Previously the mechanisms involved in nasal allergy was considered that allergic reaction in the submucosa of nasal mucous membrane only is responsible for symptoms which are a product of direct action of chemical mediator released to the target tissues, Against the above concept, however, the present paper demonstrated an important role of allergic reaction on the airway surface and reflectory effect of the chemical mediator on effector cells in nasal manifestation.In other words, nasal allergic manifestations could be produced without allergen penetration into the submucosa and without direct stimulation to the submucosa.
Soluble allergic substances are eluted from allergen particles in the mucous blanket and then produce a chemical mediator release from both the blood basophils, which emigrate from the circulation to the mucous blanket and the mast cells, which move in the epithelial layers.The mediator thus released is sufficient in amount to induce nasal manifestation.It is absorbed quickly and thence stimulates the endings of the trigeminal nerve colse to the basement membrane of the epithelial layer.This stimulation results in production of sneezing and watery secretion through the nervous pathway reflex.On the other hand the mediator stimulates directly to the blood vessels in the submucosa, resulting into nasal obstruction.

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Characteristics of persistently infected (PI) Vero cell lines with measles virus established in our laboratory, R-5-PI-Vero, R-5-PHI-Vero and 448-PI-Vero, were studied.The 448-PI-Vero was more stable as a carrier culture than the R-5-PI-Vero, i.e., the latter showed a cyclic fashion of the lytic infection.These PI cells were able to be stored without definite decrease of viability at -70°C for at least 94 to 125 days.In these PI cells not only the typical syncytial cytopathic effect (CPE), but also a type of swollen cells arising from the cell monolayer was observed.
Immunofluorescence studies confirmed the presence of specific measles antigens in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of PI cells.
Electron microscopy of the 15th passaged R-5-PI-Vero revealed the presence of smooth nucleocapsids in the nucleus, rough nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm and budding virus particles. The swollen cells which were characteristic of the PI culture showed the rough nucleocapsids near the cell membrane.
The temperature sensitivity of the virus was not directly related to the maintenance of the PI cultures.Mixed culture of R-5-PHI-Vero together with fresh Vero cells developed the significant CPE, which suggested that the PI culture was composed of cells endowed with a resistance against measles CPE by means of internal or external element (s).Interferon did not apparently take part in the maintenance of PI cultures, because they were not resistant to the superinfection of vesicular stomatitis virus.
The plaque size was inversely proportional to the virus yield, when six plaque purified clones from the R-5-PI-Vero were inoculated to fresh Vero monolayer cultures.

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Diabetic patients were divided into three groups: those without vascular complications, those with vascular complications, and those with diabetic ketoacidosis. Blood sugar and seventeen serum free amino acids were determined. After these amino acids (AA) were classified into eight groups, that is, acidic (AAA), neutral (NAA), basic (BAA), branched chain (BCAA), essential (EAA), nonessential (NEAA), ketogenic (KAA) and glycogenic amino acids (GAA), each group was compared with the values obtained in normal controls.
On the other hand, alloxan diabetic rabbits were divided into five groups, which had ingested for nine months high-fat (F), lanoline (L), high-carbohydrate (C), high-protein (P), and ordinary diets (N). Then, seventeen serum free amino acids were determined and compared with the concentrations obtained in group N.
In clinical study, BCAA (valine, isoleucine and leucine) and KAA (isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine) were significantly higher in diabetic patients before control than in normal controls (P<0.01or P< 0.05). Although NAA, BCAA, EAA and KAA showed decreasing tendency, AAA, BAA, NEAA and GAA, especially lysine, histidine, glutamic acid and alanine disclosed still increasing tendency after control.Each level of AAA, BAA, BCAA, EAA, NEAA, KAA.and GAA were significantly higher in diabetics with vascular complications than in normal controls (P<0.01).
BCAA and KAA showed significantly higher levels of 46.7% and 54.6% respectively in diabetics with ketoacidosis than in normal controls (P<0.01).On the contrary, GAA revealed significantly lower levels of 42.1%(P<0.01), and most of GAA: arginine, aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine and cystine showed significantly lower levels in diabetics with ketoacidosis than in normal controls (P<0.01or P<0.05).
In animal study, BCAA and KAA always showed significantly higher levels in group L than in group N (P<0.01or P<0.05), while GAA, especially alanine regularly revealed significantly lower levels in group L than in group N (P<0.05).Among groups F, C, and N, the values of BCAA and KAA always disclosed the highest tendency in group F and the lowest in group N, but the values of GAA and alanine showed the highest tendency in group N and the lowest in group F.In group P, NEAA and GAA, especially alanine slightly increased, while other six amino acid groups revealed little changes.
It is suggested that there is a very close relationship between abnormal values of serum free amino acids and the existence of various pathological states of diabetes mellitus and/or vascular complications.

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In Japan, sporotrichosis appears mostly in the time of spring and autumn.The author tried to know the influences of temperature in various degrees on the incubation. It was revealed that the growth of Sporothrix schenckii in Sabouraud's medium did not occur at 37°C but well in relatively lower temperature less than 27°C, even at 4°C.

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The pathogenic Sporothrix schenckii exists usually in the yeast form in vivo, but in vitro (Sabouraud's medium) it grows in the mold form and the time of the phase conversion has not yet been determined.
The author investigated the morphological changes of the culture by his own method using cellophane film continuously on the time course and proved that Sporothrix schenckii changed the growth phase from the yeast to the mold form in 2 to 3 hours after the setting in Sabouraud's medium, although in vivo usually it takes only the yeast form.

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Inhibitor of neutral ribonucleases (RNase inhibitor) is known to occur in a variety of animal tissues.However, a homogeneous RNase inhibitor has only been obtained from human placenta by Blackburn et al.(J.Biol.Chem., 252, 5904, 1977), and its molecular characteristics and physiological significance are still obscure.We attempted to purify a RNase inhibitor from bullfrog muscle, since we found that the bullfrog muscle contained a RNase inhibitor existing in two forms, a complex bound with RNase and a free form.
The procedure given for purification of the RNase inhibitor allowed homogeneous sample to be obtained in sufficient quantities for studies of the protein.The final preparation had a specific activity of 17, 064 units per mg.
The RNase inhibitor from bullfrog muscle is a protein of molecular weight 90, 000, it forms a1: 1 complex with a bullfrog liver RNase and is noncompetitive inhibitor of the bullfrog enzyme with a K_i of 0.7 to 1.0×10^-9M.
The inhibitor is irreversibly inactivated by p-chloromercuribenzoate.The complex of the inhibitor and the bullfrog liver RNase dissociates into active RNase and inactive inhibitor in the presence of p-chloromercuribenzoate, whereas into active RNase and active inhibitor at a high concentration of sodium chloride.

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An electron microscopic observation on the alteration of the hepatic sinusoids and participation in fibro-collagenosis of the fat storing cells in various liver diseases were studied.The periodic acid methenamine silver (PAM) impregnation technique (Yajima) was applied to the ultra-thin sections.
Total of 24 cases were used for the study: 11 with chronic hepatitis, 3 with acute hepatitis, 1 with fulminant hepatitis, 3 with liver cirrhosis, each one with fatty liver, cirrhosis induced by schistosomiasis japonica, Wilson's disease, hepatic cell carcinoma and indocyanine green excretory disturbance with acute hepatitis.The needle biopsied specimens were subjected for investigation, except for autopsied cases of Wilson's disease and hepatic cell carcinoma.
1.The most striking features in these cases were presence of irregular, continuous or fragmentary distribution of the basement membrane-like structure (BMS) which was clearly demonstrable with the PAM impregnation procedure.Its presence seems to be a fundamental alteration of the sinusoidal wall in the damaged liver.
2.In correspondence with the distribution of BMS, matured collagenous fibrils, having approximately 500 to 600 Å diameter with 640 Å.periodic stripe and fine filamentous materials (microfibrils), having approximately 100 to 200 Å in diameter were intermingled.It was of noteworthy that the latter materials have regular spotty distribution of the PAM positive granular substances.These findings may be indicative of the maturing process of the collagenous fibrils from the precursor which eventually develops to collagenous fibrils.
3.BMS and collagenous fibrils were mainly distributed in adjacent in the Disse's spaces. The fine filamentous materials were predominantly distributed in the adjacent region of the fat storing cells. The fat storing cells were featured with development of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes.These ultrastructural features are obviously suggesting that the cells may participate in the fibro-collagenosis.
4.The fat-droplets in the cytoplasm of the fat storing cells show PAM positive granularities in the adjacent region. Based on this observation, the PAM positive granularities also may participate in fibro-collagenosis.
5.BMS tends to extend into the dilated inter-cellular space and eventually forms the fine filamentous materials and collagenous fibrils which correspond with the pericellular fibrosis observed by the conventional light microscopy.

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The author describes an adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio (AN ratio) obtained by simple linear measurements on lateral radiographs as a numerical expression of adenoidal size and of patency of the nasopharyngeal airway.
The adenoidal measurement“A”(Fig.1) represents the distance from A¹, the point of maximal convexity along the inferior margin of the adenoidal shadow, to a line B, drawn along the straight portion of the anterior margin of the basiocciput. The distance“A”is measured along a line dropped perpendicularly from point A¹ to its point of intersection with line B.
The nasopharyngeal space“N”(Fig.2) is measured as the distance between C¹, the posteriorsuperior edge of the hard palate, and D¹, the anteroinferior edge of the sphenobasioccipital synchondrosis.When the synchondrosis is not clearly visualized, point D¹ is determined as the point of crossing of the postero-inferior margin of the lateral pterygoid plate (P) and the floor of the bony nasopharynx. The AN ratio is obtained by dividing the measurement for “A” by the value for“N”.
Based upon the statistical evaluation of 1, 398 infants and children between the ages of 1 month and 16 years (Table 1, Fig.3), the mean value for AN ratio increases for 0.33 at 1.5 months of age to 0.59 at 4 years 6 months of age, after which it decreases to 0.38 at 15 years 6 months of age. The AN ratio correlated well with visual estimation of adenoidal size made by experienced observers in 143 radiographs of 93 patients with adenoidal problems (Table 2, Fig.4).
The AN ratio is a valid means of assessing adenoidal size. AN ratio of 0.80 or greater represents enlargement of the adenoids in infants and children.

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Changes in the heme oxygenase activity of liver microsomes of bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, during development, and the induction of the enzyme activity by administraiion of hemin or other reagents to the animal were studied in the context of the regulation of hemoglobin catabolism, An improved method for the determination of enzyme activity was also described. The results obtaiaed are as follows;
1.The standard method devised for the quantitation of bilirubin produced by the heme oxygenase reaction with crude samples involved the extraction of bilirubin with n-butanol and the coupling of the pigment with diazotized sulfonic acid.
2.The levels of NADPH-dependent heme oxygenase activity were similar in the liver microsomes of tadpole and adult bullfrog.
The Km for methemalbumin of the enzyme was about 2×10^-5.×3. NADPH-de Dendent biliverdin reductase activity was found in neither the tadpole nor adult bullfrog liver, indicating that the final product of heme degradation in vivo in these animals is biliverdin.
4.The microsomal heme oxygenase activity increased 2-3 fold in the tadpole, liver prior to the onset of the conversion from tadpole to adult type of hemoglobin.
5.Injection of rnethemalbumin, phenylhydrazine, phenobarbital or triiodothyronine enhanced the heme oxygenase activity of both tadpole and adult bullfrog livers.
6.Actinomycin D inhibited the increase in the heme oxygenase activity with methemalbumin, while did not inhibit the increase with triiodothyronine.
7.The heme oxygenase activity of tadpole increased when the animal was kept two days in water at 25°C.

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