Journal of Light & Visual Environment

The causes of burnout of incandescent lamp filament

Ariyoshi ISHIZAKI, Yutaka KATASE

1977 Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 2_2-2_4
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2150/jlve.1.2_2

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The experimental investigation concerning burnout phenomena of double coiled filaments in incandescent lamps was performed. Though most of the initial hot spots in filaments observed by current pulse burning are due to diameter defects, they are not main causes of burnout. The correlation between the intially highest temperature portion burning on steady current and burnout position is high. The evidence that the irregularity of temperature distribution caused by pitch defect have bad influence on life of lamp was found.

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A metal halide lamp with ultra-high-color rendering property

Toshihiko ISHIGAMI, Satoshi NAGANO, Tadatoshi HIGASHI, Hiroki SASAKI, ...

1977 Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 2_5-2_9
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2150/jlve.1.2_5

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In the field of the high intensity discharge lamp, a metal halide lamp with ultra-high-color rendering property that has the general color rendering index (Ra) of over 99 has been developed. Up to now by the fillings of SnBr₂ and Snl₂,separately or combinationally, at most Ra=94,though maximum in the highintensity discharge lamp, was attainable and its special color rendering index for red color (R₉) was under 80. By the fillings of SnBr₂+Cal₂, the molecular spectrum of CaBr that radiates at the wavelengths of 625 nm and 627 nm compensates for the shortage in the red zone spectrum of SnBr₂-Snl₂ fillings and it makes possible for the chromaticity of the new lamp to lie almost on the Planckian locus. It is attainable in the new lamp that Ra value is over 99, all special color rendering indexes are over 98, color temperature is 4000 K ∼ 5000 K, and luminous efficacy is about 60 lm/W (at 400-watt input power).

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An investigation of the effect of impurities on the striking voltage of metal halide lamps

Toshiji KAZUI, Hiromitsu MATSUNO, Mikiya YAMANE

1977 Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 2_10-2_15
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2150/jlve.1.2_10

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A glow discharge is excited in metal halide lamps, which contain mercury-thallium iodide, mercury-sodium iodide and mercury-sodium-thallium-indium iodide, in order to determine the impurity concentration spectroscopically. A series of band spectra of mercury hydride and a line spectrum of iodine are observed, and the spectral intensities at 4017 Å (mercury hydride band) and at 2062 Å (iodine line) are measured for this purpose. In mercury-thallium iodide lamps, it was found that hydrogenous impurity present in the arc tube decreases with operating time with a time constant of 60∼150 minutes, which is about the same as the diffusion time of hydrogen through the fused silica tube at the operating temperature. In mercury-sodium iodide lamps, the impurity concentration decreases at first with the same rate as that of the mercury-thallium iodide lamps, and then ceases to decrease gradually after 2 hours operation. Mercury-sodium-thallium-indium iodide lamps show nearly the same behavior as the mercury-sodium iodide lamps. A cross-check is made between the striking voltage and these spectral intensities, and it was found that the impurity concentrations more than 2×10^-3 Torr affect the striking voltage of the lamps.

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Anomalous diffusion of hydrogen in fused quartz glasses for lamps above 800°C

Kazuyuki OGAWA, Tsutomu MORIWAKI, Hitoshi IMAMURA, Yoshimi AKAI

1977 Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 2_16-2_21
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2150/jlve.1.2_16

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To clarify the mechanism of hydrogen diffusion in fused quartz at elevated temperatures over 800°C, a mass filter was used to measure diffusion coefficients, permeabilities and solubities of hydrogen in several types of fused quartz tubes. The diffusion coefficient obtained at 800°C was 2-3×10^-6 cm²/sec, and the activation energy of the hydrogen diffusion at 400°-800°C was 11.6 Kcal/mol. These values are in good agreement with the values previously reported. Precise measurements at temperatures abobe 800°C resulted in diffusion anomaly, or an unusual fall-off of diffusion coeffusion coefficient, while premeabilities kept monotonous increase with rising temperature. In consequence the solubilities, obtained from the coefficient and permeability, showed a sharp increase up to 2×10¹⁹ molecules/cm³.

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Breakdown mechanism of metal halide lamps

Hiroshi WASHIMI

1977 Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 2_22-2_30
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2150/jlve.1.2_22

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This paper describes breakdown mechanism of the metal halide lamp containing Sodium, Scandium and Thorium iodides in DC operation. Current growth, voltage collapse and the formative time lag of a discharge were measured. The time lag was compared with the calculated drift time of both electrons and ions in order to presume the dominant secondary process. It was found that a Townsend-type breakdown with γ_i process occurs in the starting gap and that two types of breakdown, i.e. (1) prebreakdown→arc and (2) prebreakdown→glow→arc occur in the main gap. Which type will occur depends on the burning period, the impressed voltage and its polarity. Townsend mechanism with γ_i process and/or γ_p process as the dominant secondary process has an important role for the breakdown. On the comparison with the results in case of the mercury lamp, the appearance of the prebreakdown stage and the glow-to-arc step discharge are principally considered to be due to the suppression of electron multiplication by the electron attachment and/or quenching in impurity gases.

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The effects of illuminance, color temperature and color rendering index of light sources upon comfortable visual environments

—in the case of office—

Tenji WAKE, Tadashi KIKUCHI, Keishiro TAKEICHI, Masaru KASAMA, Hisashi ...

1977 Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 2_31-2_39
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2150/jlve.1.2_31

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In the present experiment, the effects of illuminance upon comfortable visual environments of a room were examined by using a miniature room. The room was set to simulate an usual office. The light source was placed above the ceiling made of opaque acrylic plate. The room was lighted through the ceiling, using six kinds of lamps. Under various lighting conditions, subjects were required to rate the office according to the psycological method, which consisted of the “image” and “evaluation” tests. For each of the tests, the scale values obtained by the method of successive categories were subjected to principal components analysis. As the results of the analysis, four components were extracted for both the “image” and the “evaluation” tests, accounting for 95% and 90% respectively. The canonical correlation analysis was applied and indicated that the relation between two tests was very strong. In both tests, the first component closely related to illuminance, color temperature and color rendering, and strong depencence of the second component upon illuminance was found. The relationships between the scale values: of individual items and illuminance were discussed.

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Influence of pattern height on the visual contrast sensitivity for vertical grating patterns

Yoshimichi EJIMA, Takayuki ITOH, Kohyo KATSURA, Tohru NOGUCHI

1977 Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 2_40-2_44
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2150/jlve.1.2_40

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Contrast sensitivity functions of the human visual system were measured for different heights of vertical grating patterns. The height turned out to have a great influence on the contrast sensitivity function. The contrast sensitivity, within certain limits, increased with height of patterns. The spatial increment of the contrast sensitivity monotonically decreased with spatial frequency of patterns. The results were explained by a model proposed in the present paper.

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Tunnel-lighting—luminous intensity of luminaires to guide approaching drivers

Kohei NARISADA, Takeshi INOUE, H.H. BJØRSET

1977 Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 2_45-2_50
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2150/jlve.1.2_45

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An attempt was made to find the necessary luminous intensity values of the luminaires installed at a tunnel entrance in order to give optical guidance as to the run of the tunnel ahead to the vehicle driver approaching the tunnel entrance in daytime. A series of experimental observations were carried out under simulated conditions using a dynamic tunnel model. Through the observations, the necessary luminous intensity values for the luminaires were obtained in relation to both the luminance in the access zone (L1) and the distance from the tunnel portal at which the driver perceived the luminaires. Discomfort glare caused by luminaires with the maximum luminous intensity necessitated above was checked and it was found that the glare effects are negligible.

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A white-noise photostimulator by using a pulse frequency modulation method

Yukifumi SHIGEMATSU, Masahiro YAMADA, Masahiro FUWA

1977 Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 2_51-2_55
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2150/jlve.1.2_51

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A photostimulator of which radiant power is controlled in the form of white-noise is described and examined in order to study the visual color system, and it has excellent linearity and spectral constancy. Glow modulator tubes (R1131C; Sylvania and L526; HTV) were examined for the purpose of being used for the light source. The spectral concentration of the tube was measured at different current levels of 10, 30 and 50 mA. It is shown that the spectral concentration was changed with the variation of the driving current. The current control method is usually used to control the radiant power, but had the above imperfection for the experiments of the color vision. Another method, the pulse frequency modulation (PFM) method was also tested. These two methods were compared at different levels of the radiant power for five colors. By the usage of the PFM method, linearity and spectral constancy were remarkably improved, and this method was used in a white-noise photostimulator. How the eye responds to the flickering light of the PFM method is explained, and an application to the study of the horizontal cell in the carp rentina is described.

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