The conduction velocities of excitation of the skeletal muscle fibers of man and rat were measured by intracellular microelectrode techinigue, and the differences of conduction velocities and diameters of the muscle fibers were compared.
Materials were the M. rectus abdominis of man and M. gastrscnemius and M. rectus abdominis of rat.
1. In the first case of man, the eonduction velocities of M. rectus abdominis were distributed between 2.59 m/sec. 4.30 m/sec.
In the second case of man, that of M. rectus abdominis were distributed between 2.78 m/sec and 4.31 m/sec.
In the rat, that of M. gastrocnemius were distributed bctween 0.94 m/sec and 4.75 m/sec.
In the rat, that of M. rectus abdominis were distributed between 1.37 and 5.01 m/sec.
2. There was no difference between diametars of the skeletal muscle fibers of man and that of rat.
3. It may be reasonably concluded that the difference of the conduction velocity between the muscle fiber of man and that of rat was not depend apon the differences of their diameters.
4. So it may be concluded that the difference of conduction velocity between man and rat was depend upon the difference of electrical charactor.

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The conduction velocity of red and white muscle fibers were measured by intracellular microelectrode techiuigue and the differences of conduction velocities between these two fibers were demonstrated.
Materials were used the M. soleus of rat as a red fiber preparation and the outer surface part of M. rectus femoris as a white muscle fiber preparation.
1. Conduction velocities of red muscle fibers were slower than thase of white muscle fibers.
(1) Conduction velocity of red muscle fiber.
The first case; 1.81±0.52 m/sec.
The second case; 2.61±0.68 m/sec.
The third case: 2.25±0.48 m/sec.
(2) Conduction velocity of white muscle fiber.
The first case; 3.43±0.95 m/sec.
The second case: 5.57±0.88 m/sec.
The third ease: 4.74±0.73 m/sec.
2. It was widely known that the conduction velocity of muscle fider was in the proportion to the root of fiber diameter. There was no obvious difference of fiber diameters between the white fibers in surface part of M. rectus femoris and the red fibers in M. soleus.
3. So it may be reasonably concladed the difference of conduction velocity between the red and white muscle fiber was not depend upon the differences of their diameter.

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Using the intracellular microelectrode, the relationship between the freshness of muscle fibers and their electrophysiological charactor was studied in the surgecally exstirpated human m. rectus abdnminis, namely, the decrease rate of their conduction velocity, amplitude of action-potential and resting-potential was measured according to the times from the insertion of microelectrode into muscle fibers aud the following results were obtained.
1. The decrease of conduction velocity was not so obvious for 15 minutes, namely, its average decrease rate was about 10% for 15 minutes.
2. The decrease of amplitude of action-potential and resting-potential was prominent for 15 minutes, namely their average decrease rates were about 50% for 15 minutes. It was further assumed that the main cause of these decrease might be attribute to the mechanical injuly of muscle fibers by the insertion of microelectrode into them.
3. No marked difference was observed between the decrease rate of conduction velocity, amplitude of action-potential and resting-potential of the red and that of white muscle fibers.

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An apparatus for simultaneous measurement of 90° light scattering, pyridine nucleotide fluorescence and oxygen consumption of mitochondria was designed and constructed for the purpose to study the mitochondrial structure and function.
Oxygen consumption was measured by rotating platinum eleotrode by the modification of Hagihara's method, attached in the cell of the apparatus.
Mitochondrial swelling and shrinkage were measured by 90° light scattering at 650mμ. The monochrome light was made by plism monochromator and was led to the cell of the apparatus. Scattered light of 650mμ at 90° was filtered through the filter trasmitting 650mμ, excluding visual and ultra-violet radiation under 600mμ. Then the scattered light was registered by photomultiplier tube 1P22 which is a good choice for measurement of the light near red end of spectrum.
Relative reduced pyridine nucleotide concentration was measured by fluorometry. Fluorometer was constructed as follow: For excitation, a bright light at 365mμ line of marcury lamp was isolated from other bright light by passing through the Hitachi interference filter (365mμ) or Corning No. 7-54 (9863) which transmits ultraviolet light and excludes visual radiation above 410mμ and was led to the cell by half mirror at a position of light path between the monochromator for 90° light scattering and the cell. The fluorescence light was passed through the filter of Corning No. 3-73 (3389) which transmits visual radiation at approximately 440mμ. Then the fluorescence intensity in the spectral interval set by the grating monochromator was registered by photomultiplier 1P21 which has good signal-to-noise ratio, and is suitable for measurements of compounds that fluoresence between 350 and 650mμ.
The scattered light at 650mμ was not affected by excitation light and fluorescence light, and fluorescence intensity was not by scattered light at 650mμ.
The simultaneous measurements of the oxidation-reduction of p ridine nucleotides, the respiration states and the change of 90° light scattering is given as an example of the performance of the present apparatus.

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This paper presents some observations on the C₃H-Hei strain cells, established from spontaneous mammary tumor of the C₃H mouse.
1) The C₃H-Hei strain has been propagated over 800 days ever since December 1961.
2) The most optimal medium consist of 50% bovine serum, 0, 25% lactalbumine hydrolysate, 0, 05% yeast extract and Earle's saline.
3) The primary culture and early subculture of this cell strain morphologically exhibited a number of cell sheets of epithelial-like cells, but suddenly at the 4th generation they have transformed the morphological pattern from the epithelial-like cells to the fibroblast-like cells of a uniform size.
4) Tbe growth rate in cell population was about 8 folds in 6 days.
5) Chromosome number of the Hei-strain showed a higher pattern ranging from 64 to 72.
6) The tumor-inducing capacity of this strain was examined by subcutaneous back-inoculation into C3H, Zb and Cb mice. A certain portion of the mica had a total body irradiation (400r) before inoculation and it was found that 100% C₃H mice challenged before injection had developed tumors, but Zb and Cb mice did not.

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The optimal medium for the cell proliferation of the standard line, K, was investigated and found to consist of 20% bovine serum, 0.4% lactalbumin hydrolysate, 0.4% yeast extract, 0.36% glucose and saline.
The cultured cells were retransplanted and passaged intraperitoneally through mice. After 19 transfers through mice, e. g., in 280 days, the cells were re-inoculated into culture and compared in the cellular morphology and in the culture-adaptability with the primary culture of purely mice-passaged Ehrlich carcinoma cells. The former cells adhered readily to the glass surface showing spindle-like form and demonstrated the capacity for the proliferation in culture from the earliest stage of cultivation, while the latter cells adhered hardly to the glass maintaining their round form and revealed little proliferation or underwent degeneration rapidly with days.

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Long-term observation of serum GOT and GPT activities was performed on patients with viral hepatitis as well as cirrhosis of the liver and without hepatic diseases.
1. Alterations of serum GOT and GPT activities could be classified to 3 types, each of which was further divided into 2 subtypes.
2. A single-peak elevation of the activities was observed in most cases of acute form of epidemic hepatitis. On the other hand, in posttransfusion hepatitis the activity changes were similar to those noticed in recurrent chronic hepatitis: some cases showed a single-peak elevation without discending to the normal level and others exhibited a remarkable fluctuation. Furthermore, in certain cases the fluctuated activities were above normal levels in any measurements.
3. The fluctuation of serum GOT and GPT activities was observed in most cases of chronic hepatitis. Similar results were obtained in precirrhosis and cirrhosis of the liver.
4. Histological findings revealed that inflammation at the portal triads was predominant in cases of chronic hepatitis which showed the fluctuation of serum GOT and GPT activities. This type of activity alterations, therefore, indicates the presence of active foci of hepatitis.
5. Histological changes of the liver were serially examined in those cases of chronic hepatitis and precirrhosis which exhibited the fluctuated activities with consistently elevated values. Degeneration or necrosis of hepatic cells was found to be accompanied with the activity alterations, while the fluctuation was not always in accordance with histological changes related to inflammation, especially with those indicating the chronification of hepatitis.
6. Hence, the fluctuation of serum GOT and GPT activities represents that the disease is progressive in nature, but it does not reflect the histological changes relatad to inflammation, especially those indicating the chronification of hepatitis.

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Effects of corticosteroids on the alterations of serum GOT and GPT activities were studied on patients with hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver.
1. After the corticosteroid therapy, serum GOT and GPT activities were not elevated in 60.0% of the cases of acute hepatitis. On the other hand, in chronic hepatitis with inflammation at the portal triads, precirrhosis and cirrhosis of the liver, the percentage of the cases showing the activity elevation was 88.4%, 75.0% and 68.0%, respectively. Almost all cases of chronic hepatitis, in which degeneration of the liver cells or scar in the portal triads was the principal histological changes, showed no elevation of serum GOT and GPT activities during or after the corticosteroid treatment.
2. The time of the maximum elevation of serum GOT and GPT activities after the corticosteroid therapy was the earliest in acute hepatitis, later in chronic hepatits and the latest in cirrhosis of the liver.
3. There was some relationship between the elevation of serum GOT, GPT activities and subjective symptoms of patients. The activity elevation had the closest relationship with jaundice in cirrhosis of the liver.
4. After the corticosteroid therapy, a single-peak rise of serum GOT and GPT activities was observed in acute hepatitis, while the cases of chronic hepatitis with inflammation at the portal triads often showed a fluctuation of the activities. The cases of chronic hepatitis, in which degeneration of the liver cells or scar in the portal triads was the principal histological changes, exhibited no elevation of the serum GOT and GPT activities after the treatment. In cirrhosis of the liver, several cases with constant values of serum GOT and GPT activities before the corticosteroid therapy exhibited a single-peak elevation or a fluctuation of the activities after the treatment. The altered values, moreover, did not easily decrease to the normal levels.
5. Catabolic hormone of protein, used in addition to corticosteroids, could not preclude the elevation of serum GOT and GPT activities.
6. In patients without hepatic diseases, corticosteroids did not appear to modify the serum GOT and GPT activities.
7. The GOT and GPT activities in the tissue homogenates of the liver were lowered when the activities in serum were elevated after the corticosteroid therapy.
8. In the cases where the activity elevation was observed at the earlier stage after the commen ement of the corticosteroid therapy, the inflammatory changes of the liver were stronger than in those with the later elevation of serum GOT and GPT activities.
9. Therefore, it may be reasonable to infer that there is a close relationship between a factor or factors of the chronification of hepatitis and the effects of corticosteroids on serum GOT and GPT activities.
10. Differences of the compounds of corticosteroids did not produce any significant changes in the effects on serum GOT and GPT activities.

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In order to study the defense reaction of the body to a local infection, an investigation was made for cellular aspects of exudate formed with the application of Unguentum Vesicans. Followings are the results.
1. The onset of blister formation averaged 8, 7 hours following the application of Unguentum Vesicans.
2. Apperance of cells was noted with an increase of the exudate following blister formation. Numbers of cells in the exudate in 12 cases 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours following the onset of blister formation averaged 1, 037, 1, 481, 1, 245, and 2, 083 respectively.
3. The cells conist mostly of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and in addition a few lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and staff neutrophils were noted.
4. The average numbers of nucleus segmentation of the neutrophils in 12 cases 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours following the onset of blister formation were 2.85, 3-08, 3.14, and 3.32 respectively, showing a constant increase with passage of time.
5. Wandering velocity of the neutrophils in 12 cases 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours following the onset of blister formation averaged 10.04μ/min, 12.57μ/min, 10.76μ/min, and 11.06μ/min respectively, showing a relatively active movement constantly.
6. An investigation of the exudate formed with the application of Unguentum Vesicans has a merit in that calculation of cell numbers and measurement of the wandering velocity can be performed with ease.

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Cellular reactions were studied through an investigation of cellular aspects of exudate formed with the application of Unguentum Vesicans to patients with acute leukemia and monocytic leukemia. Followings are the results.
1. As compared with normal coutrols, some delay was noted in the onset of blister formation and numbers of cells were less. The decrease was especially remarkable up to 6 hours following the ouset of blister formation and in some cases, acellular exudate was noted.
2. The cells consist mostly of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and in addition a few lymphocytes, monocytes, and staff neutrophils were noted. Apperance of immature cells was noted in exceptional cases.
3. The average numbers of nucleus segmentation of the neutrophils were less as compared with normal controls.
4. Wandering velocity of the neutrophils was remarkably decreased as compared with normal controls.
5. In acute lymphocytic leukemia and monocytic leukemia, numbers of cells were increased during remissions.

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Cellular reactions were studied through an investigation of cellular aspects of exudate formed with the application of Unguentum Vesicans to patients with chronic ieukemia. Following are the results.
1. As compared with normal controls, some delay was noted in the onset of blister formation and numbers of cells were less, but the decrease was not so remarkable as in acute leukemia.
2. Usually, the cells consist mostly of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and in addition a few lymphocytes, monocytes, staff neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils were noted.
In chronic myelogenous leukemia, basophils were noted in higher percentage.
3. The average numbers of nucleus segmentation of the neutrophils were about the same as in normal controls.
4. In chronic myelogenous leukemia, wandering velocity of the neutrophils was decreased as compared with normal controls, but the decrease was not so remarkable as in acute leukemia. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the velocity was about the same as in normal controls.
5. In chronic myelogenous leukemia, cell numbers and wandering velocity of the neutrophils were remarkably increased during remissions as compared with the pre-treatment period.

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By means of catheterization of hepatic veins, hepatic hemodynamics was investigated on patients with chronic hepatitis.
1. Elevation of wedged hepatic venous pressure and reduction of effective hepatic blood flow were noted. In 30 % of the cases intrahepatic shunt flow was positive. Oxygen consumption of the visceral organ was reduced in 20 % of the cases.
2. There was a close relationship among the factors of hepatic hemodynamics, such as wedged hepatic venous pressure, effective hepatic blood flow, intrahepatic shunt flow, etc. Moreover, the amount of oxygen consumtion of the visceral organ was related to effective hepatic blood flow.
3. Correlation was observed between wedged hepatic pressure and the active histological alterations of Glisson's capsule. Effective hepatic blood flow was closely related to the laboratory findings of the liver function and the changes of portal vein in the Glisson's capsule. Intrahepatic shunt flow was related to laboratory findings of the liver function, histological changes of Glisson's capsule, degeneration of the liver cells, alterations of central veins and splenomegaly. The amount of oxygen consumption of the visceral organ was related to blunted liver edge, splenomegaly and enlargement of the sinusoids.
4. In chronic hepatitis manifested with latent form, a remarkable disturbance of heparic hemodynamics was observed. This type of hepatitis may thus have a possibility to progress to cirrhosis. Similar observations were obtained in the clinical type of relapsing hepatitis and in that with obscure clinical manifestations.

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Hepatic hemodynamics studied by means of catheterization of hepatic veins was compared with the findings obtained by peritoneoscopy and liver biopsy in 17 patients including precirrhosis which is though to be developed stage of chronic hepatitis and postnecrotic cirrhosis of the liver.
1. Wedged hepatic venous pressure was obtained to be 227 mm H₂O in average, effective hepatic blood flow to be 406 ml/min/M² in average, and intrahepatic shunt flow was found in all cases except for two.
2. In the investigation on gas metabolism, it was observed that the oxygen contents in the arterial blood decreased in average and difference of oxygen contents between artery and vein of the visceral organ increased slightly while oxygen consumption of the visceral organ showed generally to be in the normal range.
3. There was a considerable close relationship between the hepatic hemodynamics and the clinical pictures such as clinical symptoms, liver function profile, peritoneoscopic and liver biosic findings.

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Although the onset mechanism of arteriosclerosis remains unclarified at present, it seems that arteriosclerosis and cholesterol in blood are closely associated. This point has been indicated by the results obtained in many animal and human experiments. A high incidence of arteriosclerosis in dise-ses with high values of cholesterol in blood such as diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, essential hypercholesterol of blood seems to support this view. Therefore, drugs that correct the abnormality of fat metabolism are generally used for the treatment of arteriosclerosis. The authors have administered such drugs as MER-29 (Triparanol), unsaturated fatty acid (Athero), and chondroitin sulfate (Chondoron) as cholesterol inhibitors to the patients and obtained the following results.
1. Effects of cholesterol inhibitors
Triparanol was quite effective on hypertension, arteriosclerosis and diabetes but not much effective on nephrosis.
Athero was effective on 40-50% of the cases of hypertension, diabetes and nephrosis.
Chondoron was found to be effective in less than one half of the cases of hypertension and arteriosclerosis, but showed hardly any effect on diabetes. Only it gave relatively better results than Triparanol and Athero.
2. Side-effects of these drugs
In the administration of Triparanol there occurred not a single case of cataract and by taking a proper care of the dose it was possible also to prevent other side-effects to a considerable extent.
Athero showed hardly any side-effect and on this point it is an excellent agent.

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Using tumor cells from the node developing in the liver of a chicken with leukemia of visceral type as well as liver cells around the node as subjects of experiment and normal liver cells as control, enzymic properties at cellular level were studied with special reference to glucose metabolism. The results are presented in the following.
1. Cancer cells show oxygen consumption in a similar degree as that of normal cells in the substrate such as succinate and others. It indicates that respiration in tumor cells is just as important as in normal cells.
2. In cancer cells anaerobic glycolysis is high and also they show so-called Crabtree effect, revealing a general characteristics of cancer cells.
3. In those liver cells around the cancer tissue (node) there can be recognized no characteristics similar to those of cancer cells.

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With the tumor tissue (node) developing in the liver of chicken with leukemia of visceral type and the tissue around the node as materials to be tested, and normal liver tissue as control, tissues were minced and cell free extracts were obtained by centrifugation procedures. Then the enzymic activities at the level of these cell free extracts were compared and the following results were obtained.
1. Succinoxidase is contained in the precipitate fraction centrifuged at 40, 000r.p.m. of the cell free extract while other enzymes are in the supernatant.
2. None of these cell free extracts show glycolysis and cancer cell extract does not reveal Crabtree effect either.
3. The prominent feature of cancer cells is that cells appear to be in an intact state but when they are destroyed, the difference between cancer cells and normal cells seems to be lost.

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Two strains of Candida albicans isolated from the patient with candidasis and the standard strain preserved in our laboratory served as the materials. By cultivating these strains both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the medium containing glucose, citrate, succinate or lactate as C souces, a comparative study was conducted as to the growth rate and the decomposition of these C sources. The results are presented in the following.
1. In the medium containing glucose as C source, the growth of all the bacteria is good under aerobic condition, especially so with the standard strain. In this instance, the alcohol formation is especially marked with the isolated strains but extremely small with the standard strain.
Under anaerobic condition the growth rate of every strain becomes poorer, especially marked is the decrease in the growth of standard strain.
2. In the medium containing succinate, citrate, or lactate and cultured under aerobic condition, the growth of the standard strain is good whereas it is poor with the isolated strains. Under anaerobic condition the growth of every strain is poor.
3. It seems that the isolated strains somewhat tend to be aerobic as compared with the standard strain.

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With two strains of Candida albicans isolated from the patintes with candidasis and successively cultured in an artificial medium for more than 30 successive generations (succeissive-generation cultured strain) on one hand, and with those strains passed through mice over ten generations (animal passage strain) on the other, as well as the standard strain preserved in our laboratory as control, enzymic properties of these strains were studied. The results are summarized in the following.
1. The animal passage in the course of growth and of glycolysis at the rest state shows a greater rate of alcohol formation that of successive-generation cultured strain.
2. It seems that Candida albicans tend to turn anaerobic as they pass animals, making their ability of fermentation greater, and that by successive cultures in the artificial medium the terminal oxidative mechanism is fortified and thus the formation of alcohol from glucose becomes less, approaching near a perfect oxidation of glucose.

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