The method of complex demodulation is implemented on a digital computer and applied to the analysis of individual EEG changes due to a single photic flashing. Each EEG is first subjected to band-pass filtering and then changes in amplitude and phase are calculated by means of the demodulation technique with the moving average.
It is pointed out that the investigation of an individual EEG is important to fix the changes in EEG quantitatively. The present method can effectively catch the changes in amplitude of the alpha activity due to stimulation and may be applicable to analyses of fairly wide problems with physiological interests.

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In order to elucidate the mechanism constituting pains in the central nervous system, an experimentation was made by using procaine. The experimental animals used were rabbits.
1. An intravenous administration of procaine indicated an inhibitory action on the arousal reaction of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and the evoked muscular discharge in the fore and hind limbs due to a stimulus given to the brain stem reticular formation, and the evoked muscular discharge in the fore and hind limbs due to a stimulus given to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
2. An intravenous injection of procaine did not show any action on N₁and N₂of the average evoked potential in the cerebral cortex due to the stimulation of the sciatic nerve, but exhibited an inhibitory action on N₃, and a facilitatory action on P. Against the average evoked potential in the reticular formation, it indicated a weak inhibitory action on RN1, but no action whatsoever on RN₂ and RN₃.
3. A local application of procaine to the sciatic nerve inhibited all the components of the average evoked potential in the cerebral cortex, the brain stem reticular formation and CM, but it indicated a stronger inhibitory action on the 1st and 3rd components (N₁, RN₁, CN₁, N₃, RN₃, and CN₃) than those on the 2nd compo- nents (N₂, RN₂ and CN₂).
4. A local application of procaine to the sciatic nerve showed a strong inhibitory action on all the components of the average evoked potential in the hippocampus.
5. An intra-spinal administration of procaine also inhibited N₁ and N₃ of the average evoked potential in the cerebral cortex. Although RN₁ of the average evoked potential in the brain stem reticular formation, was strongly inhibited, no strong inhibitory action was noted on RN₃.
6. The nociceptive evoked muscular discharge caused by a stimulation of the tibial nerve, noticed in the tibialis anterior muscle was strongly inhibited either by a local application of procaine to the sciatic nerve or by an intra-spinal admini- stration of procaine.
7. In the experiment made on a rabbit with a spinal cord hemi-section, a local application of procaine to the sciatic nerve showed a strong inhibitory action similar to that of morphine on the 1st component (LN₁) of the average evoked potential in the medial lemniscus caused by a stimulation of the sciatic nerve ipsilateral to the hemi-section.
From the results of the aforementioned experiments, it may be reasonably concluded that N₁ is a component which develops itself up to the nerve conducting pathway relative to pains, that N₃ is a reaction produced by the impulse which has reached the cerebral cortex via the pathway mentioned above, and circulates the circuit connecting the cerebral cortex and the subcortex, that these reactions are related to the pain perception, and that the reaction in the hippocampus is related to the pain reaction.

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A neuropharmacological study was made on the photopalpebral reflex of rabbits and patients, and the results of the study are described hereunder:
1. By recording the photopalpebral reflexes of rabbits evoked by a photic stimulation as average potential by means of MEDIAC, four negative responses (PN₁, PN₂, PN₃ and PN₄ components) were observed.
2. In the photopalpebral reflex, a facilitatory effect was demonstrated similarly as in the blinking, when a simultaneous stimulation of 100 Hz was applied to the brain stem reticular formation, and that of 8 Hz was provided to the thalamus nucleus centrum medianum and nucleus ventralis anterior.
3. In the observation of examining the action of such drugs as pentobarbital, chlorpromazine, myanesin, morphine, dardiazol and amphetamine to the photopalpebral reflex, a different result was obtained as compared with that of the blinking.
4. In the examination where the optic nerve had been cut at the chiasma fasciculorum opticorum, only PN₄ component out of other components disappeared after the cut. The result of the examination indicated that PN₄ component is a phenomenon which appears through the central nervous system.
5. According to the result of examining the action of drugs under the simultaneous stimulation of the brain stem reticular formation, it is clear that there exists in the central nervous system producing either a facilitatory or inhibitory effect against PN₁, PN₂ and PN₃ components.
6. While four negative responses are also observed in the photopalpebral reflex of human bodies similarly as in case of rabbits, it was observed that PN₁ and PN₂ components are inhibited in the case of a disturbance in the retinochoroid, and PN₃ component is inhibited in the case of a disturbance in the optic nerve.
It is concluded that from the aforementioned results, PN₁ and PN₂components have a relationship to the retinochoroid, PN₃ component to the optic nerve, and PN₄ component to the brain stem reticular formation.

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Localization of fibroin in posterior silk gland cells of the silkworm, Bombyx mori was studied by electron microscopy using ferritin antibody technique andfrozen ultrathin sectioning. Tissue blocks of posterior silk gland were fixed with 0.5% glutaraldehyde solution for 1 hour in the cold and frozen rapidly in liquid nitrogen. They were cut by a Porter Blum Ultramicrotome MT 2 equipped with Frozen Thin Sectioner FTS/LTC-2, and the thin sections were incubated with specific immunoglobulines or ferritin-IgG conjugates. After washing they were observed by an electron microscope. Simultaneously binding of antibodies with antigens on frozen thin sections was monitored by iodine labeled antibodies. The ferritin particles were found on the fused secretory granules and columnar fibroin in lumen of posterior silkgland cells. Existence of electron dense materials in the fibroin globules similar to the fused secretory granules and columnar fibroin suggested that a exportable protein fibroin is concentrated in fibroin globules and then secreted into the glandular lumen.

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Despite efforts on a wide scope, the exact nature of diabetic retinopathy has remained obscure. In pursuing the pathogenesis of this disease, the retinal blood vessels of congenitally diabetic KK mice were observed histlogically in flat preparations using a trypsin digestion method and electron microscopically.
As controls, non diabetic ICR and DDY mice with similar weight and age were used. Deep staining of arterial branches with PAS stain, dilatation of the vein and protuberance of the mural cell were observed in old KK mice (from 7 to 20 months old).
Electron microscopically, the basement membrane of the capillaries showed thickening. But typical microaneurysms, bleedings or white spots seen in human diabetes were not observed,
In a loaded experiment using three-months KK mice,
1) With ligation of carotid arteries, mural cells showed a trend to decreased in number.
2) Protuberance of mural cells was observed three weeks after injection of alloxan in a dose of 100 mg/Kg.
3) After administration of alloxan and IDPN, proliferation of endthelial cells and diminution of mural cells were noted three weeks after injection.
4) No histological changes were observed following injection of steroid.
5) When a growth hormone was injected, no remarkable electron microscopic findings were obtained.
Electron microscopically, a significant thickening of the basement membrane of the retinal capillaries was observed not only in untreated old KK mice but also in young KK mice treated with alloxan and alloxan plus IDPN.
As a whole, diabetic retinal angiopathy in KK mice was observed but no diabetic retnopiathy as seen in human diabetes was demonstrated.

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In order to study a mechanism of perinatal anoxic brain damage the cerebral cortex of newborn rats with anoxic episode in intrauterine life was studied mainly by electron microscope.
After anaesthesia induced by intramuscular injection of sodium nembutal, pregnant rats of 18th gestational day was operated on the abdominal wall to expose a small portion of the uterus. Unilateral uterine arteries were clamped by forcet for 2 minutes following 1 minute relapse. This procedure was repeated 5 times. The uterus was returned into the abdominal cavity and the pregnancy continued for 3 days thereafter.
The rat fetus was delivered at termin by Cesarean section and the brain was taken out and fixed in glutaraldehyde immediately after birth. The brain tissue of the central gyri was studied electron-microscopically and the following results were obtained.
1) The most marked finding was cerebral edema and swelling along the cortical vessels.
2) The endothelial cells of the cortical vessels showed slight increase of the cytopl- asmic electron-density which included vacuoles and swollen mitochondria with destructed cristae.
3) Irregularity of the width and electron-density of the basement membrane was noted around the capillaries where anoxic changes were obvious.
4) Astrocytes became swollen and eventually ruptured, leaving a edematous space around the capillary.
5) Synapse observed in the tissue showed swollen synaptic vesicles and a ruptured membrane in several places.
6) Anoxic changes of the nervous cells were characterized by decrease of RNA granules and an irregular pattern of rough-surface endoplasmic reticulum. The nuclear membrane was swollen, containing amorphous substance and mitochondrial swelling was obvious. A few vacuoles and inclusion bodies in the cytoplesma were also characteristic.
7) The above mentioned findings were more distinct and characteristic in the newborn rats of this study series than in the brain of adult rats, which had been exposed to anoxia caused by either ligature of the unilateral common carotid artery or stayed in N₂ gas chamber.

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1) Relatively high incidence of the pulmonary carcinoma associated with the development of pulmonary fibrosis was observed in the Wistar strain rats injected repeatedly with N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane (MNU), intraperitoneally or sometimes subcutaneously.
2) All pulmonary tumors, which developed within 7 months after first administration of MNU, were in the periphery of lungs. The pulmonary carcinomas were classified histologically into squamous cell carcinoma, tubular adenocarinoma, papillary carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. The pulmonary adenomas were also classified into mucinous adenoma and papillary adenoma.
3) These pulmonary carcinoma and adenoma developed without any relation to the fibrosis in lungs. However, the development of pulmonary tumors in cases of the duration over 8 months after first administration of MNU had occasionally relation to the fibrosis in lungs, although they were few.
4) As to the histological origination of the pulmonary carcinoma of peripheral type induced by the administration of MNU, two sources from bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar epithelium were demonstrated. Tubular adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma originated from the former and papillary carcinoma originated from the latter. Moreover, an epithelium in metaplasia became malignant and changed to tubular adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma in cases observed more than 8 months after first administration of MNU.
5) Two cases with squamous cell carcinoma developed in bronchus and one case with fibrosarcoma of lung were demonstrated. The duration following first administration of MNU in these cases was over 8 months.

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So far the author performed lumbar disc removal in a series of 38 patients, among whom quite satisfactory immediate postoperative results were obtained with 20 cases. These results can well be considered as belonging to the classification“complete”according to Simon's criteria of the results of disc surgery. Findings of the preoperative myelogramm of these 20 patients were obviously morbid and classified as the following 4 types.
1) Complete block type 3 cases
2) Hour-glass defect type 6
3) Lateral defect type 10
4) Nerve root defect type 1 case This classification is done according to the criteria once advocated in literature by Key, Ford, DePalma, Kondo, Mori and others.
The second myelogramm on these patient was later performed at an average time interval of 15.9 days following surgery and the investigation was made as to whether or not the second myelogramm could show evidence of postoperative relief of clinical symptoms.
In other words, the author made a comparative study between the pre and postoperative myelogramms on 20 lumbar disc patients with whom quite satisfactory postoperative relief was obtained.
And in this clinical series, the results were obtained as follows.
Among postoperative myelogramms on 20 patients,“improvement”was seen only in 2 patients (obviously improved in 1, slightly improved in 1) while with the rest of 18 patients“unchanged”was seen in 12,“worsened”in 6 (obviously worsened in 3. slightly worsened in 3).
From these results it becomes evident that such morbid findings in myelogramm characteristic to the lumbar disc herniation can not be salvaged even in the cases of best operative results.
The author, therefore, wishing to clarify the cause of such contradictory findings between these excellent operative results on one hand and very poor myelographic findings after surgery on the other hand, did a model experiment using 5 healthy rabbits in the following manner:
At first a series of myelography was done with 5 rabbits. Then osteoclastic laminectomy was performed on the level of 4th and 5th lumbar interspaces and the disc was injured by inserting a small drill.
A series of second myelography was later performed at an average postoperative interval of 13 days with the same animals.
The results show that preoperative myelogramm is normal in every instance whereas following surgery various types of findings from constriction to adhesion are found in every myelogramm on the level of 4 th to 5 th lumbar interspace. From these findings the author concludes that pathological findings suggestive of protruded herniation or periclural adhesion formation can always be found in the second myelography on the level of the lowest two lumbar interspaces in the patient who had once received lumbar disc removal and at the same time enjoyed very excellent postoperative results.

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