Recently, much necessities have been required in regard to the early diagnosis and treatments for the neoplasms of the urinary bladder. From this point of, 242 cases of the bladder neoplasms over the last 11 years were studied clinically and pathologically for the purpose of potential curability.
Statistically or epidemiologically, the number of the neoplasms of the urinary bladder is increasing year by year, and 5 interesting cases of an infant bladder neoplasms were observed.
Operations have been done on 52 cases of 242 cases and the numbers of each cases were as followed: segmental resection 38 cases, cystectomy 8 cases, transvesical coagulation 6 cases.
Histopathological and histochemical studies were performed on 46 cases of 52 cases and showed the adaptation of Ichikaw-Tuji's classification based on Broders-Jwett's is suitable for the purpose of grading and infiltrating of the urinary bladder neoplasms.
Pathologically, Broder's classification is still much reliable as it based on the cellular activities, and the degree of infitration is rather paralleled to the degree of malignancy.
Although, small blood vessels were observed in tumor while fibrous or papillary proliferation of transitional cell epithelium appeared, and in the cases of high malignancy, the loss of vascular channel appeared and also showed the high infiltration.
Histochemically, fatts were increasing, polysaccharides were decreasing and nucleic acid, enzymes were much reactive with increasing of malignancy.

View full abstract

Since the studies of Jacobstahl in 1910, many efforts has been done to show that the complement fixation test for syphilis is more sensitive with cold fixation than with Wassermann's test at 37°C. Undoubtedly, the temperature and the duration of incubation is the important factors influencing the sensitiveness and specificity of the complement fixation reaction.
The author studied the above mentioned factors in Ogata's test with cardiolipin aneigen and the resucts were as followed,
1. The complement and hemolysin should be kept and used below 10°C to obtain maximum titer.
2. The results of the heat incubation (I hour at 37°C) showed mostly the same as in cold incubation qualitatively.
3. Cold fixation at 5°C is reliable and with the syphilitic sera showed more sensitive than one hour fixation at 37°C dicidedly.

View full abstract

The duration of anesthesia was estimated with three intravenous anesthetics, Ravonal, Thioval and Isozol. Using the phenomenon of the expansion and contraction of rubber tube filled with saturated blue vitriol solution which changes by respiratory movement and causes the fluctuation of resistence value of blue vitriol, the depth and frequency of respiration was estimated by pneumograph. By its curve, the beginning and end of respiratory restraint, duration of anesthesia and the decreasing ratio of respiratory volume were studied.
1) The anesthetic duraton is longest by Isozol. In rabbits it is about 1.2 times and in human about 1.3 times longer than by Thiopenthal. Ravonal and Thioval are almost the same.
2) Both in rabbits and in human, the decreasing ratio of respiration is the largest by Ravonal. Thioval follows and the smallest is by. lsozol.
3) The beginning of respiratory restraint is the latest by lsozol in rabbits but there is no significant difference in human. Its end is equal in rabbits but in human it is earliest by Isozol.
4) The duration of respiratory restraint is the shortest by Isozol both in rabbits and in human.
5) Isozol decreases the respiratory frequency markedly but scarcely changes the respiratory amplitude. On the contrary, in case of Thiopenthal, respiratory amplitude decreases and the respiratory frequency decreases slightly in rabbits but shows no variation in human.

View full abstract

1) The value of eosinophile leukocytes of normal rabbits estimated by SAKURADA's modification with wet eosinperoxydase was 30-110. It was constant in the same rabbit.
2) For the Thorn-test in rabbits, 10 mg of ACTH was injected intravenously and after 5 hours the decreasing ratio of eosinophile leukocytes was estimated. The greater part was 50-65%. Accordingly, those more than 50% are regarded as the normal function of adrenal cortex and those less than 50% are counted as hypofunction.
3) Between the Thosn-test value and the duration of anesthesia, there is a logarithmic curve relation: the less the value is, the longer the duration of anesthesia stands.
4) The weight of adrenalin is 700±25mg i. e. it applies to nearly 0.03-0.04% of body weight. There is no difference between left and right side.

View full abstract

1) As for groups of disfunctional adrenal cortex, three groups were studied i.e. interrupted group, unilateral exstirpation group and bilateral exstirpation group, after SCHEROSON's continuing injection. In each case, the decreasing ratio of eosinophile leukocytes by Thorn-test became small, the duration of anesthesia prolonged and in respect to histochemical figures or weight of adrenalin, it showed hypofunction. Especially it was marked in the group of bilateral exstirpation.
2) As for the hyperfunction of adrenal cortex and protecting group two groups, continuing injection of ACTH and Insulin with 5% dextrose, were studied. In each case the decreasing ratio of eosinophile leukocytes by Thorn-test became larger and the duration of anesthesia reduced. In respect to histochemical figures and weight of adrenalin, it showed hyperfunction. Especially, it was marked in the case of injecting with Insulindextrose.
3) As for the sexual hormone injection group, Androgen and Estrogen injection groups were studied. The decreasing ratio of eosinophile leukocytes by Thorn-test was small when Androgen was used and was large when Estrogen was used. The duration of anesthesia was prolonged in the former and was shortened in the latter. The histochemical figures and the weight of adrenalin showed hypofunction in the former and hyperfunction in the latter.

View full abstract

We obtained the following result from the serum immunological experiment on the specificity of menstrual blood.
1) Immunized with the serum of fresh hemolytic menstrual blood, the rabbits did not grow weak and die from its virulence, as we did not meet with a difficulty to product the antibody.
2) We could not prove the specific antibody to menstrual blood in immunized blood as mentioned above.

View full abstract

In bone-marrow tissue cultures of human and guinea pigs the author carried out observations on various degenerative changes of megakaryocytes with a phase-contrast microscope, and obtained the following results:
1. The degenerative changes in the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes are classified into 14 types; namely, granule abnormality, secretion granule formation, vacuole formation, bleb formation, spherical protrusion, small tongue-like processes, bubble formation, hyaline degeneration, honeycomb degeneration, membranous extension, thread formation, myelin formation, the swelling of the cytoplasm, and advanced degenerative group (coarse and uniform degenerations).
2. The degenerative changes in the nucleus of megakaryocytes are calssified into 10 types; namely, chromatin mass formation, brilliant nucleus, pyknosis, nuclear necrosis, nuclear lobe fusion, nuclear swelling, nuclear edema, caryolysis, dissociation of nuclear sustances, and naked nucleus.
3. The early symptoms of degenerative changes in megakaryocytes are abnormalities of the specific granules in cytoplasm, especially the increase in the brilliancy.
4. The vacuole formation is one of the degenerative changes most frequently encountered in megakaryocytes.
5. The brilliancy of the nculeus is one of the nuclear degenerative changes most frequently observable as well, and it often precedes the pyknosis and caryolysis, indicating the severity of nuclear disturbnaces.

View full abstract

By bone-marrow tissue culture of hnman and guinea pigs, the author observed under a phase-contrast microcscope the morphological changes in megakaryoytes in the course of the culture and the mechanism of the platelet separation; and obtained the following results:
1. The progress of the degenerative changes in each megakaryocyte is not necessarily uniform even in the same medium conditions, and these megakaryocytes present varied features.
2. The duration in which megakaryocytes can carry on their functions in a simple culture medium is 90 hours at most in the case of human and up to 48 hours in the case of guinea pigs; and the peak of their activities is reached 18 to 30 hours after the culture in the case of human, and 15 to 18 hours in the case of guinea pigs.
3. It has been confirmed that tentacle-like processes indicative of platelet formation can be observed only when megakaryocytes are most actively moving.
4. The mottled appearance due to multiple small areas or so-called platelet separation of megakaryocytes as observable in the bone-marrow smear is due to the degenerative changes or artificial products of megakaryocytes and it is in no way associated with the mechanism of the platelet separtion.
5. Small tongue-like processes what appear to be platelets erupting from the margin of the megakaryocyts body are nothing but one of degeneration features of the megakaryocyte, and they are different from platelets.
6. As for the possiblity of nuclear substance of megakaryocytes moving into platelets, it is believed that at least from the morphological viewpoint the nuclear substance does not move into the platelet.

View full abstract

In perfoming bone-marrow tissue culture of human and guinea pigs the author observed the influences of the temperature, the osmotic pressure and the hydrogen ion concentration of the media on magakaryocytes; and obtained the following results.
1. The range of temperature at which megakaryoctyes can move about is from 30°C the minimum to 41°C the maximum, and the optimal temperature is around 35° to 39°C. The fromation of tentacle-like processes can be observed at the optimal temperature and most suitable temperature is about 38°C.
2. On the whole the vaculole formation can be seen markedly at a relatively low temperature, while the formation of secretion granules tends to appeare more promptly at a higher temperature than than at a low temperature.
3. More megakaryocytes appear in the growth zone in a relatively hyposmotic pressure (ΔT=-0.43 to -0.45) than in isotonic, and also the acceleration of the cell motility can be recognized in the case of human bene marrow, but it seems to be due to a transient stimulation. On the other hand, in the hyperosmotic pressure hardly any formation of tentacle-like processes in megakaryocytes can be recongized.
4. Degenerative changes tend to appear promptly as the pressure fluctuates either way from the isotonic, and the higher the osmotic pressure the greater is this tendency.
5. The optimal pH of the medium for megakaryocytes is 7.63-7.92 in the case of human and 7.75-8.07 in the case of guinea pigs.
6. Of the media used separately such as physiological saline solution, serum, and Ringer's solution, for megakaryocytes Ringer's solution is most suitable followed by serum, but in the physiological saline solution the movement of megakaryocytes is completely inhibited,

View full abstract

According to Seno et al. it is said that when a small of the so-called “asparagine iron” preparated by mixing asparagine and Fecl₃ in a proper proportion, is instillated into vein, reticulocytes (RC) decrease markedly in number within a few hours. Such a change in the number of RC without any cocurrent change in the amount of Hb is understood to be due to the maturation of young RC, but its mechanism has remained still unclarified. However, it is easy to understand that this phenomenon will be dependent upon the accelerative action of iron on the hemoglobin synthesis, with the purpose to elucidate such a mechanism the author carried out experiments to find out whether or not there are some other substances possessing the action identical with “Asparagine iron”, and obtained the following results: It has been found that serum iron colleid prepared by mixing FeCl₃ with serum and also the “ferritrat” from Nordmark in Germany both possess the action similar to that of asparagine iron. Namely, when 0.25 mg/kg. of either one of these substances is instillated into vein as ferric iron, within 2 to 3 hours reticulocytes decrease one half to one tenth of the original number. However, no such action can be recognized in gluconic iron or dextran iron available.

View full abstract

The estimation for the catalase activity has been carrid out in the liver of the anemic rabbits mentioned in Part 2. The purpose of the present study is to see whether or not any changes are brought about by the iron instillation in the iron containing enzymes other than Hb. As the result, in the animals given a daily injection of 0.5 mg of such compounds, it has been found that serum iron colloid (S. I. C.) accelerates the activity of the liver catalase most markedly, and the grades of the rise in the catalase activity grow poorer in the descending order of ferrobalt, gelatin iron, and gluferricon. However, when a large dose is injected at one time, irrespective of which compound is used, no change occurs in the catalase activity of the liver, in a strange contrast to the control. This fact indicates that Fe⁺⁺⁺, when instillated into vein in a certain fixed from in a small dose at a time, readily enters into the normal metabolic cycle, but it will have hardly any enhancing effect when the same is administered in a large dose at one time, i. e. in the excess of the optimal amount

View full abstract

The author reported the clinical course, histopathological and histochemical findings of a interesting case of hepatolenticular degeneration which is similar to the so called Inose's specific type.
The onset was in the age of 62 years. His hereditary history is unknown. 26 months after the onset he had the remarkable disturbances of Consciousness and died 43 days after. The cardinal symptoms were the disturbances of consciousness, occurred twice, progressive dement state and extrapyramidal manifestations, i. e. remarkable tremor and slight muscle rigidity. He had not Kayser-Fleischer's corneal ring or ascites.
Histopathological examinations revealed the softening areas in the 3rd, 4th and 6th layers of sulci cerebri, newly formed blood vessels, ganglion cell deficiency areas of the lateral und posterior site of the globus pallidum and of nucleus thalamicus ventralis, slight spongious changes of the putamen, and appearance of many glia cells of the Alzheimer's IInd type. The remarkable liver changes were the proliferation of Glisson's capsules and those which were similar to the pseudocirrhosis of liver of the Inose's type. Histochemically, copper granules did not appear in both brain and liver, but Best carmine positive substance was not found in the Alzheimer's IInd type glia cells.

View full abstract

From the comparative biochmical standpoint the author isolated and estimated free amino acids and related substances in the brains of Hen (Gallus domesticus) and Common turtle (Geoclemys reevesii) in active stage, and obtaind the following results:
1. The free amino acid pattern of the hen brain is on the whole similar to that of the albino rat brain, containing X₃ and X₆ but no urea.
2. The free amino acid pattern of the common turtle brain reveals characteristics as the cold blooded animal and contains markedly greater volumes of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, phosphoethanolamine and taurine as compared with those in the hibernating turtle. As for the volum of γ-amino butyric acid there can be recognized no difference between the brain of active turtle and that of hibernating one.

View full abstract

On 822 cases collected from the death certificates. the suthor studied the trend of leukemia occurring in the ChugokuShikoku Distric (excluding Hiroshima Prefecture) during the period from 1951 up to June 1957, and obtained the following results.
1. Leukemia in general:
a. The number of leukemia is increasing from year to year, and the cases occurring during 1956 and 1957 are three times the same during 1951 and 1952.
b. The percentage of female patients was relatively small as compared with male patients; namely, 58.6 per cent male and 41.4 per ceut female, However, there is an increasing tendency in the percentage of female from year to year.
c. The absolute number is greater in younger persons and it is less in older persons. As for the mortality of leukemia it is greater in infants and less in children and adolescents, but in the age over 45 years there is an incseasing tendency in the mortailty not less than that in infants. Leukemia in old age increases in absolute number and death rate from year to year, while on the contrary the death rate of leukemia in infants is decreasing. The difference in the number between male and female decreases in old age.
d. It appears that there is no occupation specific to leukemia.
e. Hospitalized patients occupy more than one half the total cases dying from leukemia.
f. Death from leukemia seems to have no particular relationship with seasons of the year.
2. The duration of survival in leukemia:
a. The duration between the onset of leukemia and death is extremely short, that is 60.6 per cent die within three months and those surviving over three years amount to only 1.9 per cent.
b. There is no difference between male and femaleas for as the survival duration is concerned.
c. Infants have mostly a shorter survival duration, while the middle and old aged persons a longer duration of survival.
d. The duration of survival does not seem to change according to the calender year.
e. Those surviving from leukemia for longer period tend to die more in winter and less in spring.
3. Mortality and geographical considerations:
The district under the present survey is divided into the Sanin, Sanyo, the Shikoku coastal region on the Inland Sea and Shikoku coastal region facing the Pacific Ocean on one hand, and city and country districts on the other. In the absolute number, cases of leukemia are greater in the densely populated coastal regions, especially in the coastal regions facing the Inland Sea.
a. The average mortailty per year is 1.39 per 100, 000 population, and the rate is in the descending order of the Sanyo, Sanin, Shikoku coastal region on the Inland Sea and Shikoku coastal region facing the Pacific. As for the city and country districs, the rate is higher in the country district.
In looking over the death rate there seems to be a slight correlation between the rate of the technological industrial population and the death rate, but the percentage of farming families and the commercial population percentage have no correlation at all.
Likewise as for the mortality in each of the countuies and cities, there seems to be no correlation between the geographical situation and industry.
b. From the standpoint of sex there is no difference between the rates in different localities or in urban and rural districts.
c. No fixed tendency can be recognized in the age distribution according to different localities, but in comparing the rural district with the urban district, the age distribution is relatively high at the age under 19 years in the former while at the age over 20 years in the latter.
d. The duration of survival after the onset of leukemia is shorter in the Sanin District and longer in the Sanyo Disteict; and it is shorter in the rural district and longer in the urban area.

View full abstract

With the Purpose to clarify the characteristics in each type of leukemia, the author analyzed the 822 ca es of leukemia collected from the death certificates in the Chugoku-Shikoku District (excluding Hiroshima Prefecture) during the period from 1951 to 1957. The results are as following.
a. Those simply diagnosed as leukemia occupy 25 per cent. Of the classified cases, the mumber of tne acute type is decidedly greater than the chronic type, on the other hand, they come in the descending order of the myelogenous, lymphocytic, and monocytic leukemia in their frequency. In any acute and chronic type, the lymphocytic leukemia is less than myelogenous leukemia in the absolute number, but relatively speaking, the proportion occupied by the acute type is greater.
b. The rate of incidence surveyed from the average age is in the ascending order of tne acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous, chronic mylogenous, and chronic lym phocytic; and the acute type and lymphocytic leukemia are greater in younger persons whereas the chronic and myelogenous ones are greater in advanced age.
C. As for the peculiarity with respect to occupation, since the majority unemployed group are youner persons, the acute type and lymphocytic leukemia can be frequently encountered among the unemployed.
d. The cases simply diagnosed as leukemia are on the decrease, whereas those diagnosed as the acute type, especially the myelogenous and monocytic ones are increasing each year.
e. The time of death from leukemia has no fixed relationship with season of the year.
f. Of those suffering from the acute type of leukemia 95.9 per cent die within six months after the onset of disease, and 92.8 per cent of those with the chronic type die after the lapse of three months. The mean duration of life in the chronic type is about one year. In addition, the duration of survival tends to be shorter in the lymphocytic ones while longer in myelogenous ones.
g. From the geographical standpoint the Shikoku coastal region facing the Pacific differs greatly from other districts in that there are more unclassified leukemia cases, and of the classified cases, myelogenous ones are rare while lymphocytic ones are more numerous. Between the urban and rural districts threr is no difference worthy of mentioning.

View full abstract

The author studied changes in serum phosphatase and transaminase in the blood diease, especially leukemia, that had been diagnosed as suchmainly by bone-marrow tissue culture and a new hematological technique devised in the Hiraki Clinic of Internal Medicine, and obtained the following results.
1. In leukemia alkaline phosphatase is slightly decreased while acid phosphatase is slightly increased. However, only in monocytic leukemia these phosphatases are generally normal. In transaminase both glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase are increased, but such increase is marked in acute myelogenous leukemia followed by monocytic leukemia and chromic myelogenous leukemia, while those in lymphocytic leukemia are normal. From these differences it can be assumed that there are differences in the enzyme system mainly acting upon different leucocyte series.
2. In hypoplastic anemia phosphatase is generally at the normal level, but transaminase is increased, suggesting tissue destruction similar to Banti's disease and hemolytic anemia. In contrast to this, transaminase in idopathic hypochromic anemia transaminase is hardly changed.
3. In cancer disease, only a slight decrease in both phosphatase and transaminase can be observed, but in hepatoma and in the cases with meatastasis into the liver, alkaline phosphatase and transaminase increase in parallel to obstructive jaundice.
4. In lymphogranulomatosis so long as jaundice is not accompanied, phosphatase and transaminase are within the normal range, and in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura a slight decrease in alkaline phosphatase can be recognized.

View full abstract

In bone-marrow tissue culture of normal rabbits and of normal human sternum the author studied fixation and staining of the tissue in culture and also observed stain-findings of granulocytes and arrived at the following conclusions.
1. For the fixation and staining of the tissue in culture, the fixative of my own devise, namely, Zenker-glacial acetic acid-alcohol and Giemsa stain proved to give the least contraction of cells and to enable to differentiate bone-marrow granulocytes most readily.
2. The observations conducted from time to time by this method of fixation and staining give clearer pictures of the cell composition of cell growth area and bone-marrow granulocytes than vital observations.
3. Furthermore, by this method of observation it has been clarified that in bone-marrow tissue culture bone-marrow cells not only just wander out but also they mature and undergo cell division.

View full abstract

By performing bone-marrow tissue culture of the rabbits with experimental anemia and by fixing and staining the tissue in culture from time to time, the author obseved the cell growth area, and obtained the following results.
1. It has been foud that the accelerated bone-marrow func tions of the rabbit with acute anemia by blood depletion do not persist in tissue culture and also the maturation and mitosis of granulocytes are slowed down as compared with normal rabbit bone-marrow tissue culture. However, the pattern of movement of mature cells does not differ much from that in the case of normal rabbits.
2. In the bone marrow of saponin-anemic rabbirs both the maturation and mitotic function of granulocytes are disturbed. As for the pattern of movement, mature cells move by projecting ball-like pseudopodia
3. In the case of the bone marrow in the rabbit with phenylhydradine anemia just as in the bone marrow of the rabbit with saponin-anemia the maturation and mitotic function of granulocytes are disturbed and lower than those normal rabbits. Besides these, the movement pattern of mature cells is identical with that in saponin-anemia.
4. In the bone marrow of rabbit with collargol anemia by repeated injection of this drug for a long period of time the maturation and mitotic ability of granulocytes are greatly impeded. Moreover, the movement pattern of mature cells are identical with that observed in (2) and (3).

View full abstract

With the bone marrow of normal human sternum the author performed the bone-marrow tissue culture in fluid medium and further observed the stained pictures of granulocytes, and arrived at the following conclusions.
1. For the medlum to be used in the bone-marrow tissue culture mainly for the purpose of observing granulocytes, the medium that the author devised, namely, E. E. I. + Tyrode's solution+serum, proves to maintain the life of cells for a lon er period of time and also enable cells to multiply best, within the author's experience.
2. It has also been found that the culture conducted at rest can keep the life of cells for a longer period of time rather than by shaking culture.
3. From the observations conducted in the medium mentioned above it has been clarified that the bone-marrow granulocytes in fluid medium mature and undergo cell division.

View full abstract

The author studied the toxic substance in the serum of patients with malignant tumors frequently encountered in the field of internal medicine such as gastric cancer as a principal one and liver cancer, cancer of large intestine, and lymphosarcoma by observing the tissue growth and neutrophil function in rabbit bone-massow tissue cnlture and also the erythrocyte series by culture in the fluid medium. The following are the results.
1. The tissue growth in the case of the bone-marrow tissue culture loaded with the serum of cancer patients is diminished as compared with that of the control.
2. The wandering velocity of pseudeoesinophils in the majority of the cases loaded with the serum of cancer patients is lower than that of the control.
3. As for the vital staining of pseudoeosinophils in the cases loaded with cancer patient's serum, the cells are stained deeper at an earlier stage as compared with the control, proving the diminution of the cell functions.
4. In the fluid medium culture loaded with cancer patient's serum erythrocytes generally tend to increase in number to a greater extent than in the control, but the Hb content on the whole is diminished.
5. From these findings it is assumed that the toxic substance contained in cancerous sera brings about the diminution of the leucocyte functions by its direction on the bone marrow while the erythrocyte series besides its direct action on the bone marrow there is other principal factor.

View full abstract

With the purpose to study the toxic substance contained in the gastric juice of the patients with gastric cancer the author observed the tissue growth and pseudoeosinophil function by performing rabbit bone-marrow tissue culture and also observed the functions of the erythrocyte series in the fluid medium tissue culture; and obtained the following results:
1. The tissue growth in the rabbit bone-marrow tissue culture loaded with gastric juice from gastric cancer patients is diminished as compared with that of the control.
2. In the case loaded with the gastric juice of gastric cancer the wandering velocity of pseudoeosinophils is lower in the majority of the cases when compared with the control.
3. Pseudoeosinophils with vital staining in the case loaded with the gastric juice are stained earlier and deeper and also fade earlier than the control. This fact seems to be due to the diminution of functions of cells.
4. There is no significant trend in the fluctuations of the erythrocyte counts and Hb content in the tissue culture by fluid medium.
5. From these findings it is assumed that the toxic substance of gastric juice from gastric cancer acts directly on the bone marrow and thus decreases the leucocyte functions but for the erythrocyte series it has no direct action on the bone marrow.

View full abstract

On the basis of the results obtained in Parts 1 and 2 the author studied the erythropoietic and leucopoietic functions in cancer patients by means of bone-marrow tissue culture and also observed the wandering velocity, vital staining and carbon-particle phagocytosis of neutrophils appearing in the growth area; and obtained the following results:
1. The tissue growth in cancer patients is diminished fiarly markedly as compared with that in normal persons, the control.
2. Although there are cases showing the wandering velocity of neutrophils almost at the normal level, in more than one half of them the wandering velocity seems to be slightly lower than that in the control.
3. By the vital staining of neutrophils the function of the cells is likewise diminished as compared with the control.
4. The carbon-particle phagocytotic ability of neutrophils is also diminished when compared with the control.
5. By the bone-marrow tissue culture in a fluid medium it has been observed that on the whole erythropoiesis tends to show a slight decrease while Hb content a slight increase as copared with the control.
6. From these the leucopoietic function of the bone marrow in various cancer patients is somewhat diminished, and also judging from the wandering ability, finding of vital staining and carbon-particl phagocytosis, function of neutrophil is similarly decreased, but the erythropoietic function of the bone marrow can not necessarily be judged as to have declined.

View full abstract

Recently, a case of pemphigus foliaceus of 50 year-old woman which varied, gradually, from vulgaris-type to foliaceus-type with long periods observations was reported. The results of the clinico-pathological examinations were also reported and the pathogenesis of this disease was discussed.

View full abstract

Combination of renal calculi and vesical calculi in infant is very rare. We reported two cases. Both patients were 2 year old male infants, who were recovered by nephrectomy and sectio alta.

View full abstract

The influences of hypoproteinemia upon the proliferation and metastasis of malignant tumors were experimentally studied with Brown-Pearce tumor.
1) The Brown-Pearce tumor, though it is a tumor strain transplantated in the testis, showed no difference of tumor proliferation and metastatic tendency between male and female after its transplantation into lymphatic vessels.
2) The mean value of total serum protein in each cases of diet was; in the case of standard diet 6.88 g/dl, in that of plasmopheresis 4, 72 g/dl and in that of inanition 5, 47 g/dl i. e. it showed the most intensive hypoproteinemia in the case of plasmopheresis.
3) The proliferation and metastatic tendency of tumor was classified by each diet case. In the case of plasmopheresis, in which most intensive hypoproteinemia was seen, the strongest proliferation and metastatic tendency was found. Next was in the inanition case and then was in the standard diet case.
4) From the results of albumin, the more the albumin existed, the harder was the occurrence of the proliferation and metastatic tendency.
5) There was no significant difference between γ₁-γ₂-globulin and β-globulin.
6) In globulin, the more the value was, the harder the tumor proliferation occured and less the metastatic tendency showed. There were few cases of having the tendency of spontaneous recover.
7) For A/G, the less the value was, the higher the proliferation and metastatic tendency of tumor showed.

View full abstract

The amount of glutamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid in rabbit brain and human cerebral cortex under various conditions were determined by paperchromatography. The results were as follows:
1) After convulsion caused by electro-shock, the contents of glutamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid in the rabbit brain markedly decreased.
2) In rabbits with repeated convulsions caused by electroshocks for 10 days (5 times every day), the contents of glutamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid showed a decrease.
3) After the injection of chlorpromazin (50 mg/kg per time), the contents of glutamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid decreased.
4) The contents of glutamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid in the cerebral cortex of epilepsia were less as compared with non-epileptic patients (patients with brain tumor).

View full abstract

The activities of aspartic-glutamic transaminase and γ-aminobutyric-glutamic transaminate in rabbit brain and human cerbral cortex were determined. Results were:
1) In rabbit brain with repeated convulsions caused by electro-shocks for 10 days (5 times a day), the activity of aspartic-glutamic transaminase was less than that in the normal rabbit, but the activity of γ-aminobatyric-glutamic transaminase increased. However, there were no significant differences.
2) The activities of aspartic-glutamic transaminase and γ-aminobutyric-glutamic transaminase in the cerebral cortex of epilepsia decreased as compared with non-epileptic Iatients (patients with bran tumor), however no significant differencae were found.

View full abstract

The cancer extract was administered 1) into leg vein, portal vein by 2) a syringe or 3) the continuous drip method.
1) Injection in posterior leg vein.
By injection of 1 cc per 100 gram body weight of 10% cancer extract into posterior leg vein, the mast cells remained normal in number as well in morphology.
2) Injection in portal vein by syringe.
Injecting the same cancer extract in portal vein by a syringe for five days, mast cells in the liver decreased in the total number in initial stage, which was associated with an increase in the number of destructed cells.
However, in the skin tissue there was no change in total number and structure of mast cells.
3) Injection in portal vein by continuous drip method.
The dogs which were injectad by continuous drip method in portal vein, went into shock and died within several tens minutes or hours. On this experiment the mast cells of liver tissue decreased markedly and there were many atypical cells which were vacuolated as a result of degranulation or destroyed in the structure.

View full abstract

1) In untreated 5 cases (A), the total number of mast cells was 15275 (average: 3055) in mesentery and 7916 (average: 1583.2) in greater omentum.
On the other hand, the number of atypical mast cells was 1125 (average: 225) in mesentery and 568 (average: 113.6) in greater omentum. The destruction ratio was 7% in both tissues.
2) The control group (B), in which 0.9% saline solution was injected, showed no definite change in the total number and destruction ratio.
3) In the group injecting cancer extract (C), the total number of mast cells in mesentery and omentum decreased and the destruction ratio increased in two tissues.
4) In the group injecting heparin alone (D), the number of mast cells increased remarkably compared to the former group (C), but the destroyed cells did not increase.
5) The next group (E) which was administered with histamine alone, showel the remarkable increase of mast cells and moderate increase in the destruction ratio.
6) The increase of mast cells by administration of heparin was mild in cases of cancer extract injection. In this group, however, the increase of destroyed cells was demonstrated moderately in mesentery and highly in omentum.
7) When the administration of histamine was added to cancer extract injection, the number of mast cells increased to some degree in comparison to the group (C) injected with cancer extract alone.
However, companing to the control group (B) mast cells in mesentery showed no definite increase, while those in greater omentum showed a relationaly marked increase. The destruction ratio increased markedly in former tissue and moderately in latter tissue.
8) The administration of ACTH (adrenocorticotropin) aggravated the decrease of mast cells by cancer extract injection and the destroyed cells increased remarkably in each of two tissues.
9) When ACTH was administrated after heparinization in cases pretreated by cancer extract, the number of mast cells in mesentery and omentum decreased slightly. The destruction ratio increased markedly in the former and slightly in the latter.
10) When the administration of nitromin was added to the cancer extract injection, the cumulative effect of both caused the most profound decrease of mast cells and the most distinct destruction ratio in mesentery and omentum through whole experimental groups.

View full abstract

The author studied on the early histochemical canges of the peculiar retinal degeneration of the rabbit treated with intravenous injection of 5% Solution of sodium iodate.
The Hg-K E S (Hg-keto-enol substance of HAMAZAKI), chief constituents of which are purinbases from D N A, in the pigment epithelium and outer segments of rods diminishes or disappears as the pigment epithelium and visual cells degenerate.
When conpared with the mechanism of action of monojod acetic acid which disturbs the metabolism of K E S system, sodium iodate, chiefly on other metabolic system, causes the disturbance of K E S system.

View full abstract

The author studied on the early histochemical changes of the peculiar retinal degeneration of the rabbit treated with intravenous injection of 5% solution of sodium iodate as the preceding report.
The Cr-K E S (chrmo-keto-enol substance of HAMAZAKI), chief constituents of which are nucleotides of D N A, in the pigment epithelium and outer segments of rods begins to diminish gradually after 12 hrs.
D N A decreases as the pigment epithelium and visual cells degenerate.
In general, the Cr-K E S diminishes and disappears earlier than the Hg-K E S in the pigment epithelium and in visual cells.
The authers that sodium iodate acts rather indirectly on the metabolism of the D N A and related substances in the outer layers of the retina.

View full abstract

After the morphological studies on the ciliary muscles, ligamentum pectinatum and scleral spur of the human eye, the author has come to have the following opinions:
The contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscles at accmodation have an influence like a pump on the pressure in the canal of Schlemm. That is, at the contraction of muscles the scleral spur which is the back and inside wall of the canal is pulled backward, and the ligamentum pectinatum which is the inside wall of the canal moves inward, so the space of the canal is dirated. When the muscles relax, the spur and ligament return to original place, so that the space of the canal is narrowed.
The contraction of the muscles at accomoodation enlarges the meshes of the ligament, the spaces between the mesh planes and the area of the ligament which faces to the anterior, chamber, so that it becomes easy for the aqueous humor to pass through the ligament. The other way, the relaxation of the muscles makes the aqueous difficult to pass through.
These function of the ciliary muscles on the ligment make the pump like action of the canal more effective.

View full abstract

After inducing experimental fluorine poisoning in two groups of young rats by oral administration of various NaF aqueous solutions consecutively for one week in one group and for one month in another group, the author observed changes in the phosphorus metabolism of teeth and bones of these animals by means of radioactive isotope p³²; and obtained the following results.
Method: As for the source of P³², phosphoric acid in the form of H₃P³²O₄ was used. Forty-eight hours after a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 mc/kg P³² these rats were sacrificed, and then extracting teeth and bones and weighing them to an exact 0.1 g dryweight each, these were pulverized and sedimented. After filtering and drying the sediments, the radioactivity was determined by Geiger-Müller counters. The specific activity of P³² was calculated on the basis of the radioactivity and quantitative determination of phosphric acid.
Experimental results:
1. In the group administered with NaF for one week the specific activity of P³² incorporated in the teeth tended to decrease along with the increase in the volume of NaF administered. However, when the volume of NaF administered was small (as 2.5 mg/kg), a slight increasing tendency in the specific activity could be observed as compared with the control.
2. The specific acitivity of P³² incorporated in the bones of the same group showed rather an increasing tendency along with the increase in the volume of NaF administered.
3. In the group administered with NaF for one month the specific activity of P³² incorporated in the teeth tended to decrease along with the increase in the volume of NaF given.
4. The change in the specific activity of P³² in the bones of the latter group was less marked when compared with that in the teeth.
5. In the latter group the amout of P³² incorporated in epiphyses was found to be greater than that in diaphyses.

View full abstract

After inducing fluorine poisoning in two groups of young rats by administering various NaF solutions consecutively for one week in one group and for one month in another group, the auther observed the phosphorus metabolism in vitro of the teeth and bones of these rats by means of radioactive isotope P³², and obtained the following results. On the other hand, the author investigated what change might be brought upon the phsophorus metabolism in the milk teeth of the children given a dose of 0.2 mg and 1.0 mg NaF each for the period of one year with the purpose to prevent tooth-decay, and compared the results of the two.
Method: Both the rats with fluorine poisoning and control group are sacrificed and the teeth and bones are extracted. Also the milk teeth at the deciduous stage are extracted from kindergarten children treated with NaF for the prevention of tooth-decay. These teeth and bones are cleaned of tooth pulp and bone marrow as much as possible and pulverized. The pulverized materials are filtered through the strainer of 60 meshes and the materials from the teeth and bones are weighed exactly 20 mg each, and to each of these samples 2cc phosphoric acid (H₃P³²O₄, 3000 counts/min) is added in a test-tube and shaken for one hour. The sedimented substances are separed from the supernatant and thoroghly washed, filtered, and dried, and finally the radioactivity is measured by Gieger-Müller counters.
Experimental results:
1. In the group of animals given NaF for one week the quantity of P³² incorporated in the teeth tends to decrease slightly with the increase in the dosage of NaF, while the amount of P³² incorporated in the bones rather tends to increase slighelv along with the increase in the dosage of NaF given.
2. In the group given NaF for one month the amounts of P³² incorporated in the teeth and bones tend to decrease along with the increase in the dosage of NaF given.
3. Both in the group given NaF for one week and that for one month the amount of P³² incorporated in the bones is greater than that in the teeth.
4. In the teeth of the kindergarten children rally administered with fluorine compound repeatedly for one year the amount of P³² incorporated in enamel is clearly less than that in dentin along with the increase in the dosage of NaF.

View full abstract

By oral administration of various NaF solutions (drinking) to young rats and feeding them under the same conditions for 50 days, the author measured the tail length and body weight of these animals in different groups in order to see the influences of fluorine on their growth and investigated them experimentally; and obtained the following results. Along with this experiments the author also gave orally pills of cod-liver oil containg 0.2 mg NaF to kindergarten children repeatedly for one year with the purpose to prevent their tooth-decay and examined their height, body weight, and the percentage of incidence of tooth-decay.
Mesthod:
1. For the experimental animals young rats of about forty days old and weighing about 50 g were selected, and they were divided into four groups each consisting of five males and five females to the total of ten in each group. They were made to drink freely NaF apueous solution of various concentrations at 1000 ppm, 500 ppm, 100 ppm, 10 ppm, and 2 ppm. The duration of the drinking of NaF was for 50 days. Namely, observations were limited to the stage of the most active growth and changes were observed in that period.
2. As for the drinking expeariment of fluorine with kindergarten children, sugarcoated cod-liver oil pillets containing 0.2 mg NaF, 0.02 g cod-liver oil, and 500 γ vitamin B₁ were used. These pillets were given to the children on every school day for one year under a controlled supervision with exception of sundays, holidays, summer and winter vacation. Their height and body weight were measured once every month, and the rate of incidence of tooth-decay in these children was examined twice, namely, once before the start of NaF-administration and once immediately after the cessation of the administration.
Results:
1. Although there can be recognized no great difference in the change of the tail length in the growing young rats given NaF aqueous solution by drinking at a low concentration as compared with the control, there is a slight accelerating tendency. In the group of rats given large amount of NaF solution by drinking in comparison with the control there can be recognized no marked difference up to 30 day after the start of taking fluorine compound, but thereafter the rate of tail growth tends to be retarded and by the fiftieth day the tail growth is diminished as compared with the control.
2. In the groups of young growing rats given orally a low concentration of NaF solution their body weight increases normally. However, in the groups given orally a large amount of NaF solution, although no great change can be recognized up to the 30 th day after the start of the experiment, thereafter a decrease in the body weight can be recognized.
3. In the case of the kindergarten children the oral administration of fluorine in the minimal amount shows a favorable effect on the increase in their height and body weight as compared with the control group without such a treatment.
4. Judging from the rate of the incidence of tooth-decay in the kindergarten chileren as compared with that in the children of the control school where no such treatment was undertaken. the incidence of tooth-decay in these children is far lower than in the control school children. This fact indicates that the oral administration of fluorine compound is effective in preventing the tooth-decay in young children of the kindergarten age.

View full abstract

By means of roller-tube tissue cultur of Bashford's carcinoma the author studied the composition of the medium and the tissue growth pattern and also took pictures of the growing tissue by a 16 mm movie camera; and obtained the following results.
1. One to two days after the start of culture fibroblasts and histiocytes grow and wander out from the explant, and then from the third day or thereabout the cancer cells grow like membrane or meshes, growing most actively during the 5th to 6th day of culture. The tissue growth continues up to the 7th-8th day but thereafter cells begin to degenerate unless the medium is replaced with a fresh one.
2. By the degree of the growth of cancer cells, fibroblasts and histiocytes, that appear during the tissue culture, the growth pattern can be divided into six types. Namely, type 1, showing fibroblasts and histiocytes growing out of the explant scatteringly but showing no cancer cell growth;
type 2, showing mainly the growth of fibroblasts and histiocytes and a few cancer cells;
type 3, showing a narrow membranous growth consisted mainly of cancer cells with a few fibroblasts and histiocytes mixed scatteringly among them;
type 4, showing the membranous vigorous growth consited mainly of practically all cnncer cells;
type 5, showng the growth almost identical with that of type 4, except the middle zone of the growth area is of meshworks; and type 6, consisted mainly of the central growth zone.
3. As the result of study on the appropriate combination for the culture medium with the use of various sera (chicken, rabbits and rats) and their inactivated sera, it has been found that the medium composed of 50-60 per cent of inactivated chicken serum, 35-45 per cent of Hanks solution, and 5 per cent of chick embryo extract is the most suitable one for the tissue growth.

View full abstract

By performing the roller-tube tissue culture of Bashford's cafcinoma the author observed cells in culture under a phase-contrast microscope after fixing and staining them variously and by taking their pictures with a 16mm-movie camera; and obtained the following results.
1. Cancer cells in culture possess various morphological characteristics so that they can be readily distinguished from fibroblasts and histiocytes.
2. It has been recognized that mitochondria, nuclei, and nucleoles of the cancer cells in culture possess motive power.
3. In the observation on the cell division of cancer cells in culture the prolongation of the cell division at the metaphase as compared with normal cells can be recognized the same as in other tumor cells.
4. Isolated cancer cells have been recognized to possess the motive power, revealing the maximum wandering velocity of 1.9 μ/min and the average velocity of 0.6 μ/min.
In addition, a mass of several cancer cells has been observed moving from place to place as a whole.
5. Cancer cells are vitally stained with neutral red and Janus green, and irregular swelling and disarrangement of vitally stained granules can be observed.
6. However, no carbon-particle phagocytiticle phagocytotic ability can be recognized in cancer cells.

View full abstract

In the roller-tube Bashford's carcinoma tissue culture the author succeeded in culturing five successive generations for as long as three consecutive months, and obtaiued the following results.
1. Judging from the change in the increasing number of nuclei in long successive culture, when 30×10⁴ cells are transplanted in one culture field, it is necessary to replace the medium every four days with fresh one and the tissue must be replanted every once in 15-20 days.
2. Those cancer cells cultured successively for a long period of time are more slender and have formed meshworks as compared with those at early stage of culter. In the observation under the phasecontrast microscope the thickening of nuclear membrane, a decreased number of mitochondria, and the enlargment of Golgi's apparatus can be recognized, but they still maintain specific characteristics of tumor cells.
3. In retransplanting the cancer cells cultured successively for a long time back to mice on 15th, 20th, and 50th days of culture, it has been possible to produce tumors exactly identical with the original ones in each retransplantation.

View full abstract