A water-soluble, alcohol-insoluble extract was prepared from the viscera of Corbicula japonica Prime. This was found to have a marked lymphagogic action on the thoracic lymph of a dog, and also a special action on the liver circulation, as was found earlier by Yamasaki et al. (Folia pharmacol. japon. 31, 22, 1941) with the extract prepared in a similar manner from Corbicula sandai Reinhardt.
The lymphagogic action and actions of elevating portal pressure and of lowering arterial pressure of this extract were all more marked in the case of intraportal injection than by systemic injection. There was a marked tachyphylaxis in all these actions.
After intravenous injection of this extract, there was no increase of histamine equivalent in the blood and thoracic lymph sufficient to account for the foregoing lymphagogic action and there was no change in the histamine content of the liver, muscles and the skin.
Intraportal injection of adenosine triphosphate also effected an increase of thoracic lymph flow, decrease of its coagulability, and changes in the portal and arterial blood pressure and respiration as in the case of intravenous injection of the corbicula extract.
A substance (or substances) exhibiting the maximum absorption at 255-260 mμ was detected in the plasma from the hepatic venous blood immediately after intraportal injection of this extract.
These observations suggest that the lymphagogic action of this extract is due to adenosine triphosphate or some related substance liberated from the liver.

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Trimethylamine hydrochloride (TMA) injected intravenously accelerated flow of the thoracic-duct lymph in a dog in doses above 25 mg./kg. The effect of 50 mg./kg. of TMA was comparable to that produced by about 0.05 mg./kg. of adrenaline. The thoracic-duct lymph increased by TMA was rich in protein concentration and showed tendency for facile coagulation, as lymph accelerated by adrenaline.
A small amount of TMA decreased arterial blood pressure but in a dose effective to lymph flow, the blood pressure increased markedly after a transitory fall, with an attendant rise of portal blood pressure. In such a dose, decrease in the volume of the liver and intestines was observed. Except for the initial fall of arterial blood pressure, these actions were the same as those caused by adrenaline.
Atropine suppressed not only the lymphagogic action but also the rise of arterial and portal blood pressure by TMA. Similar suppressive action was also observed under the action of TEA or hexamethonium. Dibenamine strongly suppressed the rise of arterial blood pressure by adrenaline and by TMA but its suppression was incomplete against the rise of portal blood pressure and lymphagogic action. In adrenalectomized dog, the lymphagogic action and rise of arterial and portal blood pressure by TMA did not appear at all.
These observations indicate that the acceleration of thoracic-duct lymph flow by TMA is mediated by the liberation of epinephrine from the adrenals in the dog.

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In 1887, Kossiakoff first described the phenomenon of drug-resistance of bacteria. Recently with the wide-spread use of streptomycin and other various antibiotics in the field of therapeutics, this phenomenon of drug-resistance has become very important in clinical medicine. As to streptomycin alone, which was discovered in 1944 by Waksmann and brought the epoch-making progress to the therapy ef tuberculosis, the acquisition of resistance is one of the problems which need great precautions at the execution of streptomycin-therapy.
Since 1946 when Luria and Delbrück first reported about the mechanism of acquisition of resistance to sulfonamide, the mechanism of acquisition of resistance to streptomycin and other antibiotics and that of reversion from it have been hotly argued. No decidedly substantiating results, however, have yet been obtained, though two confronting theories, spotaneous mutation theory and adaptation theory, are now advocated. The former is the theory which asserts that the acquisition of resistance is originated in their spontaneous mutation happening during the process of proliferation and in the selective action of drugs; this theory has nowadays many sustaining scholars.
In the latter theory, the direct action of drugs to the rise of resistance is considered as the mehanism of the acquisition of resistance. Now that this phenomenon of drug-resistance is demonstrated to be the genetic variation with heredity and its mode of transmission is also clarified by Lederberg and Newcombe, it is difficult to explain the mechanism of acquisition of resistance according to the adaptation theory only. In the adaptation theory, however, refering to the idea of “Dauermodifikation” described on paramecium by Jollos in 1921, they have become to consider that antibiotics have the mutagenicity which seems to be the direct cause of the acquisition of drug-resistance.
Since 1952, the author has carried out many experiments to study the essential features of streptomycin-resistant tubercle bacilli in vitro and in vivo, according to the “theory of spontaneous mutation with selection” which is supported by many researchers. The results are as follows:
1) Wolinsky reported that mutants over 0.1% of the original streptomycin-sensitive tubercle bacilli were observed on the culture media containig 1000γ/cc of streptomycin. In the present reports, the author studied the development of resistance by succesive cultures of the strains newly isolated from the tnberculosis patients who had received no or little streptomycin-therapy, and observed the spontaneous mutants over 0.1% of 0.1 mg and 1 mg of the inoculated bacilli.
2) Akiba et al. reported that, besides the spontaneous mutation, streptomycin itself had some effect on the mutation of gene. In the present work, many facts were observed which were hardly explained by “spontaneous mutation with selection” only. For example, the author also isolated one strain which seemed to be caused by such cause as that Akiba et al. reported.
3) There are many reports that the resistance of streptomycin-resistant tubercle bacilli is stable and long-lasting. The author performed many experiments in vitro and in vivo to study the development of the resistance of highly resistant strain over 1000γ/cc, of middle grade-resistant one over 100γ/cc and of low grade-resistant one under 10γ/cc. As a result of these experiments, the falling tendency of resistance was clearly observed in not only low and middle grade-resistant but also in highly resistant strains.

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279 patients with the prostatic hypertrophy were investigated. They were visited to the Department of Dermato-Urology, Okayama University Hospital for 7 years from 1948 to 1954 and investigated about the following 16 articles.
(1) Frequency of the patients and the classification of the stages of the diseases: total average rate to the total urological patients was 3.1% and the highest was the second stage of the prostatic hypertrophy through 7 years.
(2) Age at admission: 43.5% were between 60 and 70 years of age.
(3) Duration from onset to admission: 63.9% of patients were visited within one year from onset.
(4) Past history: gonorrhoea were found to be the most highest percentages among the others, that is 42.1%.
(5) Occupation: the order was farmer, no occupation and followed business man.
(6) Season at admission: no special relation was found at all seasons of the year.
(7) Constitution and nutrition: most of them were found in well nourished and fine built.
(8) Subjective complaint: frequency of urination was first and then followed obstruction, weak urinary stream and residual sensation of micturition.
(9) Residual urine: about 50 cc of the residual urine was found in the highest percentage.
(10) Rectal examination of the prostate: mostly slight enlarged of prostate and then hen-egg sized, surfaces of the tumors were smooth and induration were moderately elastic and most of them had no pain being due to the pressure by finger.
(11) Length of urethra, penis and perimeter of penis: average measurements were as followed. Averaged urethral length 20.1 cm; length of penis 11.4 cm; perimeter of penis 7.7 cm.
(12) Bladder capacity: mostly 301-400 cc.
(13) Trabecula of the mucous membrane of the bladder: most of them were found in the second stage.
(14) Blood pressure: mean blood pressure was 129 mmHg. and the highest was 170 mmHg.
(15) Renal function: (1) dilution ad concentration test. (2) phenolsulfonphthalein test. (3) indigo-carmine excretory test. The results were divided into two groups. One was good and the other was bad. Much of them were found in good in the second stage and bad in the third stage.
(16) Complications: many of them were acute and chronic epididymitis, atrophy of testis, cystitis and vesical calculus.

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It has been demonstrated that the formation of so-called Heinz's body in erythrocytes could be brought forth by the use of radioactive phosphorous (P³²) in both vivo and in vitro. The Heinz's body formation was also recognized in erythrocytes in general of the blood obtained from the ship's crews of the Fukuryu Maru who had been subjected to an influence of the hydrogen bomb experimental trialx in Bikini on March 1954, and examined when red blood cells have been suspended in physiological salt solution and left for 6-9 hours in an incubator at the temperature of 37°C.
The finding of Heinz's body in the red blood cells of the crews of the above vessel may have been attributed to the lowered functional capacity of the reticuloendothelial system, speaks for erythrocytes susceptible to undergo retrogressive degenerative change.

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The various metabolism are carried out in living cells and the relevance of enzyme research is based upon the idea that the chemical reactions that occur in living cells from the core of life itself. But the biochemical metabolism is affected by X-rays irradiation, and so we think that X-rays irradiation effect upon the catalytic function of the enzyme, and we experimented whether X-rays irradiation effect on the catalytic function of Amylase in cells of liver which is extracted without bacilli, or not. And then we find out that the irradiation with 60r rised the catalytic function of Amylase the irradiation with 200r, 400r repressed the catalytic function of Amylase.

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1) There were 67 primary mortalities out of 1, 974 cases of the cervical carcinoma who were treated by radiation at the Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University, during the recent 21 years (average primary mortality: 3.4%)
2) The first cause of death is infection which has greater part of primary mortality, and peritonitis is dominant. The second cause of death is bleeding and the third is death from the advanced cachexia.
3) From 1934 to 1951, we generally gave them radiumtherapy after roentogentherapy and primary death occurred more frequently at the time of radiumtherapy than at roentogentherapy. From 1952, radiotherapy has been performed by Yagi-Takeda's method which had no influences on the primary mortality.
4) Primary mortality increases with the progress of the clinical stage of carcinoma and is 1.3% in the I & II stage, while 4.3% in the III & IV stage. The primary mortality has no relations to the site of the carcinoma, the ages and the frequency of parturition of the patients. Primary mortality was remarkably high during and within a few years after the World War II.

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During twenty one years from 1934 fo 1954, there were 1, 974 cases treated by radiation therapy in the gynecological department of Okayama University. The authors have made statistical observations on the formation of thrombi and emboli, making a comparison with the result in the operated cases.
Data obtained were as follows:--
The formation of thrombus; 11 cases (0.56%), in which 9 cases (0.46%) were thrombophlebitis. It was markedly less in number comparing with that in operative cases. The embolus was only one case (0.05%). The formation of thrombi showed a tendency to occur much frequently in patients over 41 years and in anemic cases. It was evident that the formation of thrombi occurred much in cachectic women and in patients who had retarded menarche. It was proved that the thrombophlebitis occurred much in cases complicated with intrapelvic inflammation and increased in number along with radiation processes. Every thrombophlebitic patient died of the recurrent cancer in the early course, and the permanent cure was very doubtful.

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During twenty one years from 1934 to 1954 inclusive, 1, 974 cases of cancer of the uterine cervix were treated by radiation therapy in the gynecological department of Okayama University. The urinary and fecal fistulae were found in 13 cases (0.7 %) during the I. series and in 30 cases (1.5%) after leaving the hospital. There were; urinary fistulae 1.2% (22 cases of vesico-vaginal, 1 case of urethro-vaginal), fecal fistulae 0.9% (18 cases of rectovaginal), and urino-fecal fistulae 0.1% (2 cases of recto-vesico-vaginal). Thirteen cases of them showed evidently signs of fistulae during admission, and their subjective symptoms were as follows: in the urinary fistula, 7 cases out of 11 complained of vesico-urethral irritation symptoms; in the fecal fistula, one case out of 2 complained of mucous stool and of discomfort in the anal region. There were observed no relations to their age groups (less than 49 and over 50), the deliveries (less than 4 times including none, and over 5 times), and the state of presence of the cancerous infiltration in the vaginal wall on observation in the first examination. There was a tendency to produce urinary and fecal fistulae more frequently in the ulcerative or crateriform cancers than in the cauli flower-like or erosive, and in the progressed cancer patients.
The curability was very low in these fistulae occurred during the radiological treatment. Most of them died of cancer; about 1/2 of them were within one year, about 1/4 within 2 to 5 years and the rest 1/4 belonged to the cases of 5-year survivals.

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During twenty one years from 1934 to 1954, there were 1, 974 patients of radiation therapy in the gynecological department of Okayama University. The authors made statistical observations on parametritis and peritonitis which developed during and after radiological treatment.
Results obtained were as follows:-
Parametritis, 211 cases (10.69%), peritonitis 132 cases (6.69%). The occurrence was higher in the war time (1943 to 1949), and thereafter it has gradually been decreasing in number. The onset started evidently often after the biginning of the radium treatment. It was clear that the patients were frequently observed in cases of advanced cancer, and the occurrence was higher in the patients less than 50 years of age.
On the blood count, peritonitis had high incidence in cases of leucocytosis over 8, 000 and showed high incidence in cases of high blood sedimentation rate (more than 100 mm an hour), and both had low incidence in the low rate (less than 39 mm an hour). It will be said that better effect is expectable by means of prophylaxis and adequate treatment of those inflammatory conditions using recently advanced antibiotics.

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Histologic observation was made on the lesions in the salivary glands and pancreas of the mouse and rabbit caused by hydrogen sulfide poisoning. From the data obtained the present author concluded that the poisoning causes definite histologic changes in these tissues as follows:
1. In the parotid glands, the gland cells show a marked atrophy with a tendency of close arrangement of secretion glanules in the cytoplasm, and with a vacuolar degeneration or appearance of basement membrane. Moreover, the epithelium of the striated tubules decreases its height.
2. In the submaxillar salivary glands, the gland cells as well as the epithelial cells of the striated tubules show a high degree of atrophy with a marked decrease of secretion glanules. Vacuolar or collagenous degeneration is also seen in the gland cells.
3. In the pancreas, the acinar cells are degenerated with a marked decrease of zymogen granules and a vacuolar degeneration in the cytoplasm, resulting in a appearance of the basement membrane. Islets of Langerhans increase their sizes with the remarkable increase in number of beta cells and the slight increase of alpha cells.
These changes show that the hydrogen sulfide poisoning causes a marked decline and disturbance of excretory function in the salivary glands and pancreas. According to the methods used in the poisoning, there is no difference in quality of the changes, but more or less difference in their intensity, the higher degree of changes are caused by injection than by inhalation and intragastric introduction of hydrogen sulfide.

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Histologic observation was made on the lesons in various endocrine glands of the mouse and rabbit caused by hydrogen sulfide poisoning. The results are briefly summarized as follows:
1. The Hypophysis. In the anterior lobe, the chromophobe cells markedly decreased in number and displayed an irregular arrangement. The alpha cells showed the decrease of acidophilic granules in number and of cytoplasm in size, and the younger forms of the alpha cells markedly increased. The beta cells increased both in size and in number with the cytoplasm crowded with basophilic granules. The cells in the pars intermedia were deeply stained, the cytoplasm becoming compact in structure.
2. The Pineal gland. The gland cells showed a considerable atrophy, the cell borders becoming less distinct, and pycnotic nuclei seeming to crowd closely together.
3. The Thyroid gland. The lumens of the follicules were dilated with a marked increase of diluted colloid in amount. The colloid became quite homogenous with the disappearance of all vacuoles, and the follicular epithelium showed a low cuboidal or flat form.
4. The Parathyroid glands. The principal cells increased in size with the cytoplasm crowded with deeply stained granules in their central zone and faintly stained in their peripheral zone. The nuclei were also large in size, having vesicular appearance.
5. The Thymus. The bulk of the thymus was increased in general. The cortical cells decreased in number, the cortex thinning remarkably, while the medulla showed generally a marked hyperplasia, especially the Hassal's bodies increased in number showing a marked hypertrophia with advanced hyperkeratosis.
6. The Adrenal glands. The cells of the zona glomerulosa in the cortex showed hyperplasia with an abundant cytoplasm and vesicular nucleus. The lipid content in the cells of the zona fasciculata was decreased, and their cytoplasms were stained deeply. The bulk of the medulla was increased by the hypertrophy of the medullar cells with polygonal cytoplasm crowded with deeply stained granules and a large vesicular nucleus embedded. The chrome reaction proved highly positive.
7. The Testis. Decline or absence of spermatogenesis was seen in some parts of the seminiferous tubuli. In some cases, the seminiferous epithelium occasionally displayed a marked atrophy or degeneration.
The changes mentioned above showed no difference in quality but in intensity according to the kind of animals and methods used.

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Histologic observations were made on the lesions of the salivary glands of mice caused by calcium disulphide poisoning, and the effects of various vitamins, A, B, C and D, on these changes were investigated. The results are briefly summarized as follows:
1. In the parotid glands, the gland cells showed marked atrophy with the decrease of secretion glanules in number. The epithelium of the striated tubules increased in its height, the striae becoming more distinct.
2. In the submaxillar glands, the gland cells showed high degree of atrophy, the reticular structure becoming less distinct. The epithelium of the striated tubules decreased in its height, the striae also becoming less distinct. The epithelium of the granular striated tubules showed marked atrophy with the decrease of the granules in number.
3. The administration of various vitamins reduced the lesions in both the parotid and submaxillar glands caused by carbon disulphide poisoning.
4. As regards the effects of vitamins, V. C produced the most remarkable one, and V. D as well as V. B, moderate, and V. A, the least powerful, though, as a matter of fact, it is hard to make clear-cut distinction between them.

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In order to study the possibility of successive transmission and the determination of infection titer of hepatitis virus in fowls, the author used six strains of virus, Ishihara Kanamitsu, Noda, Ogawa, Morimoto, and Aomori stains, which were isolated from the patient materials by the successive transmission through mice and embryonated eggs in our laboratory. As the criteria of infection, the author took the hepatitis-specific pathologic changes of the liver and lung. Of the fowls tested, infection was the severest in Chloris sinica minor T. & S, and became milder in the following order: Chloris sinica minor T. & S. Uroloncha domestica, Serinus canaria, Passer montanus saturatus Stejeneger, Emberiza rustica latifascica Portenko, Pyrrhula pyrrhula griseiventris Lafresnaye, Emberiza cicoides ciopsis Bonaparte of Passeres and Fringillidæ, and zosterops palpebrosa japonicaT. & S. of Zosteropidæ.
In each fowl, the histological changes became severer with the successive transmissions, and seemed to be fixed at about the fifth transmission.
As to the determination of infection titer, the most remarkable pathologic changes were observed around 10^-9× in Serinus canaria and 10^-10× in Uroloncha domestica. The tests of reversion of virus from fowls to mice were positive in all cases.

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In order to cause chronic infection, each virus of Ishihara, Kanamitsu and Noda strains was inoculated into 37 canaries (Serinus canaria), 33 siskins (Chloris sinica minor T. & S.) and 20 love-birds (Uroloncha domestica). During this chronic infection course of about 6 months, the author studied the interrelation between the pathologic changes of the liver and lung and the white cell count and blood picture.
By the intrapectoral inoculation of the emulsion of virus-inoculated mouse liver or embryonated egg, though a few lethal cases were observed, in most cases there was established the so-called inapparent infection which showed clearly the tendency of chronic infection. Remarkable leucopenia was observed at high percentage in the early stage of infection. Severe increase of atypical leucocytes, which happened in the same stage as that of leucopenia, was a characteristic change together with the appearance of the vacuole-degenerated leucocytes. In the liver, various remarkable changes resembling to thoes in the hepatitis liver of human being appeared: round cell infiltration in the periportal connective tissue, liver cell degeneration full of varieties such as nodules and necrotic changes and the localized necrosis scattered in the intermediate parts of acini. Especially in the lethal cases of siskins (Chloris sinica minor T. & S.) which showed many lethal cases, very severe necrosis and cell infiltration were observed. This fact seems to suggest that chloris sinica minor T. & S. is the most susceptible of all kinds of tested fowls. On the other hand, in the lung there were observed the mesodermal cell infiltration, interalveolitis, hemorrhage around bronchi, alveoli and blood vessels. These changes in the lung appeared later than those in liver, and persisted for 6 months.

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1) 各種精神病者髄液について, Unit法を用い, Conwayの所謂α-アンモニアを測定した.
2) 分裂病者は,それ以外の疾患に比して,髄液アンモニアN量が多量であつた.
分裂病者においては発病以来,日の浅いものは,陳旧例に比して値が高く,興奮例では更に高い.
病機が旧くなれば,アンモニアNは減少し,この場合は興奮が加わつても新鮮例程高い値を示さない.
3)躁うつ病では,うつ状態の方が躁状態よりも高いアンモニアN量を示した.
4) 進行麻痺では,抑うつ型及び幼若型は,殆んど分裂病にひつてきする程高いアンモニアN量を示した.遅鈍型之に次ぎ,誇大型は,低い値を示した.
5) 神経症及び,その他では特記すべきことはなかつた.

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The authors encountered an interesting case who had had the periodic attacks of twilight state, with accompaniment of marked autonomic deficiencies (flushing of the face, sweating, polydipsia, abdominal pains, pollakiuria, polyuria, and insomnia), 10 times since the age of twelve.
Somatically and neurologically, no striking changes other than vagotonia and adrenalinresponse blood-sugar curve belonging to what Kato et al. call First Curve Group B type, have been observed; yet by dividing the duration of periodic attacks into five phases and studying the progress and the genetic factors of this disease both from the psychiatric and the somatic standpoints, it leads to the conclusion that the case might possibly be included in the diencephalic syndrome.
Chlorpromazine therapy offers markedly beneficial effects on this case as shown by the disapperarance of twilight state and the stabilization of autonomic deficiencies. And since the decrease in the amount of urine and the rate of its stabilization parallel with the amounts of chlorpromazine administered, it can be assumed that this drug is quite efficacious to diabetes insipidus.

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In view of the scarcity in number of the reports on clinical cases of torsion spasm, the authors believe that the case presented here will be of some interest. This patient was a 15-year old boy who had had, since early part of his twelfth year, the episodes of the torsion on the anterior backbone accompanied by that peculiar twisting and turning along with cramping of muscles, which alternately increased or decreased, facial expression blank and entire movement simple and sluggish, without any apparent causative factors. He had been clinically diagnosed as having torsion spasm reactions, but he soon died of somatic weakening. The autopsy findings of this case were the destruction of the lense nucleus, the caudate nucleus, the thalamus, the dentate nucleus, and a marked proliferation of neuroglia, especially, the appearance of giant glia as well as liver cirrhosis; and it was diagnosed as Wilson-pseudosclerosis.
Thereupon, the authors have attempted to present their opinions on this particular case here.

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