The left midbrain of Wistar rats was damaged with a Lesion Generator using a high-frequency current. Brain water content, electrolytes (Na⁺, IC⁺), energy metabolism (ATP, c-AMP, lactate), and the transition rate of ¹⁸¹I.RISA into the brain were periodically measured. The brain was also histologically examined. The following results were obtained:
1) Checked by means of colloidal carbon perfusion method, ischemia was found to exist in the damaged parts. Using an optical microscope, the ischemic parts were diagnosed as exhibiting acute brain infarction. The ischemic parts had a maximum diameter of 4.8±0.4mm n=10) 24 hours after being damaged by a 3 minute aplication at 65.. of the Lesion (Generator. The size of the lesions differed according to their respective damage. This experimental model is uniform and suitable for brain infarction experiments.
2) Water quantity in the damaged brain hemispheres started to increase shortly after the injuries and reached a maximum 24 to 48 hours later. Twenty-four hours after a 3 minute 65.. Lesion Generator application, the mean of the brain water content was 80.63% (n=10) and the standard deviation was 0.41%. This means that there existed brain edema since 78.30±0.2996 is the value of the water content of the normal brain. This experimental model is suitable for brain edema experiments.
3) The change in brain energy metabolism was slight and ¹⁸¹I-RISA flow into the brain tissue was detected shortly after the injury. That ¹⁸¹I-RISA had entered the brain tissue indicates that the blood-brain barrier was in an abnormal state. This can be regarded as a typical vasogenic brain edema suitable for studying the effects of medicine on the brain edema.

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1) Five hemoglobin components (Hb-a, I, II, III and IV) are isolated from the hemolysates of the tadpole, Rana catesbeiana, by a combination of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and hydroxylapatite column chromatographies.
2) Hb-a is monomeric and the other four are tetrameric molecules.
3) Hb-I and II predominate in the hemolysates of younger (stages II-111) and older tadpoles (stages XN.XV), respectively, indicating that Hb-I is replaced by Hb-II depending upon the developmental sequence of the tadpole. Hb-a, III and IV are invariable throughout the tadpole development.
4) Based on the data of electrophoresis and chemical analysis of the constituent globin chains of all the components, Hb-I and II are common in the α chain and differ in the β chain, and the α chain differs from that of Hb-III and N. This suggests that the hemoglobin transition from Hb-I to Hb-II reflects a change in the expression of non-α globin genes during tadpole development.

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The synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase in the liver mitochondria of the tadpole undergoing metamorphosis was studied in vivo and in vitro.
The results obtained are as follows:
1) Cytochrome c oxidase was purified to immunological homogeneity from the adult bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) liver. The purified enzyme had 13.5 nmol of heme a per mg of protein and was composed of nine polypeptides. The specific activity was 10.5.10⁹ units/mol of heme a.
2) The antibody against the purified enzyme reacted with the mitochondrial extracts obtained from both the adult frog and the tadpole livers to form a single precipitin line, indicating that both the antigens were immunologically identical.
3) The amount of cytochrome c oxidase was found to increase consistently with the increasing enzyme activity during metamorphosis.
4) The rate of synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase was 2-3 times higher in the tadpole at the metamorphic climax than at the premetamorphic stage.
5) The rate of degradation of the enzyme in vivo was determined to be 13 h at the premetamorphic stage and 6 h at the metamorphic climax.
6) When the tadpoles were pretreated with cycloheximide, the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins was markedly inhibited in the tadpole liver at the premetamorphic stage but only a little at the metamorphic climax.
7) The competency of synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase was 3 times higher in the mitochondria isolated from the liver of the tadpole at the metamorphic climax than at the premetamorphic stage.

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Principal prevalent strains isolated in the 1980-1981 epidemic of influenza in Japan were compared with the strain of commercial vaccine available in the same country in 1980. Virological and serological studies were carried out on the difference in antigenic structure between the isolated strains and the vaccine strain and on a hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titer in 210 girls high school students in Tokyo before and after the 1980-4981 epidemic.
The following results were obtained
1) The 1980---1981 epidemic was induced by a mixed infection of three types of influenza, Russian A type, Hong Kong A type, and B type.
2) Some prevalent strains were found among the strains of each type isolated in the 1980.
1981 epidemic. There was a difference in antigenic structure between them and the vaccine strain used in 1980.
3) A serological survey conducted before and after the epidemic revealed that 14 students were infected with the Russian A type and four students with the B type.
4) In the 18 infected students mentioned in paragraph 3, there was a more than fourfold increase in the antibody titer against the prevalent strains of the same type, as well as against the vaccine strain of each type.
5) The virus of Hong Kong type, included in the vaccine for the winter of 1980, -1981, did not rais the antibody titer among the vaccines against a variant of Hong Kong virus which showed a definite antigenic drift from the vaccine virus, hence the vaccine was not observed to be effective.
6) The strain of B type was low in effect as a vaccine itself, and even lower in preventing any prevalent strain in the epidemic.

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In this communication the author has investigated the features of the acute gastric lesions and its pathogenesis which was observed after attacks of the cerebral apoplexy. In this study, endoscopic examination was performed within 10 days after the cerebral apoplexy attacks and repeated observation was made at 10 days interval.
The acute lesion in upper G.I. tract was seen in 25 cases out of 45 cases of the cerebral apoplexy and 23 cases were acute gastric lesion (51.196). The acute gastric lesion is classified into ulcer, erosion, mucosal hemorrhage and ecchymosis. Eleven cases manifested hematemesis or melena, however, remainder of them remained asymptomatic and lesions were detected by the endoscopic examination. The features of the acute ulcers were multiple (3, -10), and tended to localize in fundic gland area. The acute ulcers of larger sizes (above 10 mm) were hemorrhagic. Most of these ulcers were located in longitudinal direction of the stomach. The erosive lesions were frequently of multiple and tended to locate in pyloric gland region. On the other hand, mucosal hemorrhage and ecchymosis were distributed widely in the gastric mucosa. Fourteen cases out of the 23 cases of the acute gastric lesion showed fatal course and the cause of the death in 12 cases was the cerebral apoplexy per se. Eight cases of the acute gastric lesions were followed by the endoscopic examination. Twelve ulcers in 4 cases were healed within 8 to 53 days. The erosion, mucosal hemorrhage and ecchymosis, in 6 cases, were also proved to be healed within 20 days. However, the complications of pneumonia, liver dysfunction and uremia to the acute gastric lesion was resulting in deterioration of the disease.
In reviewing the interrelationship between the cerebral apoplexy and the acute gastric lesion, the association was frequently observed in cerebral hemorrhage and subarrachnoid hemorrhage and was seen in cerebral infarction in a lesser frequency. Moreover, the acute gastric lesion was frequently observed in the combined types of cerebral apoplexy (with the bleeding parts extending from the area around capsula interna to thalamus and hypothalamus) and was also frequent in the cases of the internal carotid arterial occulusion of cerebral infarction. The lesion was also frequently observed in the cases of serious disturbance of consciousness and increased cerebro-spinal pressure.
Related to the gastric secretion and the serum gastrin, the secretion of the gastric acid was increased significantly immediately after the attacks of the cerebral apoplexy. This fact was mostly outspoken if the patient had the evidence for acute gastric lesion complication. However, no direct interrelationship between the acute gastric lesion and the serum gastrin was confirmed.
attempted medication. Thus, it is concluded that the above-mentioned therapeutic effort is effective for the hemorrhage of the acute gastric lesion which is complicated with the cerebral apoplexy.
As a therapeutic attempt for the bleeding from the acute gastric lesion, anti-acidic and anticholinergic drugs, as well as anti-pepsin drugs were given to the bleeding site through the gastric tube. In virtue of this attempted medication, bleeding had ceased in 3 cases out of 5 cases which clearly demonstrated evidence for hematemesis or melena. Moreover, in all 3 cases which demonstrated evidence for intragastric hemorrhage, the hemorrhage was ceased after this attempted medication. Thus, it is concluded that the above-mentioned therapeutic effort iseffective for the hemorrhage of the acute gastric lesion which is complicated with the cerebral apoplexy.

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A total of 48 patients with bladder tumors were treated with instillation therapy using ADM. In all cases a cystoscopic examination and biopsy of the mucosa of the non -tumorous area and of the tumorous tissues were performed both before and after therapy. Observations were made with both light and electron microscopes, and the following results were obtained.
1) The clinical results of instillation therapy were rated as excellent in 9 cases, good in 17 cases and poor in 22 cases with an efficacy rate of 54.2%.
2) The mucosa taken from the non-tumorous area was divided into 3 layers based on appearance. There were a number of vesicles, vacuoles and large sized granules. Glycogen granules were distributed in the entire epithelial layer, with predominance in the basal cells.
In the tumor cells, the integrity was lost with irregularity in cell arrangement and polarity of the intracellular organelles. It was revealed with an electron microscope that the terminal bar, desmosome and large sized granules decreased with increasing severity of malignancy, and that the amount and distribution of glycogen granules were irregular.
3) Extent of changes of the epithelial cell-layer and tumor cell layer after treatment were classified into c exposed basal membrane or interstitium, (J partial persistence of epithelial or tumor cells and C) cell arrangement idential to that seen before treatment. The severity of these changes varied in each studies case.
4) Cellular changes were essentially the same for both the tumorous region and the nontumorous region. The observed changes included an dilatation of intercellular space, cystic transformation of cytoplasmic processes, lysis or translucent changes of the cytoplasm, swelling or distorsion of the mitochondria, increase of lysosomes, decrease of glycogen particles, or swelling or translucent changes of nucleir, uticulation of chromosome of nuclei, reticulation of chromosome of nucleoli segregation of the nucleoli. In the tissue taken from the non-tumorous area, a decrease of vesicles, vacuoles and large sized granules was observed.
5) No correlation was seen between the clincial efficacy and the histopathological picture. However, in most cases which showed “excelent” efficacy the histological changes tended to be remarkable, the cases rated as “good” tended to have moderate changes, and most cases rated as “poor” tended to show slight changes histologically. In particular, therapeutic efficacy may be the decrease in glycogen granules after treatment.
6) Higher efficacy was obtained in cases which revealed vesiculation, dilatation of intercelluar space, marked inflammatory cell response and tight stromal constituent. Incidentally these cases also showed poor development of the terminal bar and desmosome ultrastructurally.
7) In cases of an infiltrative tumor, no effect was observed on the tumorous cells infiltrated deep into the interstitium which indicated that the efficacy of this therapy is limited.

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Due to an increasing percentage of elderly people in our population, we face the social problem of an increasing number of senile dementia cases, Consequently, it is important to get a clear understanding of this condition. Thus a study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between cerebrovascular dementia, believed to be most associated with the dementia called arteriosclerosis, and coagulation and fibrinolysis factors.
α₁antitrypsin (α ₁-AT), α₂armacroglobuline (α ₂-M), .. 1-plasminogen (PLg), fibrinogen (Fbg), and FDP measurements were done on blood and cerebrospinal fluid in 34 cases of cerebrovascular dementia. The concentration of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and each ratio of one to the other were compared to those of 37 normal people of the same age group. At the same time, Fbg and FDP, which supposedly have an especially close relationship with arteriosclerosis, were studied for any relationship they may have with the degree of dementia (HDR score) and encephalatrophy. The following results were obtained from the tests:
1) The α₂-M concentration of blood was significantly higher in the group of cerebrovascular dementia cases than in the normal group. The values for α₁-AT, PLg, and FDP were significantly lower. Regarding the Fbg density, the tests showed no significant difference.
2) The α ₁-AT and PLg concentrations of the cerebrospinal fluid were significantly higher in the dementia group than in the norm al one. Also, the α ₂-M density was higher, though not significantly. On the other hand, the Fbg concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid was significantly lower. There were many cases in which no FDP was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. The detection rate was 12% for the dementia group and 20% for the normal one.
3) In the dementia group compared to the normal one, the ratios of α₁-AT and PLg of the cerebrospinal fluid to blood were significantly higher. The α ₂-M ratio was also higher, but not significantly higher. On the other hand, the Fbg concentration ratio was significantly lower while there was no clear difference regarding the FDP concentration. From the fact that a remarkably small amount of Fbg flowed from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid it seemed that fibrin had been formed at either the blood brain barrier, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, or in the medullary cavity. That is to say, the brain tela including the cerebrovascular walls had undergone coagulation.
4) When the HDR scores and ratios of Fbg concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid to blood were compared, it was found that the lower the HDR score, the less Fbg flow. This indicates a close relationship between the degree of cerebrovascular dementia and the Fbg flow from cerebrospinal fluid.
5) After comparing ventricle enlargement and the ratio of Fbg concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid to blood by a brain CT scan, there appears to be no clear relationshipbetween encephalatrophy and Fbg flow from cerebrospinal fluid.

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On the basis of empirical observations to the effect that the angular width of the costal margin (AWCM) was greater in male patients with chronic liver diseases than in healthy males, comparative measurements of the AWCM were made using a method we ourselves developed.
In healthy persons, a significant positive correlation was found between the AWCM and age. The AWCM in 28 cases with compensated cirrhosis (LC) and 18 with chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH) was significantly greater than in healthy subjects, even when the age factor was taken into consideration. In LC, there was a significant relationship between the AWCM and the abdominal girths of the patients. However, no differences were observed in the AWCM of patients who had suffered from ascites in the past and those who had not. Significant correlations were also observed between AWCM and serum albumin, α₂. globulin, LDH, PaCO₂, base excess and total CO₂ in LC. In CAH, AWCM was significantly correlated with serum α ₂-globulin and LDH. Pulmonary function test indices, respiratory movement seen on a chest X-ray film, and liver and spleen size on a hepatoscannogram showed no relationship with the AWCM in either deseases.
From these results it was confirmed that the AWCM of patients with chronic liver diseases was greater than those of healthy persons. The impairment of the function of the liver was suggested to be a main factor in its pathogenesis, partly associated with ascites in the past. Changes in blood gas may be said to result from the widening of the costal angle.

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Neurons projecting to the superior colliculus (CS), posterior thalamic nucleus (PO) and medial part of the medial geniculate body (GMm) were examined with the horseradish peroxidase method in the cervical cord of the rat.
1) After HRP (horseradish peroxidase) injections in CS, there were a relatively large number of labeled neurons in the contralateral dorsolateral part of the lateral funiculus (DL) of Cl to C3, and a few labeled neurons in the bilateral dorsal funiculi of C1, ipsilateral DL and the contralateral lateral border of V layer of C1.
2) A relatively large number of neurons projecting to GMm appeared contralaterally in DL of Cl to C3, intermediate basal nucleus of C1 and C2, and ipsilaterally in the lateral border of VIII layer of C1. A few neurons were observed ipsilaterally in DL and the central part of V layer of Cl, the lateral marginal part of V layer of C3 to C7, and contralaterally in I layer and the lateral marginal part of V layer and the lateral border of VIII layer of Cl, the medial border part of V layer of C1 and C3, the central part of V layer of C4, C5 and C7, and the medial part of VII layer of C1, C2, C5 and C6.
3) After HRP injections in PO, a relatively large number of the labeled neurons were observed contralaterally in DL of C1 to C3, the most medial part of V layer of C1 and C2, and ipsilaterally in the lateral border part of VIII layer of C2, and a few neurons appeared contralaterally in the entirety of V layer of Cl and C2, and the medial part of VII layer of Cl to C3.

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The author has developed a non-invasive method to make an accurate diagnosis of congenital heart disease having shunt. Namely, Indocyanin green was rapidly injected into the antecubital vein and the dye dilution curve was recorded with an ear piece. The parameters of the dilution curve were then subjected to relevant mathematical analysis, including the study of correlations between the given pairs of parameters and the usefulness of the parameters was assessed. Finally theory of quantification, which was applicable even to non-linear relationship, was employed and a discriminant function was derived. It was this function that was instrumental in making differential diagnosis.
The method was tested in 53 cases of atrial septal defect (ASD), 27 cases of ventricular septal defect (VSD), 15 cases of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and 26 cases of normal controls without organic heart disease. Diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and/or surgery.
Using this procedure, correct diagnosis was made in all 23 cases with VSD, 12 cases with PDA and 20 cases with normal controls. Only five out of 42 cases with ASD were erroneously diagnosed. The total rate of correct diagnosis was 94.8%.
As to the external samples, 4 cases of VSD, 3 cases of PDA and 6 normal controls were correctly diagnosed, and erroneous diagnosis was made only in 2 out of 11 cases of ASD. The total percentage of correct diagnosis was 91.7%.
These results imply that this method is of practical value in clinical medicine.

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Bronchoalveolar lavage technique is relatively easy and less harmful for patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage consists of cellular and acellular liquid elements. The cells recovered in the lavage are alveolar macrophages (more than 90%), lymphocytes (5-1096) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (less than 1%) in healthy non-smokers. Smokers have an increased number of macrophages and neutrophils. Lymphocytes relatively predominate, suggesting lymphocytic alveolitis, among the cells recovered from the patients with granulomatous lung diseases such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis and sarcoidosis. In the patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a higher ratio of neutrophil in bronchoalveolar lavage (neutrophilic alveolitis) indicates that active inflammatory changes are undergoing in the lung alveoli. Combined with an appropriate estimates of liquid components, for instance, immunoglobulin, complements and surface active materials, pulmonary researchers can obtain more precise and wider informations. Thus this technique greatly helps clinicians make diagnosis and design treatments during the course of interstitial lung diseases.

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