1. A single subcutaneous injection of 1mg. of 20-methylcholanthrene in various strains of newborn mice resulted in the induction of leukemia in 23.1% (3 of 13) of AKR, 15% (3 of 20) of St. A, 50% (7 of 14) of RF, 20% (5 of 10) of DB, 12% (3 of 25) of C3H, and 7.1% (1 of 14) of Zb during an observation period of six months, but no leukemia development was seen in strains D103, Cb, Swiss albino, RIIl and in each control group of mice.
2. The same carcinogenic treatment induced subcutaneous sarcomas in 30.8% (4 of 13) of AKR, 42.9% (6 of 14) of RF, 20% (2 of 10) of DB, 35% (7 of 20) of St. A, 48% (12 cf 25) of C3H and 21.4% (3 of 14) of Zb. Strains D103, Cb, Swiss albino and RIII, which were refractory to the leukemia development, also developed subcutaneous tumors in 23.4%, 40%, 25% and 40% respectively.
3. Furthermore, induction of pulmonary adenomas was observed in AKR, St. A, RF, C3H and DB mice.
4. Histological examination of leukemic mice revealed infiltration of leukemic cells in bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, thymus and kidneys. The diagnosis of leukemia was also confirmed by means of clinical tissue culture.
5. Strains C3H and AKR, 4 weeks old, were given a subcutaneous injection of 20-methyl-cholanthrene in the same doses per body weight as in newborn mice. However, after 26 weeks of observation period only subcutaneous sarcomas were observed in 4 of 10 C3H mice and 2 of 9 AKR mice.
6. Newborn mice born of parents given 20-methylcholanthrene at birth were again injected with the carcinogen. Induction of leukemia in these mice was 44.3% (3 of 7) in RF mice and 21.3% (3 of 14) in AKR mice during an observation period of six months, and the procedure did not significantly diminish the latency or increase the rate of leukemia development. How-ever, the rate of sarcoma development was increased in AKR, St. A and D103 mice.
7. During serial cell-graft of leukemia in RF mice a change from non-thymic to thymic type was observed.

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With the object to elucidate the role played by thymus and spleen in radiation leukemogenesis, effects of thymectomy and splenectomy on the induction of leukemia in RF mice by X-ray-irradiation were studied, dividing lymphocytic leukemia into thymic type and non-thymic type. As the result it has been clarified that thymectomy mainly inhibits the occurrence of the thymic type lymphocytic leukemia while splenectomy on the occurrence of the non-thymic type lymphocytic leukemia. As for the mechanism of this inhibition, a discussion was made on the significance of thymus and spleen as the organs that are constituted of the cells most susceptible to neoplastic transformation. After both thymectomy and splenectomy not a single mouse developed leukemia when exposed to X-ray-irradiation.

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On 213 cases with trauma of the head we studied their electroencephalograms before the treatment and obtained the following results.
1) It has been found that abnormal EEG waves appeared in 38% of them, and out of these 26% revealed localized abnormalities, proving to be 10% of the total cases studied. There could be seen no tendency of diminution in the rate of abnormal wave appearance along with the lapse of time.
2) Diffuse activities were recognized in 13% of them, the average cycle of which was 9.2cps. The incidence of such waves was more frequent with advance in age but it was not related to the severity of trauma, the site of injury, the lapse of time and complains.
3) In the cases with mild injury, contrary to the general opinions, the incidence of the abnormal EEG waves was as high as 26-38%, and in addition, its frequency did not diminish along with the advance of time.
4) As to the site of injury, coup foci were observed in 6 cases while contrecoup foci in 8. The latter proved to arise more readily from blow on the lateral side of the head.
5) Seizure discharges in the EEG of children proved to be as frequent as 2.5 times that in general. While the prognosis of mild cases. was not so bad, that of severe injuries was very poor both clinically and electroencephalographically.
In aged group most of the cases showed the slowing of basic rhythm.
6) Traumatic epilepsy was observed in 3.3% of the total patients, being very low as was generally believed. The results were indicated that even in the presence of seizure discharges these were not necessarily directly connected to epllepsy. It is noteworthy that such traumatic epilepsy could be observed in 2.6% among those with commotio cerebri.

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This communication deals with two cases of lupus erythemetosus disseminatus who presented psychic and neurotic symptoms. We treated them with adrenocorticosteroid hormone and found that the neuro-psychic symptoms were alleviated in parallel with the improvement of somatic conditions.
Case 1, 22-year old female: On the basis of the findings of cerebro-spinal fluid and those of fundus of the eye we judged the case to be of a primary injury on the central nervous system with circulatory disturbances brought about by inflammatory mechanism. Her principal psychic symptoms were anxiety, excitation and amnesia accompanied with clouding of consciousness and change in her personality.
Case 2, 28-year old female: This was a typically acute, extrinsic inflammatory type, whose main psychic symptoms were consisted of clouding of consciousness, illusion and hallucination.
The report was made about the course taken by these cases, and some considerations were given on available literature.

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Lipoathledin is the fatty acid fractions extracted from x-ray irradiated rabit organs. We applicated 2% Lipoathledin absorption ointment to the superficial fungal infections clinically and following results were obtained.
1) Lipoathledin has obvious antifungal effect.
2) 56 in 67 patients of superficial fungal infections (83.6%) were improved clinically.
3) No significant side effects were observed.

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Since the serum properdin level is found to have fallen in the cancer-bearing animals, properdin is taken as an indicator for humoral resistant factors. With this view in mind, the present series of experiments was conducted to see changes in the serum properdin level occurring with lapse of time at the administration of pantothenic acid (PaA), orotic acid (OrA), essential amino acids, vitamin K, adenine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Thio-TEPA, and cazinophilin, singly or concurrently. The results of the present study may be briefly summarized as follows.
1. The administration of PaA and GABA, either alone or concurrently with Thio-TEPA, elevates the serum properdin level in rabbit, and it prevents the fall in the properdin level. Such treatment is also effective in suppressing the decrease in leucocyte counts brought about by administration of Thio-TEPA.
2. The administration of OrA alone induces a marked elevation in the rabbit serum properdin level, and when given concurrently with Thio-TEPA it also prevents the decrease in the properdin level, but it is ineffective against the diminution of leucocyte counts.
3. Essential amino acids (except cystin) administered singly induce a marked rise in the properdin level, and when an amino acid is given concurrently with carzinophilin, it moderates the fall in the properdin level. These essential amino acids have also a marked effect in preventing the fall in leucocyte counts induced by carzinophilin.
4. Cystin administered alone brings about a transient elevation in the properdin level but on its withdrawal the properdin level falls rapidly.
5. Vitamin K given alone induces a rise in the properdin level, and when it is used concurrently with Thio-TEPA, the decreasing tendency is prevented. However, it has no effect as to prevent the fall in leucocyte counts.
6. Although the administraticn of adenine alone induces a temporary rise in the properdin level, when administered concurrently with Thio-TEPA, it can completely prevent the diminution in the leucocyte count.
7. It is assumed that mutual relationship does not necessarily exist between the properdin level and the leucocyte count in rabbit.

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In order to see the effects of the drugs that elevate the serum properdin level on cancer-bearing animals, pantothenic acid (PaA), GABA, orotic acid (OrA), and vitamin K were given singly to mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma or these were concurrently administered with such anticancer drugs as Thio-TEPA and mitomycin C. The results of this study are given in the following.
1. The administration of PaA or GABA alone not only prevents the fall in the serum properdin level but also prolongs the survival time of cancer bearing animals as compared with the control group not given such treatment. When these drugs are used concurrently with the anticancer agents mentioned above, the anticancer effect and the preventive effect on the diminution in the properdin level are further enhanced.
2. Orotic acid and vitamin K have been found to have not much effect as to prolong the survival time nor to prevent the fall in the serum properdin level, whether given alone or concurrently with the anticancer agents.
3. In the concurrent use of anticancer agents, it has been demonstrated that a greater effect of prolongation of survival time as well as prevention of the fall in the serum properdin level is attained when the properdin level-raising agent is administered prior to the administration of anticancer drug.
4. Although properdin seems to be one of the anticancer factors, the anticancer effect of these drugs cannot be directly connected to the action to elevate properdin level.

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For the purpose to elucidate action mechanism of pantothenic acid (PaA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that possess the ability to raise the serum properdin level and show anticancer effect when administered to cancer-bearing animals, a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments was carried out and the following results were obtained.
1. PaA, when give to normal mice, accelerates the liver catalase activity, and when it is administered alone or concurrently with anticancer agent to cancer-bearing mice, the catalase activity is enhanced to a still greater extent.
2. PaA, GABA, Orotic acid, Thio-TEPA, and mitomycin C have been found to accelerate the anaerobic glycolysis of Ehrlich carcinoma cells but carzinophilin rather suppresses it.
3. The effect of PaA and GABA on the serum properdin level resembles closely to that of ACTH, but differs from the effect of cortisone in that the high level of the serum properdin is sustained even after the completion of drug administration.
4. GABA, ACTH, and PaA have the ability to prolong the survival time of cancer-bearing mice, but cortisone rather aggravates cancer.
5. From these findings it is concluded that PaA and GABA do not act directly on tumor cells but act on the pituitary body by way of the higher nervous center while on the other hand, these drugs act on the cells of host, especially those of the reticuloendothelial system and liver, thus potentiating anticancer factors including the serum properdin level.

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Chloroquine was employed in treatment of bronchial asthma and clinical follow up performed in 634 cases, some of which had been observed for 4 years.
1) Clinical effctiveness was obtained in 91.3% of the patients with this treatment regimen and disappearance of asthmatic attack was observed in 42.7% of the all cases.
2) Equally effective results were obtained by this treatment regimen in all cases with asthmatic attacks in spite of many different factors of the disease such as sex, age, duration of the disease, type of the disease or symptoms.
3) Clinical therapeutic effectiveness was obtained within one month in most of cases and a positive correlation was noted between effectiveness and treatment duration.
4) To severely attacked patient, an excellent therapeutic results was obtained from the beginning of treatment by combined therapy with prednisolone, which was attempted to supplement the late effctiveness of chloroquine.
5) The patients resulting satisfactory course by long term administration of the drug were followed up by decreasing dosage or discontinuing of the drug, showing good result in most cases of them.
6) Side effects of the drug was minimal and transient. There were no discontinued cases by side effects. Main side effects were gastrointestinal, ocular and neurological symptoms. But this treatment regimen brought no detestable side effects on the hematopoetic organ, liver or retina.
7) The therapeutic effectiveness of this treatment was supported by improved pulmonary function tests of the patients.
8) Fate and organ distribution of chloroquine were observed in vivo. A constant plasma level was kept after one week administration of the drug, which was distributed in the liver, spleen and lungs in high concentration. The drug was disappeared considerably fast from plasma by discontinuation of administration.
It is clear from above data that this is an excellent treatment of the bronchial asthma and long term oral administration of chloroquine with small dosage induces cure or improvement of the bronchial asthma, without any detestable side effects.

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In order to clarify the mechanism of action of chloroquine, pharmacological actions of the drug were studied in the resected intestine of guinea pig, inflammatory edema caused on the paw of rat and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pig.
1) In the study of the resected intestine of guinea pig, anti-histamine action of chloroquine was noted by showing that the drug had complete antagonistic action against the intestinal contraction caused by histamine administration. While chloroquine did not show anti-serotonine action; contraction of the intestine by serotonine was not influenced at all by the drug administration.
2) In the study of making inflammatory edema on the paw of rat, chloroquine showed inhibitory effect to the edema caused by histamine administration. However, the drug showed scarcely inhibitory effect to the serotonine and dextran edema. Other signs of antinflammatory effct of chloroqine was demonstrated by such finding that remarkable anti-inflammatory inhibition was revealed by the drug administration to the edema caused by anti-serum allergic inflammation.
3) Furthermore, chloroquine showed marked anti-allergic action on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis of guinea pig.
Above mentioned pharmacological actions of chloroquine such as anti-histamine, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic action as well as other actions of chloroquine such as relaxation of the smooth muscle, fibroblast-inhibiting action, inactivity of the antibody or improvement of general constitution are thought to be very important mechanism of actions to the treatment of bronchial asthma.

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The effects of chloroquine on the growth and oxygen consumption of cultured fibroblasts were investigated.
1) Chloroquine diphosphate inhibited the growth of chick embryo heart fibroblasts in tissue culture medium containing 5γ/dl and also other chloroquine derivatives such as chloroquine diorotate, chloroquine chondroitine sulfate, chloroquine polygalacturonate showed same result in medium containing 2γ/dl of chloroquine too.
2) Furthermore, chloroquine diphosphate inhibited the growth of L strain cell in tissue culture medium containing 2γ/dl of chloroquine.
3) Effects of chloroquine on respiratory functions were observed in L strain cells with using Warburg's apparate, showing a decrease of oxygen consumption of the cells in the concertration of 2γ/dl of chloroquine.
4) Also fibroblast-inhibiting action was observed by administrating several drugs in the cultured chick embryo heart fibroblasts. The growth of the cells was not influenced by ACTH administration but several drugs such as tetrahydroxyquinone, phytonadione or oxophenarsine hydrochloride, arsphenamine sodium as well as prednisolone showed considerably potent fibroblast-inhibiting action.
As mentioned above marked inhibition of the growth of fibroblasts was definitely demonstrated by chloroquine administration and this fibroblast-inhibiting action of chloroquine is thought to be important mechanisum of action to the treatment of bronchial asthma with lung fibrosis.

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1) For clarifying the accurate information about the normal anatomy of the gastric lymph nodes and lymphatics of the dog, twenty adult mongrel dogs were utilized, and the gastric lymph nodes and lymphatics were visualized with direct sky blue or india ink under as physiological condition as possible.
2) The lymph nodes found in the upper abdomen of the dog were classified into these fifteen groups: lymphonodi gastrici superiores, ln. suprapyloricus, lnn. subpylorici, hilus-lienis lymph node, lnn. pancreaticolienales, lnn. coeliaci sinistri, ln. coeliacus superioris, ln. coeliacus dexter, ln. retropyloricus, lnn. pancreaticoduodenales, porta-hepatis lymph node, lnn. colici dextri, lnn. colici medii, lnn. mesenterici and lnn. lumbales superiores. Of these, the superior gastric nodes, the suprapyloric node, the subpyloric nodes, the hilus-lienis node, the pancreaticolienal nodes, the left coeliac nodes, the superior coeliac node, the right coeliac node, the retropyloric node, the pancreaticoduodenal nodes, the right colic nodes and the superior lumbar nodes received lymph from the stomach. The suprapyloric node and the hilus-lienis node were rarely present, and the right colic nodes, though constantly present, received a little of the gastric lymph only infrequently.
3) The left coeliac nodes, the superior coeliac node, the right coeliac node, the retropyloric node and the pancreaticoduodenal nodes were considered as the terminal lymph nodes of the stomach.
4) Tbe lymphatics of the stomach were classified into these five routs: the left gastric, the right gastric, the right gastroepiploic, the left gastroepiploic and the fundic rout.
5) The lymphatics of the cardiac portion followed the left gastric rout, and those of the fundus followed the left gastric and the fundic rout. The lymphatics of the lesser curvature side of the body and those of the same side of the pyloric portion followed the left gastric and the right gastric rout. The lymphatics of the greater curvature side of the body took the left gastroepiploic and the fundic rout, and those of the same side of the pyloric portion took the right gastroepiploic rout.
6) The terminal lymph nodes were common to the lymphatics of the right gastric rout and to those of the right gastroepiploic rout. These two groups of lymphatics terminated in the retropyloric node or in the right coeliac node, and, partially, often in the pancreaticoduodenal nodes and rarely in the right colic nodes. They showed resenblance in the course near the terminal lymph nodes.
7) It was emphasized that the retropyloric node was the main terminal lymphatic station of the right gastric and the right gastroepiploic rout, and, in relation to the fact above, the descriptions formerly reported about the right coeliac node were criticized.
8) The efferent lymphatics from the terminal lymph nodes of the stomach and from the lymph nodes which drained the viscera supplied by the superior mesenteric artery (the right colic, the middle colic and the mesenteric nodes) joined together complicatedly. These efferent lymphatics formed a single trunk, the truncus intestinalis, beside the root of the superior mesenteric artery in thirty three per cent, and in sixty seven per cent formed a network, the rete intestinale, around the root of the artery.

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1) The lymphatics and lymph nodes which concerned the drainage of the certain parts of the stomach were visualized with dye solution and removed in nineteen adult mongrel dogs. About two months after the operation, the reparation of the lymph drainage of the stomach was precisely studied.
2) Oedema was never seen in the stomach or in the other viscera which had been drained by the removed lymph paths. In the operated sites, the tissue loss had been replaced with scar, and neither lymph cyst nor lymphrrhoe was seen.
3) The removed lymph routs were, in general, reconstructed in those normal courses which had been visualized preoperatively, such as the left gastric, the right gastric, the right gastroepiploic, the left gastroepiploic and the fundic rout. However, the lymph drainage through the right gastric rout was seldom reconstructed.
4) Usually the lymph drainage was repaired postoperatively through the normal routs. Sometimes, abnormal routs appeared besides the normal routs.
5) Most of the postoperative routs were reconstructed in the preoperative course, but a few were visualized only postoperatively, which had not been visualized preoperatively.
6) The reconstruction of the preoperatively visualized routs was established by opening of traversing paths through the operated site or of circumventing paths in the pre-existing net of lymphatics. After removal of the lymph paths adjacent to the stomach the reconstruction depended mainly upon circumvention, while after removal of the distant lymph paths mainly upon opening of traversing paths. Commonly to both types of removal, the lymph drainage was reconstructed usually in the original courses as to the regions distal and proximal to the removed site.
7) Postoperative opening of the normal routs which had not been visualized preopeoatively was established through circumvention of the removed site via the pre-existing net of anastomosing lymphatics in the stomach wall.
8) In the postoperative lymph paths through the normal routs, visualization showed often such morphologic changes of lymphatics as increase in number and dilatation and retrograde migration of dye. These changes appeared to respond to increased resistance in lymph flow.
9) Abnormal lymph rout through anastomosing lymphatics, usually not visualized but pre-existing, appeared infrequently. Some of the lymphatics which drained the greater curvature side of the body via the left gastroepiploic rout passed onto the spleno-mesenteric ligament, a part of the greater omentum, and reached to the middle colic lymph nodes.
10) When adjacent organs adhered to the removed sites, new formation of connection between the gastric lymphatics and the lymphatics of the adherent organs appeared in an higher percentage only in firm adhesions, and never in loose adhesions. New connection of lymphatics between the gastric remnant and the anastomosed jejunum through gastrojejunostomy stoma was infrequently visualized. Several abnormal lymph routs were established through such new formation of connection between the lymphatics of adherent organs. Of these new routs, the ones through the pancreas, the anastomosed jejunum or the posterior leaf of the greater omentum terminated in the truncus intestinalis or in the rete intestinale, and the one via the right costal part of the diaphragm passed through the sternal lymph node.

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Experimental studies of profound hypothermia were performed on dogs. Rapid cooling and rewarming were obtained by means of extracorporeal circulation combined with heat exchanger. Some physiologic and pathohistologic changes of several organs were followed at the various stages through the experiment. Following results were obtained.
1) There were found no marked differences in results between Kay-Anderson machine and bubble type oxygenator.
2) Changes of temperature of internal organs on cooling and rewarming were observed proportionately to vascularity of the given organ, most rapid in liver and most lagging in muscles. Changes of rectal temperature were not constant.
3) Pupils of dogs became dilated on cooling, maximum during circulatory cessation, and retuned to previous size on rewarming.
4) On histologic study of liver, appearance of vecuoles was observed at both stages of cooling and rewarming, which were proved to be neither fat nor glycogen by histochemical examination. They were considered merely watery vacuoles and reversible changes. Marked decreaae of liver glycogen was observed on both cooling and rewarming and its disappearanse was first observed at the vicinity of central vein.
5) Renal congestion and claudy swelling of epithelial cell of renal tubules, especially in proximal part, were prominent, although these changes were considered reversible.
6) Stagnation of blood was a main change found in the histologic study of heart, lung and adrenal gland. It was most prominent in liver, kidney and spleen, however, degeneration or necrosis of the tissue were not found at all.
7) Based on these experimental data, profound hypothermia is considered applicable to the clinical case and better results will be expected with the use of low molecular weight dextran.

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This work dealed with the intestinal absorption after oral administration of food proteins (Cow's milk, egg-white, beef and chicken) in cases with liver diaeaaes.
The results were as follows:
1. Sere from cases with the liver function disorder were largely positive in circulating antibodies to food proteins, since in the majority of cases with the compensated liver function circulating antibodies to food proteins were almost negative.
These cases with positive food protein antibodies showed no allergic gastroenteropathia.
2. Cases with circulating antibodies to food proteins represented predominatly with drug hypersensitivities, urticaria, contact dermatitis and bronchial asthma.
3. There was no close relationship between circulating antibodies and skin test reactions to food proteins.
4. In cases with positive circulating antibodies to food proteins the possibility of red cell-food protein allergen compound formation was not recoginized by using red cell electrophoresis.

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This study presented an immunoserological estimate of the intestinal absorption by oral administration of egg-white in experimental rabbits.
The results were as follows;
1. By repeated oral administration of egg-white in rabbits, a decreased intestinal absorption of egg-white was presented, On the contraly, the rabbits being injected with CCl₄ intracutaneously an showed slightly an increased intestinal absorption of egg-white.
Increased egg-white antigens in peripheral blood was considered to result from the disorder of intestinal absorption activity.
2. There was no close relationship between the circulating antibody to egg-white and a decreased mobility of red cell electrophoresis.
This finding suggested that there was few possibility of egg-white antigen-red cell binding in vivo.
3. In the phase contrast-microscopic findings of the liver cell from the rabbits with or without liver damage with CCl after several ingestion of egg-white, changes of liver cell (swelling of cytoplasma and mitochondria etc.) were observed remarkably in the Tyrode solution to which the correspondent antibody added beforehand.
These findingd was considered to result from the sensitization with egg-white after oral administration of egg-white.

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