A JSM-U3 type scanning electron microscope was used to conduct stereoscopic and continuous observation and photography of the microvascular architecture of the rat femoral bone marrow by the injection replica method using methylmethacrylate.
The nutrient artery passes through the nutrient foramen at an angle of 30 on the proximal and inner side of the femur to the bone marrow and bifurcates into ascending and descending branches. The ascending branch continues to run proximally, while the descending branch further divides into 3 immediately after the branching and all 3 bend and curve as they continue to proceed distally and eventually separate into numerous arterial branches.
Approximately 1/3 of the bone marrow which is located near the nutrient foramen is linked to the arterial branch which has divided in the nutrient foramen. This arterial branch passes between the sinusoid and proceeds to a point comparatively close to the surface of the bone marrow where it separates into finer branches and flows into the sinusoid. It is considered that the distal two thirds of the bone marrow is connected to the arterial branches which divided from the descending branch. There are also branches which pass through the periosteum to the Haversian canal, enter the bone marrow and connect with the sinusoid.
The opening of the arterial capillaries assumes various shapes such as gradual and steep funnellike to right angle orifices.
The injection replica scanning electron microscope method is a highly effective means for elucidating microvascular architecture such as that of the bone marrow and it is felt the author was quite successful in clarifying the microvascular archtecture of the bone marrow.

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In Part I, the author reported that the injection replica scanning electron microscope method using methylmethacrylate was a highly effective means for elucidating the microvascular architecture of the bone marrow and presented his findings on the arterial system. A report on the venous system is provided in Part 2.
The nutrient vein runs parallel avove the nutrient artery. After it enters the bone marrow, it bifurcates into ascending and descending central veins. The ascending branch curves and bends gently to the proximal end of the femur while the descending branch also bends and curves gently to a point close to the distal end where it divides furthe into 3 to 4 branches. Enroute, numerous sinusoids and collecting sinusoids flow into central vein. Collecting sinusoids of various shapes were observed.
The sinusoid is composed of a stereoscopic net-like architecture which extends over the whole bone marrow with the mesh being fine on the superficial zone and rather coarse on the deep zone.
No intrasinusoidal capillaries could be observed. All capillaries connected to the sinusoid are considered to the arteries.
Thus, with the injection replica scanning electron microscope method using methylmethacrylate, it is also possible to clarify the venous system of the bone marrow.

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Many attempts to inhibit the growth of tumors by heating or cooling have been made, but the results have been reported to be incomplete and unsatisfactory in most of the cases.
However, in 1965, Popovic and his coworkers reported that the differential hypothermia (D. H.), to keep the tumor normothermic and the total body hypothermic, showed a more marked effect on the tumor in experimental animals.
In the present study, the author investigated the effects of D.H. treatment on Vx2 transplantable tumor in rabbit. The tumor was subcutaneously transplanted into the bilateral ears and, 7 days after, the unilateral tumor was treated by 10-hour D.H. treatment under the condition of the total body temperature at 2324°C and the tumor at 37°C. This experiment was compared with or without combination with anti-tumor agent (5-fluorouracil 10mg/kg i. v.).
It was found the growth of Vx2 tumor was inhibited when D.H. treatment and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administration were performed. The tumors treated by D. H. treatment combined with 5 FU administration disappeared in 3 cases and regressed in 5 cases out of 10, showing the most favourable results than other treatments.
Histological examination of the treated tumors revealed the degenerative process in the nuclei of the treated tumor cells followed by pyknoses and karyorrhexes.

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The effect of differential hypothermia (D. H.) combined with anti-tumor agent, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), was described in the previous report (Part 1).
In this study, the tissue levels of 5-FU in the tumor and other organs during D. H. treatment were examined by bioassay method.
At first, using Vx2 tumors transplanted into the bilateral ears of the rabbits, D. H. treatment was performed with the same procedures as Part 1. The tissue level of 5-FU in the tumors, detected 45 minutes after administration, was the highest in the D. H.-treated tumors (22.1μg/g), as compared with contra-lateral, hypothermic tumors (11.4μg/g) and non-treated, normothermic tumors (6.8μg/g). The tissue level of 5-FU in other organs such as lung, kidney, skin, liver and brain was low in both hypothermic and normothermic conditions. But blood level of 5-FU was kept relatively high during generalized hypothermia (1hr.; 150μg/ml, 2hrs.; 10.4μg/ml), as compared with normothermia (1hr.; 5.5μg/ml, 2hrs.; 0.5μg/ml).
The author further investigated that the tissue level of 5-FU in the brain tumors (Vx2 tumors transplanted into the brain of rabbit) was affected with D. H. treatment. In this experiment, the tumors were kept normothermic by irradiation of 2.45GHz microwave under general body colling. The D. H. treated brain tumors revealed higher level of 5-FU (19.6μg/g) than the nontreated brain tumors (6.4μg/g).

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Serum protein fractions and total proteins were studied with bloods obtained form the rats exposed each to the partial-, whole-bodies and the transplanted tumors (Walker-256-carcinosarcoma transplanted in the right hind leg). The following results were obtained.
1. The electrophoretic variation induced in the sera of tumor-bearing rats (Group II), and the content of total proteins decreased. Early irradiation to the tumor part of rats less induced the variations of the electrophoretic pattern and the decrease of the amount of serum total proteins.
When the distant metastasis appeared during irradiation treatment, the electrophoretic patterns and content of total proteins changed proportionally to the variation in sera of Group II.
On the other hand, the γ-globulin fraction increased in the long-term survival rat.
2. The separation of the rat serum β-globulin into two peaks of β₁-and β₂-globulin was shown only in Group IV (late irradiation to the right hind leg).
This finding supposed that some factors involve in the sera of rats with transplanted primary tumor grown up to a fixed size and guessed the appearance of the distant metastasis during X-irradiation.
3. The percentages of the albumin and γ-globulin decreased slightly and those of the α₁-, α₂-and β-globulin increased slightly in the rats with 300 rad partial-body (the right hind leg) X irradiation daily for 20 days.
4. The remarkable decrease of the albumin and γ-globulin, the increase of the α₁- and β-globulin, the marked increase of the α₂-globulin and the decrease of serum total proteins were demonstrated for the sera of rats with 1, 000 rad whole-body X-irradiation at a time. These phenomena seem to be related to the destructive and reticuloendothelial injury by the exposure.

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The commercial bilirubin obtained from Daiichi Pure Chemical Co. Ltd. was separated into three fractions according their movability from the front (upper, middle and lower bands) by McDonagh's thin layer chromatography. Each fraction was examined by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (N. M. R.) spectra and photochemical methods. The following results were obtained.
1) Mass spectra specific to bilirubin, the parent ion at m/e 584 and the fragment ions at m/e 299 & 286 were obtained from all these fractions.
2) Signals of methyl groups in bilirubin molecule on N. M. R. spectra of these fractions were observed as follows. Upper band: at 2.03 and 2.16 p.p.m. of C-13 and C-17, middle band: at 1.92 and 2.00 p.p.m. of C-2 and C-7, 2.03 and 2.16 p.p.m. of C-13 and C-17, and lower band: at 1.91 and 2.00 p.p.m. of C-2 and C-7, respectively. From these observations it was concluded the bands coincide with bilirubin IIIα, IXα and XIIIα respectively.
3) Absorption maxima of bilirubin IIIα, IXα and XIIIα in chloroform were found at 455458nm, 453455nm and 449453nm respectively. Absorption maxima of their diazotized sulfanylate solution (pH 1.3) were 548556nm, 540548nm and 533540nm respectively. Absorption maxima of their diazotized ethylanthranilate solution (pH 1.4) were 524527nm, 527530nm and 530533nm respectively. After acidification with hydrochloric acid to pH 0.5, absorption maxima of their diazotized sulfanylate solution were moved to 577584nm, 570577nm and 563570nm.
4) Emax. of the isomers in chloroform were calculated to be 64, 900 for bilirubin IIIα, 62, 900 for bilirubin IXα and 53, 700 for bilirubin XIIIα respectively.

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Tritiated commercial bilirubin, mixture of bilirubin isomers was separated into bilirubin IIIα, IXα and XIII αby thin layer chromatography of McDonagh's method and each fraction was further purified by the method. Biliary excretion following intravenous loading of ³H-bilirubin isomers to Wistar strain rats was serially determined.
Compositions of the isomers in the biles collected from Wistar strain rats, heterozygote Gunn rats and normal human subjects were determined.
The results obtained were as follows.
1) The excretion ratio in 0-2 hours following the loading of ³H-bilirubin isomers was 46.0% of ³H-bilirubin IX_α, 45.3% of ³H-bilirubin III_α and 46.9% of ³H-bilirubin XIII_α respectively. The biliary excretion within 24 hours following the administration of ³H-bilirubin isomers was 74.7% of ³H-bilirubin IXα, 73.3% of ³H-bilirubin IIIα and 75.5% of ³H-bilirubin XIIIα respectively. No statistically significant difference among the excretion ratios of the isomers in these hours fractions was calculated. (p<0.1)
2) The compositions of biliary ³H-bilirubin isomers determined by thin layer chromatograms after separate loading of tritiated IIIα, IXα and XIIIα in the order were IIIα fraction 95.8%, 2.6% and 0.6%, IXα fraction 3.5%, 93.8% and 3.2% and XIIIα fraction 0.7%, 3.6% and 96.2%, respectively. Combined loading of tritiated IIIα and XIIIα isomers resulted in the bile composition of IIIα 49.1%, IXα 3.6% and XIIIα 47.3%. These results suggest a intact recovery of those isomers.
3) The bile composition of the isomers in unloading Wistar strain rat was IIIα 4.59%, IXα 89.83% and XIIIα 5.58%. Contents of IIIα and XIIIα of these rats were significantly increased when compared with those loaded with ³H-IXα isomer. IIIα (t=4.56, 0.005>p>0.001), XIIIα (t=6.83, 0.001>p).
4) The composistion of biliary isomers in heterozygote Gunn rats was IIIα 4.18%, IXα 91.01% and XIIIα 4.81%. Those in normal subjects was IIIα 4.13%, IXα 90.61% and XIIIα 5.26%.
According to the results mentioned above, it is considered that a fairly detectable amount of bilirubin IIIα and XIIIα exist in the native bile of mammals and that their biliary excretion ratio in the unit hours can be the same level of IXα isomer.

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Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH, EC 1.14.2.1) is the enzyme responsible for the final step in norepinephrine biosynthesis and recently the development of a sensitive assay system has permitted the detection of DBH activity in serum, brain and other tissues. Wise and Stein were the first to report a significant DBH activity reduction in post-mortem brains obtained from chronic schizophrenic patients. After this report, several studies were performed on serum DBH activity in schizophrenic subjects without any consistent results.
In this study we examined plasma DBH activity in 14 chronic schizophrenic in-patients (4 males and 10 females, 40.6±8.3 years). The patient plasma DBH activities were investigated twice at intervals of 12 months and compared with normal volunteers. The volunteers were 12 laboratory personnel (6 males and 6 females, 31.5±11.6 years) in the first control group, and 12 laboratory personnel (6 male and 6 females, 30.6±7.2 years) in the second control group. Five of the same laboratory personnel (3 males and 2 females) were tested in both control groups. Plasma DBH activity was determined according to the photometric assay by Nagatsu and Udenfriend using tyramine as substrate. DBH activity was expressed in international units (μmol/min)/liter plasma (I.U./L.). Statistical comparisons were made with two-tailed Students' t-test.
DBH activities ranged widely from 3.0 to 34.0 I.U./L. (in the first determination) and from 2.2 to 29.9 (in the second) in the schizophrenic group, while ranging from 6.4 to 39.3 (in the first) and from 0.1 to 39.9 (in the second) in the control group. The two mean values of patient plasma DBH activity (16.0 in the first and 15.7 in the second) were insignificantly lower than the corresponding control values (22.1 in the first and 20.4 in the second). There was no difference between the two mean values of plasma DBH activity in the schizophrenic group.
A consistent tendency for higher plasma DBH activity was recognized in females than in males both in the control and in the schizophrenic group.
The plasma DBH activity of individual subjects both in the schizophrenic group and in the control group who had two determinations at intervals of 12 months, showed rather great variations (50% decrease to 150% increase in the schizophrenic and 58% decrease to 66% increase in the control) over one year period without any appreciable psychological and psychotic changes.
We failed to find any abnormal levels of DBH in chronic schizophrenic plasma whereas Wise and Stein observed a reduced DBH activity in chronic schizophrenic brains. No relationship between plasma (or serum) DBH activity and brain DBH activity would be expected on the basis of our study and other previous works.

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A pertinent procedure for preserving postoperative urinary and sexual functions was searched in the radical surgery for rectal cancer, from a neuroanatomical point of view, and the clinical status about disturbances of these functions was analized in relation with a mode of preservation of the lower hypogastric and/or the pelvic nerve among the patinet undergone the surgery applied this procedure. The result of the operation was also evaluated as for the influence of this procedure on the curability of the cancer.
Results obtained were as follows:
1. In the anatomical study with 17 necropsy cases, it was found that the most preferable mean for identifying the lower hypogastric nerve, pelvic plexus and pelvic nerve was to begin with isolating the upper hypogastric nerve dividing the posterior peritoneum along the lower abdominal aorta, and to follow the bilateral lower hypogastric nerves on the inner surface of the pelvic cavity down to the pelvic plexus, from which the pelvic nerves were able to explore by the retrograde approach to the sacral foramina. Since this procedure was able to be progressed in accordance with that of the radical operation by Miles, technical troubles were of eliminable.
2. Urinary functions were examined on 47 cases out of 60 patients received the surgery with the nerve-saving procedure above.
a) The period before the spontaneous urination occurred after the surgery was prolonged significantly by the bilateral injury to the pelvic nerve and this was not observed in the patient whose pelvic nerve was unilaterally injured, as well as in the patient whose lower hypogastric nerve was uni- or bilaterally injured.
b) The result of cystometry and catheterization study showed that cystic hypotonia and urinary retention prolonged as long as 40 days or more, and 23 days in average in the patient with injury to the bilateral pelvic nerves, as compared to 8 days in average in the patient with bilateral denervation of the lower hypogastric nerve and also in the patient with unilateral injury to the pelvic nerve. Duration of sensation as to urinary retention was quite accorded with these results.
3. Sexual function was surveyed making inquiries by the letter to 48 subjects and was summarized on 43 including 19 female with satisfactorily recorded answers.
a) Ability of the erection was preserved in about 60 to 70% of the patient regardless of presence or absence of the denervation of the lower hypogastric nerve. However, it was impaired in all patients with bilateral injury to the pelvic nerve, although even the unilateral preservation saved the ability in all.
b) Ability of the ejaculation was satisfactorily kept only in the subjects whose lower hypogastric nerve was bilaterally saved. Among those who had injury to bilateral pelvic nerve, only the patient whose lower hypogastric nerve was bilaterally saved preserved the ability, suggesting a close participation of the hypogastric nerve to the ejaculation.
4. The decrease in the curability of the cancer under this procedure was not observed, compared with that in patients undergone the surgery performed without the positive intention to save the nerve but with the aim to eradicate the cancer.

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The distribution of heavy metals were studied in rat brain by light and electron microscopy with the sulfide silver method.
Reaction products by this method were found under light microscopy in olfactory bulb, the hippocampal formation, subiculum, and amygdaloid nucleus belonging to the limbic system, and in caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus, red nucleus and substantia nigra belonging to the extrapyramidal tracts. These products were also observed in neocortex of cerebral cortex and paraventricular nucleus.
These reaction positive-materials were not found in nerve cell bodies in all these area but found in neuropil containing many synapses.
Electron microscopic observation of the hippocampal formation showed that these materials were distributed in synaptic vesicles of the mossy fibers.
From these results the morphological and functional relationship between these products (heavy metals) and synapses, especially the ending of presynaptic fibers, were discussed.

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Murphy et al. were the first who reported on reduced platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in schizophrenic patients. After this report followed several investigations of the platelet MAO activity in schizophrenia, some of which were contradictory with Murphy et al.
In this study, we first chose fourteen chronic schizophrenic subjects (4 males and 10 females) among the hospitalized patients, whose diagnoses were established according to the diagnostic criteria of Feighner et al. and Kolb. The patient platelet MAO activities were investigated twice at intervals of twelve months and compared with the normal volunteers. The volunteers were eleven laboratory personnel (5 males and 6 females) in the first control group, and twelve person-nel (6 males and 6 females) in the second control group. Six of the same laboratory personnel (3 males and 3 females) were tested in both contral groups.
Platelet MAO activity was determined according to the radiochemical method by Wurtman et al. The details were described elsewhere. MAO activity was expressed in nmoles of metabolic products per mg of platelet protein per 20 min. Statistical comparisons were made with the Mann-Whitney U-test.
The two values of patient platelet MAO activity (0.503 in the first determination and 0.543 in the second) were significantly lower than the corresponding control values (0.790 in the first and 0.728 in the second). There was some difference (8% increase in the second) between the two mean values of platelet MAO activity in the schizophrenic group, while no appreciable change of psychotic state was observed in the patients during the twelve month period. The same trend of MAO variation was found in the control group. A tendency for higher platelet MAO activity was found in female subjects both in the normal and in the schizophrenic group.
In the second part, repeated determinations of platelet MAO activity was made in an another group of six schizophrenic patients (2 males and 4 females) and one male control over almost a two year period. The platelet MAO activity in all subjects showed some difference over time without relationship to the psychological and psychotic state. Moreover, rather greater changes in platelet MAO activity were found in the acute stadium of schizophrenia with a tendency for increased MAO activity related to antipsychotic medication and in the later return to the premedicated low MAO level following continued medication.
In the final part, diurnal changes of platelet MAO activity was examined in one male control, two schizophrenics (1 male and 1 female) and one male epileptic. A small variation with time occurred with reduction of inconsistent tendency.
Our results confirmed the reduction of platelet MAO activity in schizophrenic subjects, and also showed the MAO activity changes over time. The platelet MAO reduction possibly suggests the existence of an abnormal monoamine metabolism in the brain. However, the basis for this finding needs to be explored extensively.

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Toxohormone (T. H.) was made to react with the series of tumor immunity in experimental animals and the following results were obtained.
1. T. H. was found to inhibit the anit-tumor activity of regional lymphnode cells in the Ehrlich cancer bearing mice in vitro.
2. T. H. proved to diminish the inhibitory activity of regional lymphnode cells on tumor proliferation in the neutralization-tumor transplantation tests in vitro.
3. T. H. showed an inhibitory activity on immune lymphocytes in the direct method of the macrophage migration tests in vitro. However, by the indirect method, it did not show such activity. This seems to be due to the fact that T. H. acts directly on lymphocytes but not on the inhibitory factor of macrophage migration.
T. H. may be a factor suppressing cancer immunity in advanced cancer cases nonspecifically.
Acknowledgement
The author wishes to express profound thanks to Prof. Sanae Tanaka and assoc. Prof. Kunzo Orita for the kind guidance throughout this work. Acknowledgement is also due to Prof. Setsuro Fujii of Osaka University Medical School for advices about the use of toxohormone.

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The enzyme L-asparaginase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the amino acids L-asparagine and L-glutamine to aspartic acid, glutamic acid and ammonia, is useful in the treatment of patients with acute leukemia. However, acute and delayed cerebral dysfunction often occurs in leukemic patients treated by L-asparaginase. Large amounts of L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid and ammonia may be liberated by the enzymatic action of L-asparaginase on its substrates L-asparagine and L-glutamine. The ensuing amino acid depletion or its excess may affect brain metabolism and lead to clinical abnormalities.
The present paper reports on free amino acid levels and ammonia content in rat serum and cerebral cortex after L-asparaginase administration.
Wistar male rats were used throughout this investigation. The acute experimental animals were administered 0.2 ml of normal saline containing L-asparaginase (about 500 I.U./Kg B.W.) intraperitoneally and the acute control animals were given 0.2 ml of normal saline intraperitoneally. 24h after this single administration, all rats were decapitated, and blood and cortex were collected for the estimation of free amino acids and ammonia. The acute L-asparaginase group showed some significant differences in serum compared to the control group. The most remarkable finding was the absence of asparagine. Aspartic acid and ammonia were elevated significantly; valine and methionine decreased significantly. In the cerebral cortex, aspartic acid and ammonia showed an insignificant change, but some other amino acids serine, glutamine, glycine, GABA and l-methylhistidine were significantly elevated.
The chronic experimental group received 0.2 ml of saline containing L-asparaginase (about 500 I.U./Kg B.W.) intraperitoneally once a day for 7 consecutive days. The chronic control group received 0.2 ml of saline intraperitoneally in the same regime with the experimental group. All rats were fed a ground commercial diet and water ad libitum. The animals were housed in two large cages (the control cage and the experimental cage) in a dark-light room with alernating 12h dark-light cycles. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, all rats were decapitated for collection of blood and cerebral cortex.
The chronic L-asparaginase group showed the absence of asparagine and significant increase of aspartic acid in serum similar to the acute L-asparaginase group but an insignificant increase of ammonia in blood. In addition to this finding, threonine, serine, glutamic acid and glycine were elevated significantly. In the cerebral cortex of the chronic L-asparaginase-treated animals, threonine, glycine and l-methylhistidine were significantly elevated compared to the control.
It will be difficult to infer from our present data that the cerebral dysfunction induced by L-asparaginase may be correlated mainly with increased levels of aspartic acid, glutamic acid and ammonia in the cerebral cortex.

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The effect of sodium nitrite on the mitochondrial latent ATPase activity was studied and the following results were obtained.
1. Sodium nitrite stimulated the latent ATPase activity, and its stimulating activity was dependent on its concentration added to the reaction mixture.
2. The activity of the ATPase stimulated by sodium nitrite was lower in the tris buffer having the amino group than that in the borate buffer.
3. The ability of sodium nitrite on release respiratory control was lower in the high concentration of mitochondrial protein than that in the low concentration of protein.

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The effects of benzothiophene and dibensothiophene on the mitochondrial membrane were studied and the following results were obtained.
1. The uncoupling actions of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene on the energy transfer reaction of mitochondria were observed in the order of dibenzothiophene and benzothiophene.
2. The K⁺ release was induced by benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene, and its ability of K⁺ release was in the order of dibenzothiophene and benzothiophene.
3. The uncoupling actions of naphthalane and anthracene were similar to that of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene respectively.

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In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, not only a profuse lymphocytic infiltration but also macrophages infiltration are seen in the thyroid gland. In this paper, the immunopathological roles of the monocyte-macrophage cell line in Hashimoto's disease was reported.
By the histological examination of the thyroid glands from 39 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, infiltrations of macrophages were present in the thyroid follicles of 12 out of 23 patients with diffuse thyroiditis and of 13 out of 16 patients with focal thyroiditis. In these follicles with macrophage infiltrations, acinar cells showed eosinophilic changes characteristic of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and disappearance of follicular colloid. It was not known whether such macrophages were nonspecific scavenger cells or specifically activated cells against thyroid antigens and involved in the immunologically specific tissue destruction in Hashimoto's disease.
Whether peripheral monocytes, precursors of tissue macrophages, in patients with Hashimoto's disease have increased ability to bind thyroid specific antigen (thyroglobulin) or not was studied by rosette formation with thyroglobulin coated RBC (E-Tg) in vitro. Monocytes binding E-Tg were increased significantly in 7 patients out of 14. Percentage of monocytes binding E-Tg were from 1.2 to 4.6% in Hashimoto's patients and 0-0.4% in 7 normal controls. Such specific antigen binding capacity of monocytes in Hashimoto's disease was thought to be due to the presence of cytophilic antibodies on the surface of monocytes.
Monocyte cytophilic anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were detected in 24 sera out of 30 patients with Hashimoto's disease. Monocytes from normal healthy donors obtained the ability to form rosette with E-Tg on incubating them with heat-inactivated Hashimoto's sera for 60 min at 4°C. After thorough washing, such monocytes formed rosette with E-Tg in vitro. The rosette formation was immunologically specific and did not form rosette with erythrocytes coated with unrelated antigens such as human serum albumin. The rosette formation was inhibited by the addition of small amount of free thyroglobulin in the medium.
Cytophilic activities of sera (% rosette) were correlated with anti-thyroglobulin antibody titers by passive hemagglutination.
It was suggested that the monocytes arming with such cytophilic antibodies in vivo might be responsible for specific antigen binding capacity of monocytes in patients with Hashimoto's disease and such armed monocytes may infiltrate in the thyroid gland showing specific affinity to colloidal antigens. Penetration of such cells into the colloid follicles through acinar cells might disrupt the follicular architecture and might play a part of thyroid tissue damage.

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Serum seromucoid values were measured in 30 controls, 21 patients with cancer of the lung and 30 patients with cancer of the cervix. The following results were obtained.
1) The values of serum seromucoid in patients with cancer of the lung were related to the severity of the clinical lesion. But in the cases (66.7%) with localized lesion the seromucoid values were unchanged from normal, so in these cases the measurement of serum seromucoid values is little useful as a diagnostic tool. On the other hand, change of serum seromucoid values was almost reflected to the enlargement or reduction of carcinoma. Therefore, the measurement of serum seromucoid value may be a useful index of monitoring the effectiveness of its treatment and assessing the recurrence or relapse of carcinoma. Serum seromucoid was remarkably increased just before the death.
2) In patients with cancer of the cervix, the normal seromucoid value was over half of the number. Therefore, the measurement of serum seromucoid value may be little useful for the diagnosis of cancer of the cervix. Change of serum seromucoid values was reflected to the reduction or disappearance of carcinoma by its treatment, and is possibly reflected to the infiltration to the adjacent organs or the survival of carcinoma.
3) In patients with cancer of the lung or cervix, relationship between serum seromucoid value and blood sedimentation rate or α₁-globulin content was more correlated in patients with cancer of the lung than in patients with cancer of the cervix.
4) In patients with cancer of the lung or cervix, the value of serum seromucoid was related to its clinical stage. Particularly, there was the significant rank correlation between primary tumor size and serum seromucoid value. If the occurrence of distant metastasis was in patients with cancer of the lung, these serum values showed a tendency to be higher than values of patients with no distant metastasis.
5) In patients with cancer of the lung, when the quotient of serum seromucoid (value after radiotherapy/before radiotherapy) is below 1.0 and its serum value shows abnormally high value just after radiotherapy, or when the quotient is above 1.0, the prognosis of the patients is as if poor.
6) In cases with cancer of the cervix with no complications of other disorders, when the quotient of serum seromucoid is below 1.0 and its serum value is abnormally high just after radiotherapy, or when the quotient is above 1.0, any optimism of the prognosis of the patients may not be warranted.

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The present study attempts to clarify the cortical projection of the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus with the use of the Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer methods. The dorsomedial nucleus is composed of dorsal, medial, lateral and ventral parts. Its cortical projection areas are the lateral prorean cortex and the lower bank of the presylvian sulcus, as well as the medial frontal cortex extending from the prorean gyrus to the cortical part just ventral to area 6 dorsally and to the rostral portion of the anterior limbic region caudally. Although there is an apparent overlap between the cortical projections from the different parts of the dorsomedial nucleus, the dorso-medial nucleus projects to the frontal cortex in a topical manner anteroposteriorly. In cases with lesions in the medial and dorsal parts, marked cortical degeneration is found in the medial frontal cortex and the ventral portion of the lateral prorean cortex, whereas in cases with lesions in the lateral and ventral parts marked degeneration is detected in the dorsal portion of the lateral prorean cortex and the lower bank of the presylvian sulcus. This suggests that there is a mediolateral organization in the cortical projection of the dorsomedial nucleus. The boundary between the marked projection areas of the medial (and dorsal) and the lateral (and ventral) parts may be represented by the anterior rhinal sulcus and its rostral extension. No evidence of a topical organization in the dorsoventral direction is found in the cortical projections of the dorsomedial nucleus. In addition, it is difficult to determine to which area of the frontal cortex the dorsal or ventral part projects. However, the dorsal part tends to send fibers largely to the anteroinferior margin of the frontal lobe. Each part of the dorsomedial nucleus may be said to have both localized and diffuse projections to the frontal cortex. That is, if the lesion is not so small, the localized lesions anywhere in each part of the dorsomedial nucleus tend to cause diffuse scattered degeneration in almost the whole extent of the cortical projection area of the dorsomedial nucleus, in addition to dense localized degeneration which varies with the site of the lesion.

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In 60 cases of rectal cancer who underwent sphincter-preserving operations between 1962 and 1975, post-operative ano-rectal functions were examined by means of subjective symptoms, digital examination through the anal canal, the pressure inside the anal canal, electromyography of the external sphincter, anal canal sensory examinations, reflex of the internal sphincter and radiography of the rectum. In 28 cases of anterior resection, the post-operative ano-rectal functions were good as long as there was no stenosis in the junction part. In patients who underwent the invagination type operation, the ano-rectal functions were also good as in the anterior resection cases. In cases of the pull-through operation, the ano-rectal functions in the initial postoperative period were worse than those for the other types of operation. The reason for this is thought to be the loss of the internal sphincter reflex and the decrease in reservoir continence due to defective ampulla formation. However, two years after the operations, the ano-rectal functions of these patients showed considerable improvement. In particulart, ano-rectal functions were good when the post-operative ampulla formation was good even when there was no internal sphincter reflex but the functions were disturbed in some way if there was internal sphincter reflex but poor ampulla formation. From animal experiments, it was evident that rectal ampulla is an important factor in post-operative ano-rectal functions.

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The mutual effects of Cd²⁺, ruthenium red and Cd²⁺ on the rat liver mitochondrial latent ATPase activity were studied and the following results were obtained.
(1) The mitochondrial latent ATPase activity was stimulated by Cd²⁺, and higher concentration of Cd²⁺ added to the reaction mixture showed higher ATPase activity.
(2) The ATPase activity induced by Cd²⁺ was inhibited by ruthenium red, having the high affinity for the Ca²⁺-binding site of mitochondria.
(3) The ATPase activity induced by Cd²⁺ was also inhibited by Ca²⁺.
(4) In conclusion, the site of mitochondria, on which Cd²⁺ activates latent ATPase, will be related with the Ca²⁺-binding site of mitochondria.

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