Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan

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In Yasna 43₉, l. 2, Ahura Mazda is implicitly referred to in 2. pers. sing., which however is followed by a verb in 3. pers. sing. (pairi. jasat). The apparent disaccord may reasonably be explained in such a way as θwavas “Thy Highness” (nom. sg.) is elided as subject taking the predicate in 3. pers. sg. The author's interpretation as such can be justified by Nipištak-Vicitakiha i Zatspram (The Selections of Zatspram as is generally, known) ed. by B. T. Anklesaria, Bombay 1964, chapts. XXI₄-XXII. Vahuman here revealed himself to Zoroaster and led him to Ohrmezd in the celestial anjuman, where the prophet entered into conversation with Him. That the two celestial Beings appeared to Zoroaster seems to support the author's argument against all the translators thus far—argument that, referring to Ahura Mazda alone, θwavas “Thy Highness” whether expressed or elided accepts the predicate in 3. pers. sg., not simply in Y. 43₉ but also in all other passages where θwavas, either explicit or implicit, is attested; see p. 24 in which are listed the passages concerned. The syntactical phenomenon, however, seems soon to have fallen into oblivion, because in Pahlavi version and correspondingly in Neryosang's Sanskrit rendering of Y. 43₉, l. 2 it is solely Vahuman that makes apparition to the prophet of Ancient Iran.

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There are two types of landlord-peasant relationship in Iranian agriculture. In the first type, landowner leases out his land to tenants. Tenants, in this case, are able to cultivate their lands with whatever crops and methods they choose. On the other hand, in the second type, landowner divides his land into a number of plow-lands, on which he allots a certain number of cultivators. Cultivators have no choice what and how to cultivate the lands, but have to work the lands under the supervision of landowner.
There are various plow-land systems, making the second type diverse. Talebabad, a village near Tehran, is a village which a bone system, one of the plowland systems, is applied.
This paper aims to make clear the economic structure and the distinctive features of this type of villages, through the analysis of Talebabad, which is typical of a village of the bone plow-land system; furthermore, to throw light on the changes which have been taking place in this type of villages recently.

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