Recent immunobiological studies have well established that the lymphoid tissue plays a basic role in specific defense mechanism. Although the ontogenic studies were completely done by several prominent investigators, such as Maximow, Hammar and Norris etc, it seems worthwhile to re-examine the development of human lymphoid tissue from newly arized viewpoints.
In this paper chronological relation of lymphocytic maturation among thymus, tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes, appendix and spleen were discussed from the histological studies on the lymphoid organs taken from twenty eight fetuses ranging from four weeks to twenty four weeks of gestational age.
This study emphasizes the follo wing results.
1) Thymic lympho-epithelial tissue originates only from entodermal epithelia and has no relation with ectodermal epithelium of sinus cervicalis.
2) Lymphocytes appear first in the thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes almostly at the same time before the ninth gestational week, more numerous lymphocytes come o ut in the mesenteric lymph nodes than in the thymus.
3) Tonsils which originate at an ectodermal-entodermal junction of the second pharyngeal pouch in the eleventh gestational week become to have lymphocytes arised b y seeding after fifteenth week. The epithelial layer o f the tonsils has the ectodermal characteristics. This developing mode may be the case of the bursa of Fabricius.
4) Lymphocytes appear further later in the appendix and in the spleen by migration.
It is tempting to assume from this observations that two populations of the l ymphocyte can be exist from the beginning of development of the lymphatic tissue, and that the lymphocytes seeded into various lymphatic apparatus may differentiate into imm unologically active phases under the controls of different inductive abilities of either ectodermal or entodermal elements.

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Vol. 21 (1969) No. 3 p. 2-170

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The problem of retrograde amnesia (R. A. ) has long been discussed but certain details yet remained unclarified. For seven years, the author has investigated 847 cases of the head injured presenting R. A. in the Neuro-psychiatric Department of Kansai Medical School. In this survey, however, the cases in the acute stage of the injury and those with amnestic syndrome have carefully been excluded from the materials.
The results are as follows:
1) The correlation between R. A. and post-traumatic amnesia (P. T. A. ) is hardly recognized as Russell has already pointed it out. R. A. is seldom found in cases with P. T. A. of short duration (less than an hour). In addition, the presence of long-lasting R. A. has no direct relationship with the duration of P. T. A.
2) Precise clinical investigation of 13 cases with fairly long-lasting R. A. (more than an hour) has resulted in the following findings.
a) Statistically, it might be probable that manifest and long-lasting R. A. tended to be found in car drivers.
b) Various offenses of the traffic law or responsibility due to unskilful driving technique and consequently certain feelings of guilt are frequently found in those cases, and expectation of compensation is never observed among them.
c) Organic damage of brain, especially of m nemic system, is not always suspected in them.
d) The presence of such type of R. A. might rather be considered in connection with character traits than with the factors of intelligence of the patients.
e) Treatment of R. A. was intended by means of psycho therapy in eight cases: sufficient or remarkable recovery of memory were obtained in two cases by intensive suggestion and five by hypnotherapy.

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As has been reported previously growth and proliferation during embryonic stage of the posterior silk gland could be described subdividing into the following three phases.
The first (blastokinesis 24 hours) or the latent phase when a number of free ribosomes exist in the cytoplasm, the second phase when rough ER proliferate rapidly, and the thired phase when fibroin is synthesized vigorously.
It was found that whorl structures and / or concentric lamellar structures of endoplasmic reticulum appear occacionally in the beginning of the third phase (blastokinesis 108 hours), develop rapidly and then disappear already at blastokinesis 120 hours (the stage of fibroin biosynthesis).
Those types of ER are probably formed by overproduction of rough ER and then transformed rapidly to vesicular or tubular ER in accordance with the start of fibroin biosynthesis.

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It has thus far been believed that the brownish pigment in heart failure cells is hemosiderin, because it constantly presents an iron-positive reaction.
When the author and his co-workers applied our mercu ry-affinity reaction method to the human lungs, it has been found that this brownish pigment often did show an intense positive coloring in spite of the fact that hemosiderin fails to present a positive mercury-affinity reaction.
On the other hand, the mercury-affinity reaction-positive pigment in alveolar macrophages was always iron reaction-negative in the same site.
Therefore, a distinction between alveolar mac rophages containing this pigment and heart failure cells can be made in view of the histochemical characters of both pigments.
The former was designated as so-called heart failure cells, and the p igment contained in the same cells, as so-called heart failure cell pigment.
In addition, this pigment, which is still iron re action-negative after pretreatment with unmasking, is manifestly distinguishable histochemically, especially by using the mercu ryaffinity reaction, from mercury-affinity reaction-negative formalin pigment and hemosiderin coexistent in the so-called heart failure cells.
The histochemical character of the so-c alled heart failure cell pigment has been found very similar to that of ceroid pigment by using the following methods: mercury-affinity reaction, leuco-malachite green staining, nile blue sulphate (pH 3.0) staining, Mallory's fuchsin staining, acid fast fuchsin staining, PAS reaction, Lillie's PFAS reaction,2hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide naphthanil diazo blue B (NAHD) reaction, and Masson's alkaline silver method.
However, the pigment concerned yielded a-weak positive result with sudan III staining on paraffin sections, while ceroid pigment is unequivocally sudan 111-positive on paraffin sections.
Therefore, its character appears in this respect to be different from that of genuine ceroid pigment in liver macrophages of rats fed on vitamin E deficient diet for several months.
From the above-mentioned findings the author has concluded that, the brownish pigment concerned, is ceroid-like pigment.
Besides, the mechanism of s udan staining on paraffin sections is discussed.

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While 196 autopsy cases pre8enting alveolar macrophages containing. brown pigment such as hemosiderin, were examined, it was found that 148 cases, that is,75.52 of all the cases revealed the presence of so-called heart failure cells yielding a positive 'mercuryaffinity reaction.
And among these cases the strong mercury-affinity reaction-positive cases presenting an iron reaction-negative or a weak iron reaction-positive pigment in alveolar macrophages, accounted for 44. cases (about 30% of 148 cases), of which 33 cases (75% of 44 cases)were found to have malignant tumors accompanied by cachexia.
The remaining II cases had suffered from consum p tive diseases accompanied by an evident cachekia. Moreov er, according to the author's detailed histochemica, observations of 44 cases demonstrating the so-called heart failure cells, it has been manifested that congestive lung edema., probably due to cachexia is usually present, and that the, appearance of these, cells is ncit directly related to intraalveolar -hemorrhage and destruction of red corpuscles due to severe lung congestion, a factor which had been regarded as essential conditions for the appearance of heart failure cells.
Thus, taking the above re sults into account, - the occurrence of ceroid-like -pigment 'in the so-called heart failure cells in ' autopsy cases of cachexia accompanying malignant tumors or consumptive diseases, appears to be closely related to alteration of the components of plasma protein, that is an increase in plasma protein fractions (α-globulin or glycoprotein) due to a probable 'consumption of tissue proteins and can be possibl y attributed to a phagocytosis of those, proteins carried out by macrophages.
It seems reasonable to assume that the above findings pre s uppose the existence of cachectic lung edema accompanied by congestion in the so-called heart failute cell pigmentpositive cases and that origin of ceroid-like pigment in the so-called heart failure cells may be attributable to the edematous' protein-rich fluid which may contain the abnormal proteins mentioned above.

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With an aspiration method using a cascade impactor, a total of 29,208 colonies were collected from the 354.25 cubic meter air of 11 different sites including 5 in-door environments and 6 out-door areas and a continuous sampling site in Kobe-city from February 1966 through February 1967. Monthly sampling was done in 11 sites and daily sampling except Sundays and holidays was performed in the continuous sampling site in 226 sampling days. It was summarized as follows:
1. An average number of fungal colonies per cub ic meter was high from June through September showing its peak in August in all sampling sites.
2. Approximately 69% of all fungal colonies were caught at the stage 2 and 3 (22.0 -2.3 microns in diameter of particles), while fewer percentages were caught at stage 1(bigger than 22 microns) and 4 (smaller than 2.3 microns) of cascade impactor.3. As to the kinds of fungi, Deuteromycetes predominantly accoun ted for 83.34% of all colonies collected, Yeasts 3.53 %, Phycomycetes 1.31 %, Ascomycetes 1.16 %, and Basidiomycetes 1.08%. Of Deuteromycetes, the five commonest genera were Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria and Fusarium.
4. In the in-door air, Penicillium came fi rst, followed by Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria and Fusarium in descending order, while in the out-door air Penicillium came first, followed by Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Yeasts and Alternaria in descending order.
5. Seasonal variations and environmental or areal differences in the numbers and kind s of fungal colonies were also discussed.
6. The airborne fungal flo ra in Kobe-city was characterized with much less Cladosporium and more Penicillium and Aspergillus than that in other Countries.

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Climatological studies were made simultaneously with the collection of fungi from the air in Kobe-city from February 1966 through February 1967.
Relations between the number of airborne fungal colo nies and various climatic factors (air temperature, humidity, weather, rate of sunshine, wind direction, wind speed, vapour pressure, amount of precipitation and amount of evaporation) or air pollution (suspended particle matter and sulphur dioxide) were studied. It was concluded as follows:
1. The number of colonies was significantly proportional to air temperatur e while slightly less significantly proportional to humidity with a coefficient of correlation,0.81 and 0.59 respectively.
2. The monthly n umber of colonies collected was correlated with monthly amount of precipitation, evaporation and vapour pressure.
3. The number of fungal colonies was in versely proportional to wind speed, i. e., the higher the wind speed, the less the number of fungal colonies.
4. Colonies were large in number on fine and cloudy days; they showed a tendency of decrease in number when it had rained on the previous day or last midnight.
5. Air Pollution with suspended particle matter and sulphur dioxide was proport ional to the number of fungal colonies, i. e., the higher the air pollution, the higher the number of fungal colonies.

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This manuscript reports a new method of band sedimentation analyses for rat liver polyribosomes.
(1) Don-Ryu rats,150-200g body weight, were fasted for 9-12 hr before use. Livers were homogenized in the two times volume (w/v) of 0.25M-Sucrose TKM buffer (0.25MSucrose containing 0.05M-Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 at 20°C; 0.025M-KCl; 0.005M-MgCl₂). The postmitochondrial supernatant was prepared by centrifuging the homogenate for 15 min at 10,000g (average) at 0°C. DOC (deoxycholate) was added to the supernatant at a final concentration of 1%. Band sedimentation analyses were carrid out at 4°C, by a Spinco Model E analytical centrifuge, using a ultra-violet absorption optical system.
(2) When 0.5M-Sucrose TKM buffer was used as a solvent for the band se d imentation analyses, no sedimentation band was observed. When 1.0M-Sucrose TKM buffer was used, only a monomer (80S) band appeared. Perhaps in these cases, polysomes were spun down to the bottom of the band forming cell. When polysomes were analysed in 1.5M-Sucrose TKM buffer at a rotor speed of 50,740 rev. /min, several bands of polyribosomes appeared. When the sedimentation velocity was increased to 59,780 rev. /min or decreased to 39,460rev. /min, the polysomes bands decreased in number and became obscure. When 2.0MSucrose TKM buffer was used as a solvent and polysomes were centrifuged at 59,780rev. /min for 68 min, polysomes bands was not observed.
(3) From these results, it was concluded that the ba n d sedimentation at a rotor speed of 50,740 rev. /min in 1.5M-Sucrose TKM buffer is the best condition for the analyses of rat liver polyribosomes.
This band sedimentation method is superior to the sucrose density gradient method by the following reasons: In the first place, much smaller amount of sample (only 10μl) is needed for the analyses; in the second, it is possible to observe successively the intermediate state of sedimentation of the polyribosomes bands, and finally, it is possible to determine the blank level (UV absorption due to the Sucrose TKM buffer) rather precisely.

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A case has been described of dicephalus dibrachius dipus delivered by a 25-years-old Japanese, para 7-2. Past history of the mother was essentially negative except for 3 early artificial mischarges. The last baby died of unknown course 2 hours after the delivery. There was no history of congenital malformation in her immediate family. The present case was stillborn at term. There was one placenta weighing 1,000g and one cord.
General feature of the body is that of undernourished male infant, measurin g 44cm in length and weighing 3,780g. The monster has two heads, one pair of upper- and lowerextremites. Both heads are normal in size and shape. The skull bones, all organs of central nervous system, the necks and mediastinums are equally duplicated on each side. There is no bony connection between the two necks or the two vertebretes, but one fused sternum palpable in the anterior wall of the rather wide thorax. In the thoracic cage there are one pair of intrathoracic organs, but two sets of the auriculum are fused in One, which has two pair of vessels. Each heart is uniauricular, biventricular heart with high interventricular septal defect. Both left ventriculi are hypoplastic. Fusion of the aortic trunks is found at the level of the diaphragma. The fetus has a single abdominal cavity. Two parallel descending esophagi enter the two stomachs. Fusion of the two digestive systems occurs at the level of the anal end of the duodenum. The livers and the pancreases are fused at the median line. The spleen, the gall bladder, the choledochial duct and the pancreatic duct are also duplicated, and the ducts open at each Vater's papilla. No gross anomaly is found in the other abdominal organs, including the urogenital system.

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Five cases of mediastinal tuberculoma have been reported in detail and the 37 previously reported cases in Japanese literatures have been reviewed. In approximately three quarters of these cases with mediastinal tuberculomas the presences of sapherical smoothly outlined shadows situated near the midplane of the chest to the right from the mediastinum with its inferior border at the level of the transeverse portion of the azygos vein on chest roentgenograms, which strongly suggested the possibility that the lesions would represent mediastinal tuberculoma. However, sometimes the roentgenographic findings were not characteristic. The masses on chest roentgenogram were demonstrated change in position and rapidly enlarged with the various symptoms by pressure on the other mediastinal organs, such as stridor, dysphagia and atelectasis of lung, on which might have to be differentiated the malignant mediastinal tumors.

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