Metacercariae of sickle-heterophyes parasitic on the muscle of mullet taken from Oyodo River, Miyazaki Prefecture were collected through the artificial gastic juice digestion method and each groop of 100 metacercariae was given to every 10 chickens (120g150g in weight) and also to every 10 rats (55g72g in weight) through mouth. After that, one of each was dissected every 24 hours and observation was made on the parasitic site within the intestine, total number, infection rate, development of the body, and ovulation.
These are the results. The parasitic site is mainly below the middle part of the small intestine in both the hosts. The infection rate to metacercariae given to the hosts is 25.6% in chicken. 22.5% in rat. Ovulation begins on the sixth day in chicken, on the seventh day in rat. Development of trematodes in the hosts is almost the same in both the cases. Size of the body at the time when ten days have passed since infcetion is 0.825mm in length, 0.354mm in maximal width. Oral sucker, 0.057mm×0.051mm. Ventral sucker, 0.040mm×0.040mm. Penial sac, 0.125×0.035mm. Ovary, 0.068×0.067mm. Right testicle, 0.1000×0.095mm. Left testicle, 0.095×0.085mm. As for the movement of eggs in the uterus, the eggs appear in the ootype, then move leftwards, attain the part between the posterior end of the left intestine and the left testicle, and there turn around to proceed rightwards. Next attain the part between the posterior end of the right intestine and the right testicle via anterior edge of the ovary. With further growth of the body, the eggs, passing the anterior edge of the right testicle, descend through the middle part between the testicles, i.e., the excretory bladder, attain the posterior end of the body and there turn around, ascend, attain the anterior end of the penial sac via the interior of the ovary, or the exterior when the body has become adult. Then pass before the posterior end of the penial sac and lastly wander out from the ventral sucker. The posterior end of the uterus is connected with ejaculatory duct and the duct thus connected opens at the ventral. The size of egg is 0.0256mm×0.014mm. The egg has a small lid in the anterior, with sharp projection in its center. Eggs in different hosts are not different in size.

抄録全体を表示

Metacercariae parasitic on the loach living in Ashida River, Hiroshima Prefecture were examined by applying the artificial gastric juice digestion method to twenty loach which weighed from 28g to 46g, As a result, Metagonimus yokogawai was the largest in number, that is, its average number per loach was 18.8 on scales, 3.1 on gills, and 2.8 on muscles. Next to the largest was Centrocestus nycticoracis i.e., 5.1 on gills. Echinostoma cinetorchis, 1.6 on gills. Echinostoma hortense, 2.5 on the inter-ventral membrane. Echinochasmus perfoliatus, 0.9 on gills.
Metacercariae of Metagonimus yokogawai thus collected were given to nine birds and also to five rats for the sake of contrast through mouth in such a way as follows; 50 metacercariae to every five chickens, from 250g to 325g in weight, the same to every two canaries 82g and 88g in weight, the same to every two white-eyes, 46g and 48g in weight and the same to every five rats, from 98g to 120g. Afterwards, observation and studies were made on the number of metacercariae parasitic site, number of eggs in the uterus, first day of ovulation, size of eggs, and developing speed of the body in different hosts.
As a result, of 50 metacercariae given to each host, average 6.4 were detected in the chicken, 6 in the canary, 1.5 in the white-eye, and 17 in the rat. In both the cases of birds and rats, the parasitic site was mainly below the middle part of the small intestine. Difference in the developing speed of the body in different hosts was not perceived. Ovulation began on the ninth day in rat, on the 10th day in chicken, on 18th, in canary, and in the case of the white-eye, ovulation had not yet begun on the 10th day when it was dissected. Average size of eggs taken from 200eggs was 0.0324×0.0208mm.
Hereby the author has decided to name this species as Metagonimus yokogawai takahashii.

抄録全体を表示

Metacercaiae of Metagoniwus yokogawai parasitic on the sweetfish (ayn) living in Abu River, Yamaguchi Prefecture were collected through the artificial gastric juice digestion method and every six groups of about 1000 metacercariae were artificially cultivated by using the following culture media.
A. 5% liquid glucose, 8ml+complex streptomycin, 0.08g+a piece of an uninfected rats intestine, 1g. Kept in a culture box (1822°C).
B. 5% liquid glucose, 8ml+complex streptomycin, 0.08g. Kept in a culure box (1822°C).
C. City water, 8ml+complex streptomycin, 0.08g. Kept in a culture box (1822°C).
D. Physiological solution of sodium chloride+complex streptomycin, 0.08g. Kept in a culture box (1822°C)
E. City water, 8ml+complex strptmycin, 0.08g. Kept in a room tempetature (520°C).
F. 5% liquid glucose, 8ml+complex streptomycin, 0.08g. Kept in a refrigerator (5°C).
In culture medium A larvae which have dropped off their cysts are seen to move actizely on the first two days. On the 7th day, larvae without cysts are still found. In cnlture medium E larvae without cysts are first found on the 18th day. As dead metacercariae increase in number, their existence is made sure of through the infection test on animals from the 9th day on. Culture fluid A is given to four rats 16 days after cultivation and then all of four rats are infected. Culture fluid C is given to three rats 32 days after cultivation and the result is negative. Culture fluid D is given to two rats 34 days after cultivation and the result is positive in both the hosts. Culture fluid F is given to two rats 14 days after cultivatin and the result is positive in both the hosts.
These results have proved that metacercaria of Metagonimus yokogawai has a parasitic ability to a final host as late as 34 days after it leaves the sweefish.

抄録全体を表示

After metacercariae of Metagonimus yokogawai are given to rats, larvae in the rats' small intestines gradually develop and accordingly the eggs are seen to line up in the uterus. Observation was made on this increasing process of the gggs.
Four days after infection the first egg appears in the ootype. On the 5th day, the eggs appear around the left testicle and also at the right exterior of the right testicle. On the 6th, they line up at the first row site. On the 7th, they line up as farthe as the third row site and also the line winds to the spermathea. On the 8th, the eggs occupy the fourth row site (i.e. the posterior end of the uterus) and line up through the whole uterus.
The average number of eggs was taken from ten trematodes, that is, one which has not yet been colored is found four days after infection. On the 5th day, 15 uncolored eggs. On the 6th, colored one, 3 and unco-lored cne, 29, 32 in total. On the 7th, colored one, 8 and uncolored one, 40, 48 in total, On the 8th, colord one 17, and uncolored one, 62, 79 in total.
In the case of dogs, on the 60th day, average number taken from 20 dogs is 412.7. On the 180th day, 426.6. Ovulation begins on the 13th day in dog I and on the 16th day in dog II.
In a human body, Metagonimus yokogawai begins to decay after the elapse of three years. In a rat, it ovulates average eight eggs per day at the time when six months have passed sincesince infection. This number is the same as that of eggs at the fourth row site (the posterior end of the uterus) in the uterus of Metagonimus yokogawai at the same period of its development.

抄録全体を表示

The population density of mosquitoes in paddy fields for rush grasses was investigated during their growing season, from December, 1963 through July, 1965, at three spots in Okyama Prefecture, Ichinomiya near Okayama City, Bakuro-cho in Kurashiki City, and Chaya-cho.
No mosquito larvae were found throughout the whole term of the study in the rush fields presumably because they usually are watered only moderately and especially from late May to July they are rather dried. The larvae, however, were found in the rice fields and their drainages around the rush fields from early May, and the emerged adult mosquitoes from the larvae migrated into rush thickets during when the stems of rice plants were still short.
Two light-traps were placed in each spot, the one right in the center of the rush fields and the other somewhere apart from them, and the mosquitoes collected were significantly more abundant in the former.
The rush fields is not an appropriate breeding place for mosquitoes and it is likely that rush grasses have provided a suitable hiding habitat to adult mosquitoes.

抄録全体を表示

A test dusting of two grams per square meter of 1.5 per cent malathion was undertaken from a helicopter to the campus of Okayama University Medical School, Okayama City in August, 1963.
Mosquitoes collected from three spots in the campus by light-trapping before dusting were 546, 206, and 443 respectively, and they decreased to one-half to one-third in number after dusting.
The residual effect of the insecticide, however, is thought to be lasted about seven to at most ten days, and the number of trapped mosquitoes ten days after dusting was approximately equal to that observed before dusting.

抄録全体を表示

Lymphocytes were found not only to show a strong proliferative response to antigenic stimulation but also to exhibit an unexpectedly active proliferetive reaction to Freund's adjuvant, a substance which promotes antibody prodution. In the immune reaction a nonspecific proliferation of lymphocytes precedes and it is then followed in part by the specific cellular proliferation, chiefly of plasmocytes, which ultimately leads to the formation of antibody. According to the clonal selection theory of Burnet, lymphocytes are supposed to respond only to antigenic stimulation by their cellular proliferation during an immune response. On the basis of the present findings, however, it is concluded that the immune cellular proliferation may be divided into two distinct phases, the nonspecific and the specific ones, and that the action of the adjuvant in enhancing antibody production is to stimulate the nonspecific phase of proliferation of lymphocytes.

抄録全体を表示

For the purpose to clarify the role played by plasmin, a proteolytic enzyme, in rheumatoid arthritis, the fibrinolytic activities of the sera and synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritic patients were studied. The results are briefly presented as follows:
1. In rheumatoid arthritis it was found that the fibrinolytic activity was higher in the serum and synovial membrane than that in normal individuals.
2. The fibrinolytic activies in the group of patients showing the serum and synovial fluid positive to CRP reaction were more marked than those in the negatiye group.
3. In the active stage of rheumatic activity the serum fibrinolysis was also more marked than that at the rest stage. In the observations carried out for a long period of time on individual cases the extent of the serum fibrinolysis coincided well with the rheumatic activity.
4. There was a correlation between the fibrinolysis of synovial fluid and the quantity of fluid accumulated.
5. The fibrinolytic activities of the synovial fluid obtained from the knee joint previously injected with osmic acid paralleled well with the inflammatory symptoms, and also parallaled with the amounts of fluid accumulated as well as with the synovial response to CRP reaction and the cell counts.
6. In those of coating type where fibrin exudate on the synovial membrane was copious histopathologically, they also showed high fibrinolytic activity of synovial fluid.

抄録全体を表示

The present study was conducted with the purpose to clarify endoscopic findings of early stomach cancer and the relationship between endoscopic findings and the histopathological findings with special reference to the depth of the gastric wall involved by carcinoma.
Out of the 1, 492 cases who were examined by endoscopy 65 cases were diagnosed as gastric cancer, one case was gastric ulcer and another one case was gastric polyposis. The total of 67 cases were send to the surgery clinic for gastrectomy. With the resected stomach specimens of these cases macroscopic as well as histopathologic observations were carried out. As a control study, similar observations were made with the tissue specimens obtained from gastric polyp and polypoid carcinoma. Those cases diagnosed as stomach cancer with simply radiological examination were excluded in the present study.
For the endoscopic examinations, gastrocameras of type III, IV and V were employed, and the gastrocamera findings were studied. For histopathologic observations sections of 5mm in width were prepared with the area involved by carcinoma and these tissue sections were stained with the hematoxylin-eosin solution. Early stomach cancer was defined as the cases involved only the mucosa and the submucosa with carcinomatous tissue. Those cases involved the muscle layer were excluded from the designation.
According to the classification established by the Japan Endoscopic Society, these samples were classified into three types, I, II and III. The Type II was further subdivided into three types, IIa, IIb and IIc (Fig. 1). The results of these examinations were as follows.
1. Of the 67 cases examined, 51 cases were stomach cancer by histopathologic examination. Among them 14 cases were proved to be the cases of early stomach cancer. The incidence of early stomach cancer was 27.4% in those cases performed gastrectomy. As for type of early stomach cancer, a predominant incidence was observed in Type IIc, which amounted to one half of the total cases.
2. The principal endoscopic findings of Type I were unevenness of the surface of the elevated mucosa, hyperemia and discoloration of the mucosa.
3. As for Type IIc, irregularity of margin of the depressed mucosa, bleeding cr hyperemia of the edge, irregular shaped coat or adherent mucus were main endoscopic findings.
4. In Type III, converging folds, discoloration, unevenness and irregularity of the floor of the depressed mucosa were observed by endoscopy, however, none of these findings were thought to be pathognomonic for early stomach cancer.
5. As for the endoscopic findings that enable to decide the depth of the gastric wall involved by carcinoma, cessation of the fold, stiffness of the angle, unevenness and irregularity of the edge may be pointed out. The cessation of the fold paralleled with the depth of the gastric wall involved by carcinoma. The findings of unevenness and irregularity of the edge were also in accordance with the depth of the gastric wall involved by carcinoma, though the relation was not observed in Type III.

抄録全体を表示

In order to elucidate the relationship between stomach cancer and gastritis the histopathologic changes of the mucosa of stomach cancer were studied with special reference to cellular infiltration, intestinal metaplasia, mitotic rate of gastric mucosa, thickness of mucosal and glandular layer and the ratio of glandular layer to mucosal layer.
The tissue specimens from 16 cases of gastric cancer (3 cases of them being early gastric cancer), 3 cases of gastric ulcer, 4 cases of gastritis and one case of normal subject, to the total of 24 cases were selected for the present study.
The stomachs surgically removed were opened along the greater curvature for macroscopic observations and fixed in 10% formol solution. A number of specimens from 11 to 33 with average of 22 were prepared to cover the entire area of the resected stomach. The specimens were stained with the hematoxylin-eosin solution. Practically, the entire area of stomach was divided into 6 areas, namely, anterior, posterior wall and lesser curvature of fundus and pyloric area. The vicinity of the lesion was added to above 6 areas in case of gastric cancer and ulcer. The specimeus were taken from the areas as evenly as possible.
According to the extent of cellular infiltration and intestinal metaplasia the changes were classified into 0 Point 3 Points. The mitotic rate was determined by Teir's method. The measurements were carried out with the mitotic areas of the glandular tubules cut continuously from gastric pit to base of the gland and arranged perpendicular to muscularis mucosae. The rate was measured in the areas of gastric, pyloric and intestinal type gland in separate. The mitotic rate was expressed by the percentage of mitotic cells to the total cell count.
As for the thickness of the mucosal and the glandular layers, serial sections were cut from gastric pit to base of the gland. The measurements were made with the gastric and the pyloric gland arranged perpendicular to muscularis mucosae. The thickness between the surface of muscularis mucosae and the mucosal surface was taken as the thickness of the mucosal layer, and that of lamina propria excepting the gastric pit was taken as the thickness of the glandular layer. The ratio of the glandular layer to the mucosal layer was calculated by measuring the thickness from corresponding glandular layer to mucosal layer. The results of the measurment were as follows.
1. The cellular infiltration in gastric cancer was more intense than other stomach diseases. The entire resected specimens of the stomach cancer were given about 2 Points of the cellular infiltration in average. The specimens of stomach cancer having carcinoma focus in the area of the gastric gland revealed more intense cellular infiltration than the ones having the foci in the area of pyloric gland. Furthermore, the change was related to the stage of the disease, namely more intense cell infiltration was observed in the advanced cases of gastric canccr.
2. The incidence and the extent of intestinal metaplasia of gastric mucosa were highest in gastric cancer, notably in the area of pyloric gland. The intestinal metaplasia was not related to the depth of the gastric wall involved by carcinoma and the site of carcinoma foci.
3. The mitotic rate of both gastric gland and pyloric gland was proved to be equal between gastric cancer and other stomach diseases. However, in the resected specimens of stomach carcinoma the rate was higher in the area of pyloric gland than the area of gastric gland and it was least in the vicinity of the lesion.
4. The mitotic rate of intestinal type gland showed no difference between gastric cancer and other stomach diseases. In the resected specimens of stomach carcinoma having the carcinoma foci in the area of gastric gland showed a higher mitotic rate than those having the lesion in the area of pyloric gland.

抄録全体を表示

The authors reported two cases of aberrant pancreas in the stomach.
Out of 2, 430 cases who were examined with gastrocamera, two cases of aberrant pancreas in the stomach were found. Case 1 was a 31 year-old male. Case 2 was 41 year-old female. They were diagnosed radiologically and endoscopically as submucosal tumor of the stomach and were gastrectomyzed. The resected specimens were diagnosed histologically as aberrant pancreas. The importance of the radiologic and endoscopic findings of aberrant pancreas in the stomach was discussed.

抄録全体を表示

The objects were members of a rescue team of a certain ferrous sulfide mine who were engaged in heavy training under high temperature and humidity. In this experiment, they were put to work under the same intensity of labour, carrying blocks (12 Kg) between the same distance wearing closed life saving masks (weighing about 13.2 Kg). Thus comparing the different environmental conditions between the inside and outside of the mine, changes of physiological responses and relative metabolic rate (R. M. R.) were investigated.
In the mine, the air temperature and also humidity were very high (mean value were 38.3°C and 89.9% respectively), but outside, the air temperature was high (32.7°C) but humidity rather low (67.5%).
The results were as follows:
1. Pulse pressure increased when the work was done in the mine at high temperature and high humidity, but did not increase outside in the environment of high temperature and low humidity.
2. In the mine, frequency of pulse increased remarkably at the time of the work and even at rest. But outside the mine, increasing tendency was not so clear.
3. The body temperature measured under the tongue and at the axilla increased markedly in the mine both at work (max. 39.4°C) and rest, but the increase outside was not so considerable.
4. The difference of temperature under the tongue and at the axilla was scarcely recognized in the mine, but outside the difference was considerable.
5. R. M. R. was calculating as 4.2 outside the mine, but 8.4 in the mine, suggesting that R. M. R. changes if the homeostasis does not exist because of the high thermal environmental conditions.

抄録全体を表示

In this experiment, the author investigated the changes of blood and urine of the rescue team workers engaging in heavy tasks in high thermal conditions, in addition to the reaffirmation of the previous results. Further, he encountered several cases of heat stroke occasionally.
The followings were the results obtained:
1. Change of pulse pressure which the results were obtained previously was affirmed statistically by increasing the number of the cases.
2. The cases of heat stroke suggested that the threshold limit of the increase of pulse pressure seemed to exist around the rate of 150%.
3. The threshold limit of body temperature (under tongue) was around 39°C.
4. By remarkable sweating after the task, blood was concentrated, resulting the increase of specific gravity of the total blood, proteine in plasma, hematocrit value and hemoglobin content.
5. The group of heat stroke showed higher pulse pressure, higher pulse rate, higher temperature under the tongue and has a tendency of a higher rate of blood concentration.
6. Life-saving mask type 4 produced heat when soda lime absorbed CO₂ expired in the circulaing air. But the influence of the high temperature and high humidity of the environment was greater than the heated air-input of the mask.
7. The limitation of the continuity of the task in such a high thermal condition seemed to be around 30 minutes. The resting time was needed at least 90 minutes for adequate recovery.

抄録全体を表示

In an attempt to clarify the formation of neutrophile granules, electron microscopic studies have been made on the granulocytes in the bone marrow cf mouse and rabbit.
In myelocytes and metamyelocytes, an active formation of neutrophile granules occures. Terminal endings of the Golgi lamellae extend irregularly into the cytoplasm surrounding Golgi area. Electron dense materials appear in various forms, such as dumb-bell, short rod, oval and round, and also varied sizes. It is considered that the cut surfaces of the Golgi endings on the way of granule formation must take the above mentioned shapes. Consequently, the process of granule formation can be traced morphologically by reconstructing the pictures, appearing on the cut surfaces.
Thus it is concluded that neutrophile granules ars produced in the endings of Golgi lamellae in the simillar ways as in the secretary granules of the secretory cells like pancreas, exocrine and endocrine cells. The granular substances accumulate at the ending of Golgi lamella, grow into round electron dense particles, and finally drop off from the Golg lamellae and scatter diffusely into cytoplasm.
Acid phosphatase activity may be seen in both Golgi lamellae and in some neutrophile granules, showing the properties analogous to lysosome.

抄録全体を表示

For the purpose to clarlify the function of neutrophile granules the mature neutrophiles in the circulating blood and bone marrow of rabbit were fed with carbon particles and the relation of phagocytosized carbon particles and neutrophile granules were observed on the sections with or without acid phosphatase reaction.
The pictures demonstrate that the phagocytosized carbon particles fuse with neutrophile grnules and by this fusion the acid phosphatase is strikingly activated in the phagocyjotic vesicles. The similar process was also observed in both phagocytotic vesicles and the granules of the bone marrow.
The picture suggest that neutropnile granules possess many hydrolytic enzymes inside the granules and release them into the phagocytotic vesicles to lyse the phgocytosized foreign bodies.

抄録全体を表示

Adult mice were sensitized with bovine gamma globulin and complete Freund's adjuvant. Each mouse had received tritiated thymidine every 3 days before killing, and autoradiographs were prepared. In the sensitized group, proliferaion of lymphocytes and percentage of labelled cells was markedly increased in the draining lymph nodes espescially 5-7 days later.
Proliferation of labelled small lymphocytes were also noted.

抄録全体を表示

Mice were sensitized with bovine gamma globulin and complete Freund's adjuvant and had received tritiated thymidine at 5, 6, 7 days after the immunization. Among sensitiated lymphocytes in the draining lymphnodes, some had long life-span more than 3 months. Such long-lived, sensitized lymphocytes were estimated to be about 0.6% of total lymphocytes in the lymph nodes.

抄録全体を表示