Sprague-Dawley white rats were used for this study. New-born male rats were each radiothyroidectomized by intraperitoneal injection of 100μCi of¹³¹I. The animals were perfused on days 7,15,20,34 and 96 with paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture. Cerebellums were removed and chopped sagittally on the midline. The tissues, from cerebellar cortex in the pyramis, embedded in low viscosity epoxy resin. Before thinsectioning, tissue was trimed in the molecular layer. Tissue was ultra-thinsectioned on the ultramicrotome, stained with ulanyl acetate and lead nitrate, and viewed with electron microscope. On the other hand, cerebellum embedded in paraffin, was thinsectioned on the microtome, stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin, Kluver-Barrera and Bodian stain, and observed with light microscope. On light microscopic view, external granular layer remained at 20 days in hypothyroidal animals. But, in normal control rats on the same day, external granular layer already disappeared. The width of the molecular layer of the cerbellar cortex in the pyramis was measured; at 15 days, the data in control was significantly larger than in hypothroid rats, at the other days, not significant in the comparison between hypothyroid rats and normal control. On electron microscopic observation, there was no abnormal structure and no qualitative change in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex in both groups. But there was quantitative difference between them. Number of synaptogenesis between parallel fiber and Purkinjedendritic spine in hypothyroid rats was less than in normal control. Morphometric study was tried with computerized digitizer on the electron microscopic photograph in the molecular layer at 35560 magnification, as follows;
(1) Counts of synaptic profiles p er unit area.
(2) Length of post-synaptic thickening.
(3) Area of Purkinje-dendritic spine. Samples for these morphometric items were selected from outer and inner halves of the molecular layer in cerebellum.10 samples were taken from each zone. These were measured from the magnified positives, printed on the quarters at 35560 magnification. Gray type I synapses between parallel fiber terminals and Purkinje-dendritic spines were selected and measured for these three items on each photographs. Several statistical comparison between hypothyroid and control groups were made. As the result, there were many significant differences in the counts of synaptic profiles. For length of post-synaptic thickening and area of Purkinje-dendritic spine, there were some significant differences in comparison between each days, and between inner half and outer half within each groups. On these statistical significant differences, developmental disturbance of the cerebellar cortex in the neonatal hypothyroid rats was clarified.

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Influences of the change of inorganic ion evironment on rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle isolated from rat portal vein and effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the actions of noradrenaline, acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the muscle preparation were studied, and the following results were obtained.
1) In order to induce rhythmic contractions in the muscle preparation, the presence of calcium ions in the medium was necessary: the most optimal concentration was 1.63 mM. However, the high concentrations of calcium ion more than 8.8 mM suppressed the rhythmic contractions. The suppressive effect of calcium ion is presumed to be caused by a stabilizing effect of the ion on the muscle membrane.
2) The presence of potassiu m ion in the medium was essential for calcium to induce rhythmic contractions in the muscle: potassium ion was presumed to play a role to control the permeability of calcium ion through the muscle membrane.
3) The presence of sodium ion in the medium gave a suppressive influence on the calcium ion influx to the muscle membrane.
4) Magnesium ion in the medium showed a suppressive influence on potassium depolarizing contraction, suggesting a character of the ion to inhibit the calcium ion release from the potassium depolarized muscle membrane.
5) In the presence of calciu m ion in the medium, noradrenaline and acetylcholine increased the basal tension of spontaneous rhythmic contractions.
6) VIP showed a suppressive effect o n spontaneous rhythmic contractions, but scarcely influenced the actions of noradrenaline and acetylcholine.
7) Magnesium ion in. the medium suppre ssed the noradrenaline induced contraction, while promoted the acetylcholine induced contraction: when magnesium was present in the medium, the addition of acetylcholine induced intermittent high wave-like contractions in the preparation. The characteristic acetylcholine contraction is presumed to be caused by increased influx of calcium and magnesium ions into the muscle.
8) In regard to the physiological ro le of autonomic nervous system which controls the function of portal vein, it is assumed that the excitation of abdominal sympathetic nerve causes an increase in basal tension, i. e. spasm, and that the excitation of vagal nerve (acetylcholine)causes a large wave-like contractions and the excitation of postulated VIP-nerve (VIP) causes a relaxation of the portal vein.

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Influences of verapamil, phentolamine, trimetazidine and N-nitroso-N-morpholinoaminoacetonitrile (SIN-1 A) on spontaneous rhythmic contractions, noradrenaline induced contraction, potassium induced contraction, and calcium induced contraction in the vascular smooth muscle isolated from rat portal vein were studied and the following results were obtained.
a) Verapamil (2 × 10^-8to 2 × 10^-7M) decreased the amplitude of sponta neous rhythmic contractions and depressed the tension developement induced by noradrenaline, potassium chlo ride and calcium chloride.
b) Phentolamin e increased the amplitude of spontaneous rhythmic contractions, while decreased the tension developement induced by noradrenaline and calcium chloride.
c) Trimetazidine increased the tension development induced by noradrenaline, especially that induced by it in a low concentration. However, trimetazidine in high concentrations of 3 × 10^-4to 1.5 × 10^-3decreased the tension developement induced by calcium chloride an d suppressed both amplitude and frequency of spontaneous rhythmic contractions. d) SIN-1A decreased the basal tension and the amplitude of spontane ous rhythmic contractions, and decreased the tension development induced by noradrenaline and potassium. H owever, the drug gave a scarce effect on contraction induced by calcium chloride. From the results, the followings were assumed: 1) Verapamil in a low concentration suppresses th e Ca²⁺influx through voltage dependent Ca²⁺channel and the Ca²⁺release induced by depolarization.2) Phentolamine in a high concentrations sup presses the Ca²⁺movement through voltage dependent Ca²⁺channel.3) The response of the preparation to noradrenaline increases in the presence of trimetazidine in a low concentration, but in the presence of high concentrations of trimetazidine the response to noradrenaline and potassium chloride decreases, which is presumed to be caused by the stabilizing effect on the muscle membrane of the drug.4) SIN-1A may possess an effect to inhibit the release of Ca²⁺from the storage sites of Ca in the membrane.

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Influence of sodium ion, verapmil and trimetazidine on KCI-induced contraction as well as on CaCl²-induced contraction after application of the KCl was examined on the smooth muscle of isolated rat portal vein, and the following results were obtained.
1) The preparation contracted when Locke's solution was replaced with a sucrose medium containing KC (sucrose: 268.8 and KCI: 26.9mM). The contraction was alm ost the same as that of the preparation kept in K-Locke's solution (KCl: 161.0 mM). When CaCl₂was added to the preparation which had been contracted and recovered from the contra ction by the media containg KCl, the contraction occured. The CaCl₂-induced contract ion in the preparation pretreated with the sucrose medium containing KCl was smaller than that of the preparation pretreated with K-Locke's solution in a slight degree.
2) The contraction induced by the sucrose medium containing KCl (26.9 mM) in the preparation was decreased by the replacement of the sucrose by NaCl.
3) Verapamil (O.02 uM) and trimetazidine (O.3 uM) suppressed the contraction induced by K- Locke's solution as well as the contraction induced by CaCl₂which was applied after K -Locke's solution.
4) From the results, the action mechanism of verapamil and trimetazidine on smooth muscle of protal vein was discussed.

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In 74 ICR/JCL mice aged 4 weeks (35 males and 39 females) fed on a vitamin E deficient diet for 55 weeks ceroid occurring in the liver tissues was observed at several stages of the experimental periods. Ceroid could be histochemically identified since 15 week feeding. Electron microscopical examination revealed swollen mitochondria and numerous autophagic vacuoles in the degenerated, atrophic liver cells consisting of dark cells and light cells.
Some of dark cells phagocytized by Kupffer cells were seen discharged into sinu soid. Ceroid in the liver from mice fed on a vitamin E deficient diet appears to have been derived from complicated materials such as cell debris containing cellular membrane, degenerated mitochondria and autophagic vacuoles in the necrotizing liver cells.
When observed in the electron microscope cero id formed in the liver from vitamin E deficient mice showed characteristic patterns such as band, lattice and parallel lamella pattern. Each band in the band pattern has a width measuring 45 to 60Åand each electron lucent space, a width measuring 70 to 90Å. The lattice pattern consists of three bands intersecting at an angle of 60 degrees forming a triangular space. Each band in the lattice pattern has a width similar to that of the band pattern.
Parallel lamella pattern c onsists of lamellae of low electron density 90 to 120Åin width and each electron lucent space 45 to 55Åin width. From the above findings it has been eviden ced that ceroid appearing under the vitamin E deficient condition is electron microscopically characterized by the presence of the band, lattice and parallel lamella patterns.
It is noted that n one of these patterns was found in ceroid formed in situ several weeks after insertion of a piece of liver tissues from untreated donor mice into the subcutaneous tissue of recipients.

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Antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) was studied from several aspects in children with mycoplasma pneumonia (MP), measles, rubella, chickenpox and mumps, for the purpose of finding out something to do with the autoimmune phenomena in these diseases. In addition lymphocytotoxic activity (LCA) to lymphocyte subpopulations and subsets was measured by microcytotoxicity test. What kind of immunoglobulin ALA belonged to was also studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence technique and by treatment of 2-Mercpto-Ethanol. The following results were obtained.
1. It was demonstrated that in these diseases ALA was dependent on complement with cold activity and the highest LCA was obtained at 1/2 diluted serum.
2. In mycoplasma pneumonia, measles, rubella and chickenpox LCA was always higher than the during the convalescent phase, but in mumps LCA was higher during the convales cent phase than during the acute phase.
3. The cases of measles, rubella and chickenpox were divided into two groups: mild and serious based on clinical observations. in the acute phase. but there was no significant dif ference of LCA between the mild and serious in the acute phase.
4. In mycoplasma pneumonia LCA was compared with cold hemagglutin (CHA) by using both cord and adult erythrocytes, and was found to be in more direct correlation with cord C HA than with adult CHA. Moreover after sera of mycoplasma pneumonia patients were abso rbed by these two erythrocytes, LCA decreased more markedly in cord erythrocytes than in adult erythrocytes. Therefore, it was clear that a high level of LCA in mycoplasma pneum onia was due to not only anti-I, but also anti-i antibody.
5. In mycoplasma pneumonia and measles LCA was studied in regard to T-lymphocyte subsets, T_Gand T non-_Gcells. LCA to T non-_Gcells was higher than to T_Gcells. It was further observed that LCA to T_Gcells decreased significantly earlier of recovery, comparing to LCA to Tnon-_Gcells.
6. In mycoplasma pneumonia, measles, chickenpox, rubella and mumps LCA disappeared with treatment of 2-Mercapto-Ethanol. Therefore, it has been now proven that these ALA bel ong to IgM.
7. In mycoplasma pneumonia and measles immunoglobulin classes of ALA were detected by means of indirect immunofluorescence technique with FITC-labelled antihuman-IgG and -IgM, and they were shown to belong mainly to IgM, partially to IgG.
8. In mycoplasma pneumonia anti-Leu 1, anti-Leu 2a and anti-Leu 3a antibodies were examined by means of double staining indirect immunofluorescence technique, and it was n oted that in the acute phase anti-Leu 2a antibody showed a higher level than anti-Leu 3a antibo dy, but in the convalescehnt phase anti-Leu 3a antibody showed a higher level than a nti-Leu 2a antibody.
9. This kind of study is useful for understanding the immune mechanism in various infectious diseases. Several issues concerning to the relation of infections and collagen disease s were discussed.

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The author reports an end-results study on 55 patients who were admitted with the diagnosis of spondylolysis or listhesis and underwent posterior spinal fusion at Kansai Medical University Hospital. The patients who were followed an average of 11.1 years. This innovative surgical method was introduced by M. Mori and published in the July issue of the journal “Shujutsu” 1956. It is characterized by the two following procedures.
1. Both opposing ends of the bony defects in the affected neural arch are freshened using a chisel bilaterally by resecting thin layers of bony tissue so that denuded areas are created a t the defects and on its neighbouring neural arch areas.
2. Two spinous processes on both spondylolysis level and on the spinous process one level above are divided longitudinaly in the midline and the interspinous ligaments between t hem are cut in the same line. Care is taken to divide each spinous process only partially so that two halves may be spread without actually fractuaring off at all. To accomplish this fus ion operation, auto-grafts are to be transplanted from the iliac bone or from the tibia t o the affected spine in such a way that a surgeon is able to fuse two spinous processes by inser ting a rectangular shaped graft of about 5 x 1.8 x 0.4 cm in size in the midline cut a nd to pack several other small bony fragments in the denuded bony defects of the neural arch an d on its surrounding areas.

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The changes in excitability of the brainstem reticular formation due to exteroceptive stimulation in the presence and absence of flash stimuli was studied in the rabbit. The exteroceptive stimulation consisted of the attachment of a soft or hard contact lens (CL) to the eye of the rabbit.
1) The threshold of the arousal reaction appearing in the cerebral cortex EEG and the hippocampal EEG elicited by stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation with 100 Hz increases on attachment of the soft CL and the hard CL in the absence of flash stimulus but decreases in the presence of the flash stimulus. The rate of change in the arousal reaction threshold is higher with the hard CL than with the soft CL.
2) The threshold of the evoked muscular discharge a ppearing in the fore- and hind limbs by 100 Hz stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation increases in most cases on attachment of the soft CL and the hard CL in the absence of flash stimulus but showed little change or decreased in the psesence of the flash stimulus.
These findings suggest that excitabilit y of the brainstem reticular formation is suppressed by attachment of the contact lens in the absence of flash stimulus and the level of activity of consciousness and motor function declines whereas excitability of the brainstem reticular formation is intensified and the level of activity of consciousness and motor function tends to rise by attachment of the CL when flash stimulus is present. It is believed that the diffuse thalamocortical projection system and the limbic system are involved in this mechanism.

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The early postoperative results following Mori's knee joint synovectomy usually gives satisfactory improvemtnt clinically on the operated knee joint.
However, in so far as early postoperative improve ment following synovectomy is concerned, radiological evidence to support this clinical improvement has not yet been fully confirmed even in literature.
The author collected 10 knee joints in which improvement in clinical findings was obtained and pre- and postoperative radiographs were available for comparison.
In these 10 joints radiological findings were as follows. Postoperatively widening of joint line was seen in 10 joints. Postoperative improvement in joint line contour was seen in 4 joints. Therefore, improvement in joint line contour including widening was seen in 4 joints.
In this surgical series, most of the joints postoperatively showed the sa me radiological findings as they showed preoperatively.
It is very likely, howe ver, that the above radiological findings demonstrate an inhibition of the progression in the disease process in the operated knee joint following surgery and that this demonstrates the success of synovectomy for these patients.
As our second study, radiological and clinical data we re studied on a series of patients with bilateral knee joint involvement. The operated knee joint was compared with the contralateral non surgical side. The number of the cases were 17 and the period of follow-up was a mean value of 12.3 years. An investigation was done radiologically using Steinbrocker's or Larsen's method and also clinically using our method of evaluating pain, swelling, ROM, and function in the knee.
The following main conclusions were attained.: Preoperatively all the 17 knees were found worse than the opposite non surgical side clinically and radiologically 8 pairs of joints were similar and 9 joints were worse than the contralateral non surgical side. Postoperatively, however, as for the operated 17 knee joints 5 pairs of joints were found to be similar,6 joints were better and only 6 joints were worse than the contralateral non surgical knee.
From these findings the author concludes that the presence of a “prophylactic effect” following Mori's knee joint synovectomy has been confirmed.

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