has relation to T_m-log ν characteristics.
4) Cutting of thinner material is affected by oxygen purity and a thicker material affected by oxygen momentum.
5) Some other functions of preheating flame will be made clear by introducing the keeping effect of, oxygen purity and momentum in analizing the cutting phenomena.

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