Reported: A case of acute cerebellar ataxia due to acute cerebellitis in a 41 year old man.
Discussed: The clinical character of this disease with reference to the literature.
Onset is acute following upper respiratory infection or gastroenteritis as prodromal symptoms: The initial symtoms are ataxia of the trunk and extremities. In som e cases, slight unconsciousness is temporarily seen. Maxium intensity is usually reached within one to fourteen days. The course of the disease is benign, and complete recovery is attained within six months. The cerebrospinal fluid shows some pleocytosis, chiefly of mononuclear cells, and a slight increase in protein content.
In adult cases, opsoclonus or general myoclonus is occasionally observed. The cause obscure, though some viral infections are suspected.
In diagnosis, it is necessary to differentia te this disease from multiple sclerosis and from cerebellar ataxia associated with drug poisoning, gangliois, or cancer of other organs such as the lungs and testes.

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Reported: The mechanisums and treatments of headache were reviewed.
Discussed: The mechanismus being many, systematic diagnoti cs are required for proper treatment.

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Michiko OGAWA

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Reported: Serum CPK levels were estimated in nine cases of motor neuron disease. They were elevated in one case of Kugelberg-Wellander's disease and in one case of ALS which had rapidly developed to result in a widespread muscle atrophy of the trunk and extremities.
On the other hand, an autopsy case of ALS, which had developed slowly during the five years following onset, showed no elevation in serum CPK. In the literature, elevation has been reported in some cases of motor neuron diseases.
Discussed: The latter two findings suggest that the CPK level might be related to the speed of the progression of muscle atrophy during the disease course. Then again our case of Kugelberg-Wellander's disease, which differs from other motor neuron diseases in its coexistence of myogenic changes with neurogenic ones, showed a high CPK level; this finding might afford a clue to diagnosis.

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Reported,: Postmortem examination in a 69 year old man revealed a thrombus in the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) and a marked softening in the lateral area of the medulla oblongata which had been nourished by the artery. These pathological findings coincided with the clinical findings.
Furthermore, an aneurysm caused by a posterior myocardial infarction was found projected against the interventricular septum. In this aneurysm, numerous mural thrombi were found. Arteriosclerotic changes were found in the vertebro-basilar artery, aorta, and renal arteries. Seen in the PICA and lenticulo-striatal artery as well as in the bilateral renal artery, were thrombo-embolisms which might have originated from the mural thrombi of the aneurysm. The cause of death was bulbar palsy due to arteriosclerotic and thrombo-embolic changes in the arteries resulting in irreversible brain damage.
Discussed: These findings are compared with those reported in the literature, and the incidence and clinical pictures of the Wallenberg syndrome are also discussed.

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Reported: This autopsy case of myasthenia gravis in a 41 year old female revealed thymus hyperplasia with germinal centers remaining in the fatty tissues. The infiltration of lymphocytes (lymphorrhage) was remarkable only in the tissues near the thymus, namely the intercostal muscles, myocardium, and thyroid; in the other affected skeletal muscles, it was only slight. The Lymphorrhage in the myocardium was so remarkable that was histologically diagnosed as subacute myocarditis.
Discussed: In agreement with recent studies, these findings seem to suggest the view that myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease.

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Ceroid, in connection with its original substance, has been widely believed to be an oxidized polymer of unsaturated fatty acids: however, the present author approves Maeda's assumption that ceroid may be usually derived from a glycolipoprotein, therefore, an attempt to corroborate this assumption led to the initiation of the present study.
This study was made by the following procedure: young rats were infused intraperitoneally with 20 ml of 6 % high-molecular dextran in isotonic saline solution per head at a time, twice at one week interval: the animals were sacrificed three days and also 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,16,20,28,36,42, and 52 weeks after the last infusion of dextran. The mesenteric lymph nodes were collected and prepared into light and electron microscopic sections and the specimens were examined for the pigment in macrophages in the lymph nodes light and electron microscopically.
It was revealed that a ceroid-like p igment was barely recognized by means of the faintly positive finding of sudan III stain on a paraffin section in the macrophages located in the peripheral area of the lymphatic follicles 28 weeks after the infusion of dextran, however, in the stage of about 52 weeks after the infusion this pigment indicated several histochemical reactions characteristic of ceroid as well as an intensive sudan III stain on a paraffin section. On the other hand this pigment should be carefully differentiated from ceroid found frequently in the mesenteric lymph nodes of untreated aged rats, but not in those of untreated younger rats.
The electron microscopical examination disclosed that the macrophages were filled with phagosomes, the low electron dense bodies being regarded as lysosomes ind the organelles such as mitochondria being displaced among the phagosomes in the stage of several days after the infusion of dextran. At the same time, the phagosomes were united with one another and also united with the lysosomes. High electron dense granules began to appear in the internal margin of the limited membrane of the phagolysosomes two weeks after the infusion, and the granules then indicated a tendency to gradually increase in process of time after the infusion. Filament-like structures appeared in the phagolysosomes six weeks after the infusion and seem to have been derived from the membrane components of the phagocytized cells.
In the stage of 28 weeks or more after the infusion, the internal space of the phagolysosomes was filled with high electron dense granules, filament-like structures and ceroid-like pigment bodies composed of laminated structures.
The ceroid-like pigment formed in the macrophage s of the rat mesenteric lymph nodes by the infusion of dextran has been found to consist chiefly of the following three types of structures: (1) dense bodies composed of aggregates of fine, high electron dense granules, (2) homogenous, moderate electron dense stroma (including filament-like structures), and (3) laminated or myelin-like structures. These three major structures being combined with one another inside the single limited membrane, the ceroid-like pigment varies vastly in form. From the distinguishable features of ultrastructure this pigment is thought to be very close to ceroid.

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The present author has studied 70 epileptic cases whose majority were diagnosed as cryptogenetic epilepsy and whose seizures of grand mal type appeared in their early childhood, by recording as many EEG of their near relatives, parents and siblings, as possible, from the genetical and clinical points of view. Results are as follows:
1) In 8.3% of patients' near relatives history of epileptic seizure was found while in 9.5% of them history of infantile convulsion was found; in these cases there was no statistically significant difference between parents and siblings. The percentages appear a little higher than ones in similar studies made by other authors. In the present communication, the former figure may favorably compare with the incidence of epileptic disorders among near relatives of patients with epilepsy that appeared in their young childhood, and the latter one may compare with the incidence of infantile convulsion among blood relatives of patients with febrile spasm and kindred disorders. Above all, the history of infantile convulsion was frequently found among parents of those who had the first attack before two years of age.
2) Paroxysmal abnormality in EEG was revealed in 54.6% of patients' parents, and the incidence was higher in mothers than in fathers. Of 70 patients,61 had parents of whom both or either one presented some sort of paroxysmal abnormality in EEG. However, only 16.7of parents who presented EEG abnormality had clinical seizure of epileptic nature. In case of probands with focal EEG abnormality, paroxysmal abnormality in EEG was more frequently found in parents of female probands than in those of male probands and also more frequently in cases which were attacked under five years of age than in the other cases, but there was no significant relationship of proband's seizure type and EEG finding to the incidence of EEG abnormality in their parents else. Therefore, study on the significance of paroxysmal patterns which appear so frequently in parents' EEG should be left for future resolution.
3) Incidence of familial history as to convulsive disorders was 55.7%, of which 34.3% was history of epileptic disorders and 32.9% was that of infantile convulsion, and preeminently high in comparison with the results reported by other investigators. It may be attributed to the deviation of the patients group partly due to the selection of cases and partly due to the method of investigation.
4) As concerns correlation between proband's intrafamilial abnormality, patients who had been attacked before two years old had histories of convulsive disorders, particularly infantile convulsion or kindred disorder of epileptic nature relatively frequently in their family. Furthermore, there was a tendency towards frequent revelation intrafamilially, and there were many cases both of whose parents had either one of convulsive disorders or paroxysmal abnormalities in EEG, or who had history of convulsive disorders in both of paternal and maternal sides. There were many cases which present convulsive disorders not only in probands but also in their siblings. Beside age of onset, there was no significant relation of proband's sex, seizure type and EEG findings to incidence of familial hystory of convulsive disorders.
5) As compared parents who have paroxysmal EEG abnormality and their lineage with parents who have no EEG abnormality and their lineage, epileptic disorders were much more frequently in the former (23.6%) than in the latter (5.0%), and there was a tendency for a more frequent revelation in the former, while infantile convulsion had no noticiable difference of the incidence between them. (Author's abstract)

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In order to understand the structure and function of peroxisomes, changes in the peroxisomes in the kidney of the rat injected with sublimate, of the experimental Masugi-nephritis in the rat and of the rat as well as rabbit administered with 1,3propyl-bis (2-p-chlorophenoxy-2-metylpropanoate) (simfibrate, BCPMP), hypolipidemic drug, were studied ultracytochemically.
1) Changes of ren al peroxisomes in the sublimate-injected rat. The male Wistar rats (100-150g b. w. ) were injected with three doses of sublimate (0.2 5mg 0.5mg,1.0mg/100g b. w. ) subcutaneously and later, on the 1st,3rd and 7th day, they were sacrificed. The renal peroxisomes were decreased in average size and number on the mean value and the diaminobenzidine(DAB) activity was weakened. The change in size of peroxisomes appeared later than that of the number and DAB-activity. However, the subsequent recovery in the number of peroxisomes appeared earlier than that in the size and DAB activity. The severity of changes was in proportion to the doses of sublimate injected.
2) Changes of th e renal peroxisomes in the rat of experimental Masugi nephritis. The male Wistar rats (100-150g b. w. ) were injected intravenously with nephrotoxic serum (obtained, from rabbit for the purpose of causing Masugi nephritis) and later on the 1st,3rd and 7th day, they were sacrificed. The renal peroxisomes were decreased in the average size and number on the mean value, but the DAB activity was weakened remarkably at an early stage. Later, the recovery in the number and size of peroxisomes was slight, but the lowered DAB activity remained and continuous.
3) Changes of the renal peroxisomes in the rat and rab bit administered with simfibrate.
The male Wistar rats (100-150g b. w. ) and the male rabbits (2-2.5kg b. w. ) were injected daily with two kinds of doses of simfibrate (100mg or 1.0g/kg b. w. suspended in 0.5% methylcellulose solution) intraperitoneally and they were sacrificed on the 3rd,7th,10th and 14th day. In the rat, the metabolism of the peroxisomes, catalase synthesis and peroxisome neogenesis was seemed to be stimulated and the number of peroxisomes was increased remarkably throughout the period of experiment. During this period, the size of peroxisomes was increased in an early stage but in the late stage, it was decreased gradually to the size smaller than that of normal. Changes in the size of peroxisomes was in proportion to the days and doses of simfibrate administeration. The DAB-activity did not show any change throughout the experimental period. In the rabbit, the metabolism of the renal peroxisomes was also stimulated same as rats, but in this case, the average size and number of peroxisomes showed remarkable increase through all terms of this study. But, the DAB activity was weakened remarkably in proportion to the days and doses of simfibrate administration.
4) The proposed basic mechanism of change s in the renal peroxisomes observed is discussed.

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The potentials evoked in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus by electrically stimulating the sciatic nerve of rabbits were progressibly recorded by MEDIAC.
A study was made regarding the effets of the application of procaine, painted on the peripheral nerve, on the respective components of the potentials.
1. Following such components as N₁, N₂, N₃, P, N₄, and N₅, slower negative responses were also recognized to have evoked in the cerebral cortex du e to the stimulations of the sciatic nerve. These responses were named N₆ and N₇ in t h e order of their appearances.
2. The applicatio n of procaine on the sciatic nerve indicated an inhibitory action to N₆ at the same degree as that to N₄ and N₅, and the inhibitory action to N₇ wa s stronger than that mentioned above.
3. Due to the stimulations of t he sciatic nerve, a major negative response was also recognized in the hippocampus, following such components as HN₁, HN₂, HN₃, H N₄and HN₅. This response was named HN₆.
4. The application of procaine on the sciatic nerve gave a stronger inhibitory action to HN₆ than that to any other components which were evoked in the hippocampus.
As described above, it was concluded that the results obtained by c ompairing the MEDIAC's experimental data with the responses gathered from the instrument of type AR-201 showed that N₆ corresponded to the n2, N₇ to the n3 and HN₆ to the hn3components respectively and that N₇ had relation to the pain perception and HN₆ to the pain reaction.

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An electrophysiological study was made of the effects of wearing contact lenses on the central nervous system of rabbits.
It was demonstrated that sp ontaneous unit discharges in the midbrain reticular formation were decreased by wearing contact lenses. However, some of the unit discharges were increased by wearing contact lenses.

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Numerous methods for the histochemical demonstration of lipids have been carried out. As one of them, Adams et al. proposed an enzymic digestive technique in 1966. According to their description, a definite lipid is hydrolysed to fatty acids by a specific enzyme and the digested lipid could be demonstrated by detection of the released fatty acid which is precipitated in situ as an insoluble soap. A porcine pancreatic lipase had been applied to the detection of some triglycerides, but only the surface of large fat droplets was stained, because the reagent might only slowly penetrate into such hydrophobic droplets. Such a fault was demonstrated more in the electronmicroscopic observation. As a phospholipid is hydrophilic lipid, it might not interfare the penetration of the reagent into the lipid. The phospholipid fatty liver can be easily induced in rats, and also boiled snake venom is a well-recognized pure source of phospholipase A2. Since 1965 phospholipidosis was observed on the patients given by Coralgil of Torii Company in Japan. In the lipidosis, some phospholipids (mainly lyso-bis-phosphatidic acid)and undetctable lipids were storaged in the liver, reticuloendothelial system and blood cells. In the present paper, the digestive method with snake venom phospholipase was applied to the phospholipid fatty liver in rats.
For the induction of phospholipid fatty l iver in the present experiment, Sprague-Dawley female rats weighing 250g were given orally methylcellulose emulsion of 4,4'-Diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol dihydrochloride (Coralgil of Torii Company),70mg/Kg of body weight, daily for 1-4 weeks. For the controls, several phospholipid preparations and coconut oil on glass slides were applied. A corpus luteum of the ovary and the adrenal cortex of the non-treated adult female rats were also done. The triglyceride fatty liver induced by an intraperitoneal injection of Ethionine,150 mg per a female rat, was used for the contrast material.
Many ordinary staining methods for lipids were performed on the above-mentioned materials. These lightmicroscopic observations indicated that the phospholipid fatty liver could be proved more than 1 week after the first treatment of Coralgil, and that the triglyceride fatty liver could be observed more than 15 hours after the injection of Ethionine. It was observed also that coconut oil seemed a saturated triglyceride, and that cholesterol esters and some phospholipids could be demonstrated on the adrenal cortex and corpus luteum.
The smeared purif ied phospholipids (lecithin, lysolecithin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-L-serine and sphingomyelin) on glass slides presented positive in the snake venom phospholipase digestion, but even the non-digestive controls did weak positive. This unspecific reaction might be induced by the affinity of the phosphate groups of the lipids to metals. Pretreatment of 1 % cadmium chloride could eliminate such anunspecific reaction. The smeared coconut oil on glass slide presented positive only in the porcine pancreatic lipase digestion.

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