By interruption of hepatic artery in dogs, their livers were treated under the ischemic hypoxic condition and the chronological change of phospholipid in the liver cells was investigated pathobiochemically.
1) The hepatic artery interrupted dogs showed two different stages, in which one was severe liver dysfunction and the other was mild liver dysfunction according to clinical blood examination. In the case of the former dog group, GOT, GPT and IRG increased immediately and free amino acid in the plasma also increased after the interruption. In contrast, the ratio of BCAA to AAA decreased.
2) The sites of liver necrosis had dark purple color macroscopically and showed histologically the dilation of venous sinusoids and the marked atrophy with fatty degeneration of liver cells at central zone.
3) In the normal liver, there existed no regional difference in lipid and protein compositions. However, dog liver showed an individual difference in their compositions.
4) In the liver after hepatic artery interruption, phosp holipid which was main structural component in the cell membrane decreased drastically and total lipid and protein decreased moderately.
5) In the case with severe liver dysfunction, mitochondria and microsomes fractions showed the decreasing of phospholipid content but, in the case with mild liver dysfunction, mitochondria fraction showed no change of phospholipid content although microsomes fraction did the decreasing.
6) Thin layer chromatographic analysis of total lipid in the liver cells revealed that the phospholipid composition was unchanged and no accumulation of lysophospholipid was occurred, whereas free fatty acid increased after hepatic artery interruption.
7) Choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids were dominant in phospholipid of dog liver. In the constituent fatty acids of choline or ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, C_16:0: and C_18:2increased but C_20:4 decreased or C_16:0and C_18:2increased but C_22:6decreased, respectively, by hepatic artery interruption.
8) In the molec ular species of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, monoene and diene species, such as C_34:1, _34:2, C_36:1 and C_36:2, increased, while polyunsaturated species, such as C_38:4, C_38:5 and C_38:6 decreased by hepatic artery interruption. These results indicated that dysfunction of dog liver cells which was caused under the ischemic hypoxic condition might be related closedly with phospholipase function.

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When diazepam is effective on an emotional arrhythmia, the effect has been presumed to be attributed to its tranquilizing effect. The author, however, tried to examine whether the effect of diazepam is involved in its direct action on cardiac muscle or not. In the present work, the effects of diazepam on spontaneously beating right atrium, left atrium, and papillary muscle isolated from rat heart were compared with those of chlorpromazine and phenytoin, and, also, the effects of the drugs on Na⁺, K⁺(Mg²⁺) -ATPase activity in microsomal fractions prepared from ventricular muscle and brain were examined.

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Symptoms of strongyloidiasis are mostly related to the digestive tract; abdominal pain (45%), diarrhea (30%) and/or abdominal fullness. However, reports of pancreatitis caused by Strongyloidiasis are rare. A 42-year-old male complaining of severe vomiting, dehydration and diarrhea was hospitalized on June 14,1983. He had lived in Okinawa prefecture until the age of 20 years. Laboratory data revealed leucocytosis, anemia and increased serum amylase. It was suspected that he was suffering from dehydration due to acute pancreatitis or acute colitis. Numerous Rhabditiform larvae of Strongyloides Stercoralis were present in the duodenal fluid and stool. Abdominal echo and computerized tomography showed pancreas swelling. The disappearance of the Kerckring's folds were studied by the double contrast picture of the duodenum. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed stricture 2 cm from the entrance of pancreatic duct and also showed duct dilation resulting in a maximum dilation diameter of 9 mm. The common bile duct showed irregularity of wall and dilataion of diameter (15 mm). Pyrvinium pamoate was administered 5 times while duodenal intubation was repeated. When Rhabditiform larvae of Strongyloides Stercoralis in the duodenal fluid disappeared the level of serum amylase decreased to normal value. However, Rhabditiform larvae in the stool had not diminished completely. A Few days later, Rhabditiform larvae was still detected in the duodenal fluid. Therefore, he was treated with Thiabendazole,2500 mg daily for two days per os and complete deworming was achieved.

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Zinc leuco-base methods using safranin O and basic fuchsin for the demonstration of ceroid have been newly published. Furthermore, both the process of development of these methods and their presumed principles related with strong basophilia and acid-fastness of ceroid have been in detail described. This may be considerably contributive to the elucidation of mechanisms of acid-fastness, one of characteristics of ceroid.

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As a part of the study to elucidate the influence of exteroceptive stimulation on the excitability of the brainstem reticular formation in the presence of flash stimuli, the effect on the recruiting response was investigated in the rabbit and the following observed.
1) The amplitude of the recruiting response appearing in the cerebral cortex EEG increased, on stimulation of the nucleus centrum medianum, nucleus reticularis and nucleus ventralis anterior (VA), belonging to the diffuse thalamocortical projection system, by 8Hz when the soft contact lens (CL) or the hard CL was attached in the absence of the flash stimulus.
2) The amplitude of this recruiting response was suppressed and decreased when the soft CL or hard CL was attached in the presence of the flash stimulus.
3) The amplitude of this recruiting response increas ed when tlhe flash stimulus was given. This finding indicates that the suppression of the recruiting response by the flash stimulus when the CL is attached is not due to the flash stimulus alone.
4) The rate of change in the amplitude of the re cruiting response with of the soft CL and the hard CL was analyzed quantitatively by determination of the wave pattern using the digital computor (Nihon Kohden ATAC-201). In the absence of the flash stimulus, an increase in amplitude of the recruiting response of an average of +23% (soft CL) and +45% (hard CL)respectively while in the presence of the flash stimulus, there was an average decrease of 15% (soft CL) and 18% (hard CL), respectively. The rate of change in amplitude with the flash stimulus alone averaged +18%. These results sugget that t he previously reported decrease in excitability of the brainstem reticular formation on attachment of the CL in the absence of the flash stimulus and the increase in the presence of the flash stimulus can be attributed to a rise in indirect suppression (in the absence of the flash stimulus) and a decrease in indirect suppression (in the presence of the flash stimulus) via the diffuse thalamocortical projection system.

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Electrophysiological studies were conducted in rabbits in order to investigate the effect of rhythmical sound with 120/min beating frequency and 500 Hz pitch,120/min 1000 Hz,220/min 500 Hz and 450/min 1000 Hz, respectively on the central nervous system.
Following were the effects observed.
1. The threshold of arous al reaction evoked by the reticular formation (RF) stimulation was elevated with the sounds of 120/min 500 Hz from the level when the non sound was given. But with the sounds of 220/min 500 Hz,120/min 1000 Hz and 450/min - 1000 Hz, the threshold of arousal reaction dropped compared to the condition of non sound.
2. The threshhold of muscular discharges evoked by the RF stimula t ion were lowered with each of the four sounds compared to the condition of non sound.
3. The muscular discharges evoked by the stimulation on cerebral cortex were inhibited with the sound of 120/min - 500 Hz, compared to the condition of non sound, but were facilitated with 450/min 1000 Hz.
4. The muscular disc harges evoked by the stimulation on hippocampus were facilitated with both of 120/min 500 Hz and 450/min 1000 Hz.
5. The effects on the nociceptive reflex of the s ounds of 120/min 500 Hz,220/min 500Hz and 450/min 1000 Hz were all facilitated compared to the condition of non sound.
6. The effect of the non sound was inhibitory on the M-H wave, where as tha t of the sounds of 120/min 500 Hz and 450/min 1000 Hz were facilitating.
In conclusion, the rhythmical sound with a low freque ncy, low pitch showed an inhibitory effect to the consciousness and the function of pyramidal system. On the other hand, the rhythmical sound with a high frequency, high pitch showed an facilitating effect.
The rhythmical sound had an facilitating effect to the spinal reflex regardless of its frequency and pitch.

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Studies on the lymphocyte subpopulations and subsets in both peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of various children's viral (the meales, rubella, chickenpox, mumps), bacterial infections, and Kawasaki disease were carried out to examine the change of cell-mediated immunity, using various rosette formation methods and monoclonal antibodies (anti-Leu 1, Leu 2a, Leu 3a, Leu 7) analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter III.
1) Both T cells and B cells decreased significantly in the acute phase of the viral infections; the measles, rubella, chickenpox and mumps, and Tγ cells increased in the convalescence. IgM bearing cells increased at first accompanied with IgG or IgD bearing cells l ater.
In whooping cough and Kawasaki disease, both T and B cells didn't decrease in the acute phase. Tμ cells had increased since the 2nd week and the peak of Tγ cells came out later than the peak of viral infections. B cell subsets in bacterial infections had increased significantly after the 2nd week.
2) The lymphocyte subsets of Kawasaki disease changed similar to bacterial infections. Leu 3a and Leu 7 cells decreased significantly in the 1st week of Kawasaki disease. The etiol ogy of Kawasaki disease may be considered as an allergic illness triggered by some b acterial infections.
3) At the onset of encephalitis T, Tμ cells and Leu 1, Leu 3a cells decreased remarkably as compared with non-complicated children. Viral encephalitis may be caused by an abnorma l immunity following viral infections. Considering that Tμ cells induce prekiller cell to killer cell, in encephalitis killer T cells may not been induced and helper T cells impossibly play a part in the recovery from the infections.
Examination of T cell subsets may be beneficial to evaluate prognosis of encephalitis.
4) In CSF of patients with aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis an increase in the percentage of T lymphocyte or Leu 2a cell was observed, while a decrease of B lymphoc yte was proven.
The results are likely to suggest that in central nervous system infections there is a strong T cell response in CSF with well preserved proportions of T cell subsets.
5) There were significant good correlations between active E, E rosette forming cells and Leu 1 cells, Tγ cells and Leu 7 cells, while correlations between Tγ cells and Leu 2a cells, Tμ cells and Leu 3a cells are not significant. In viral infections Leu 1 and Leu 3a cells decrease d and Leu 7 cells increased in the acute phase, and Tγ cells increased in the conval escence. In all diseases studied except for varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus and Epstein-Barr virus, Leu 2a cells showed no significant change.
According to the above observations on monocl onal antibody method, Tγ and Tμ cells may have several functional lymphocyte clones. Identifications of Tγ cells and Tμ cells are not enough to know the precise immune state, which is better evaluated by means of monoclonal antibody method.

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In order to evaluate the effects of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and aging on LV diastolic filling and the atrial contraction,34 normal subjects aged less than 40 years (N group),6 elderly normal subjects aged 50 years or more (OA group),26 patients with essenti al hypertension aged from 23 to 78years were studied in the left lateral position with apexcardiography and echocardiography. LV hypertrophy was assessed by LV wall thickness (LVWT), which was defined as a sum of the interventricular wall thickness (WS) and the LV posterior wall thickness (PW). The patients with hypertension were classified into two groups according to LVWT: H1 group,8 cases with LVWT less than 2.5 cm and H2 group,18 cases with LVWT 2.5 cm or more. Cases with an WS / PW ratio of 1.3 or more were excluded from the study. Blood pressure level (mmHg) (systolic / diastolic) were 121/69 + 13/10,133/78 +114/11,141/87 +114/10 and 175/103 +126/17, in N, OA, H1 and H2, respectively. LVWT (mean + / SD, cm) was 1.8 + 0.2 in N,2.2 + / O.5 in OA,2.2+ 0.1 in H1 and 3.1 + 0.5 in H2 group. LVWT in OA group was significan tly thicker than in N group, but thinner than in H2 group.

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A 53 year old female was admitted on May,1982 having been suffered from dry cough and shortness of breath on exertion for a month. She had been pointed out the abnormal shadow on her chest X-ray film for last six months. She was recommended our clinic for detail examination.
Lab. data: RA (+), CRP (± +), ESR (1hr. ) 83mm, γ-gl.26.8%, LDH 845u, CPK 779u, PaO₂ 66.7mmHg, T₄.4.8μg/d1, T₃ 0.7μg/d1, TSH 50.4μu/ml.
Her diffuse enlarged goiter and thyroid function diagnosed as Hashimoto's disease. The abnormal shadow on her chest X-ray film revealed diffuse interstitial pneumonia by trans bronchial lung biopsy (TBLB). On admission, she was treated with 40mg of predonisolone daily, which was gradually tapered. She showed improvement in her subjective and objective symptome.
The possibility that idiopathic interstitial pneumonia is pathogenetically related to autoimmune reactions has been considered frequently. Hashimoto's disease is a representative autoimmune disease, and Vitiligo relates to autoimmune disease. Our case had Hashimoto's disease, vitiligo and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. We considered that these diseases were not accidental complication, the pathogenesis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia related to autoimmune factors.

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The dept. of critical care medicine at Kansai Medical University was established in March 1979. The emergency patients numbering 1963 were admitted to this service during the past five years. This report is the analytical observation of our cases.
The classification of the patients is as follows; internal medicine; 913 (46.5%), opthalmology; 387 (19.7%), general surgery; 582 (29.6%), gynecology; 36, otorhinolaryngology; 32, neuropsychiatry; 13 (0.7%).
The mortality rate is 17.6 %,89 patients died during the first 24 hours and 95 patients between 2 to 5 days after admission, indicating that about one half of the patients died within 5 days.

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Brains of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were histopathogically studied, and the effects of salt loading on the cerebrovascular diseases were investigated. Brains of SHR showed hemorrhage, necrosis and edema. As the morphological cause of hemorrhage, microaneurysms were observed in the hemorrhagic foci. Cellular hyperplasia of the pial arteries, hyaline degeneration, fibrinoid necrosis and thrombus formation of the intracerebral arterioles and small arteries were found as the cause of necrosis of the brains. In the study of vascular permeability using horse-radish peroxidase as a marker, an increased vascular permeability was demonstrated in the rats with very high blood pressure beyond 220 mmHg. For the development of fibrinoid necrosis, thrombus formation and an increased vascular permeability, endothelial injury due to hypertension seems to play an important role. Because the localization of increased cerebrovascular permeability corresponded well with that of cerebral necrosis, and there were transitional findings between brain edema and cyst formation in the brain, at least some necrotic foci were suggested to be caused by an increased cerebrovascular permeability. The incidence of cerebrovascular changes was high in stroke-prone substrains such as A 1-sb and A3. The effects of promoting hypertension by salt loading were especially severe in the above substrains.

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In order to clarify the effect of rhythmical sound to the living organism, electrophysiological studies were conducted. The rhythmical sounds at 120/min beating frequency and 500Hz in pitch,450/min 1000Hz were employed in each experiment with rabbits. And 40/min 500Hz was added to the experiment of microvibration in human.
The followings were the effects observed.
1) The N₁ component of the af ferent average evoked potential in the cerebral cortex was inhibited by both 120/min 500Hz and 450/min 1000Hz sound condition. The N₂ component of it was inhibited significantly at 120/min 500Hz.
2) The late components such as N₄, N₅, N₆, N₇ of the afferent average evoked potential in the cerebral cortex were inhibited more significantly by 120/min 500Hz than by 450/min 1000Hz or non sound.
3) The early components such as, HN₁, HN₂, HN₃ of the afferent average evoked potential in the hippocampus were inhibited by 120/min 500Hz. HN₂ component was also inhibited by 450/min 1000Hz.
4) The late components, such as HN₄, HN₅, HN₆ of the afferent average evoked potential in the hippocampus, were inhibited by 120/min 500Hz, but the inhibition was not so strong as those early components HN₁ and HN₂.
5) The intestinal movement wa s facilitated significantly by 120/min 500Hz, while it was inhibited significantly by 450/min 1000Hz.
6) The microvibration elicited b y photic stimulation in rabbits was inhibited by 120/min -500Hz, and facilitated by 450/min 1000Hz.
7) The microvibration elicited by photic stimulation in men was inhibited by both the non sound and 40/min 500Hz. On the other hand, it was facilitated by 120/min 500Hz and 450/min 1000Hz in the early period of those sound stimulation, but was inhibited in the late period.

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An autopsy case of pontine astrocytoma with extensive subarachnoid dissemination was presented. The patient was a girl of 12 years old, who was admitted to the hospital because of decreased visual acuity and double vision. CT examination of the brain showed the findings consistent with neoplastic enlargement of the pons. Irradiation and immunotherapy afforded partial remission and she discharged 2 months after admission. Her symptoms, however, recurred 3 months after discharge and CT examination revealed obstructive hydrocephalus. Construction of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt afforded temporary reduction of her symptoms, but decerebrated posture appeared and her general condition progressively deteriorated. The patient died 1 year and 6 months after the onset of her initial symptoms.
Autopsy revealed diffuse neoplastic enlargement of th e pons and extensive dissemination of tumor tissue in the subarachnoid space over the cerebral ventral surface and cerebellopontine angles. Superficial cortical tissue adjacent to subarachnoid dissemination was found to be invaded secondarily by tumor tissue.
Histologically tumor in the pons showed the feature of well differentiated fibrillary astrocytoma with abundant production of glial fibrils. Cellular atypism was not prominent and mitotic figures were rare, but flowcytometric analysis of DNA distribution of this tumor showed an increase of tetraploid cells, suggesting malignancy.
Disseminated foci in subarachnoid spa ce showed highly cellular neoplasm composed of smallsized cells, which was reminiscent of medulloblastoma. Mitotic figures were abundant. Transitional features to fibrillary astrocytoma were apparent and intercellular deposition of acid mucopolysaccharides was seen in some areas. Reactive proliferation of vascular endothelial cells was prominent in subarachnoid tumor tissue. Deposition of tumor cells on the ependymal surface and secondary invasion into deep brain tissue was also noted.
Reports of astrocytoma in the brain stem with subarachnoid dissemination are rare. Rarer are the cases similar to ours in which disseminated foci in subarachnoid space were composed mainly of small anaplastic cells, while primary site in the brain stem showed the features of well differentiated fibrillary astrocytoma. Similar cases were reported by Friede et al. (1982) and designated by them as “infantile small cell glioma”. Our case and their cases suggest that small cells in astrocytomas represent highly malignant characteristics and are liable to spread diffusely in the subarachnoid space.
The significance of intercellu lar deposition of acid mucopolysaccharides in astrocytomas was also discussed. It was suggested that localized anoxia due to inappropriate vascular supply caused an increase of permeability of the vascular wall which resulted in the deposition of acid mucopolysaccharides in intercellular space.

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A rat substrain with unilateral cataract, designated as ICR/ul-strain, has been developed from the ICR/l-strain which has spontaneously occurring bilatral cataract. The percentage of occurrence (F20 and F21 generations) was 25.6 in males and 21.1 in females, the remaining offsprings showing bilateral occurrence as in the original strain. The cataract appeared irregularly in either the left or right side. Characteristic changes in the lens of this substrain were similar with those of the original strain; 1. Abnormalities could not be detected morphologicaly in the intraocular tissues other than the lens (cornea, region of angulus camerae anterioris, iris, corpus cilliare, retina, chorioidea and sclera).2. Once the lens opacity began, it progressed rapidly to complete maturity.3. During the rapid progress in opacity, the cataractous lens showed a similar lytic process of lens fibres to that of the original strain. The noncataractous lens showed only a slight change even after the complete opacity of the cataractous side.
Thus, the present subtrain may be a useful model for elucidating the mechanism by which lens transparency can be maintained in either the local or the systemic condition.

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