This study aimed to better understand the association between the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely, linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA), and the increases in the peroxide value that results from storing interesterified fats, which are used as sources of solid fats in edible oil and fat products, at high temperatures. Six interesterified fats with different LA and LNA contents were prepared and oxidized at 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C under Rancimat test conditions. The oxidation rate increased with LA and LNA contents and increasing temperature. The oxidation kinetic analysis during the early oxidation stages demonstrated that when LA and LNA exceeded 8% and 2% respectively, the oxidative stability decreased as expected. However, the total LA and LNA contents had a higher correlation with the reaction rate constant [k (meq kg^–1 h^–1 )] than each amount of LA and LNA contained therein. In other words, the oxidation stability of the interesterified fats used in this study depended on the total LA and LNA contents.

This study used the Soxhlet apparatus to investigate honne oil (HO) extraction optimization. Twenty-four (24) experiments were formulated using the D-optimal design considering extraction time (2 - 6 h), honne weight (20 - 60 g), and particle size using acetone. The yield, functional groups, physical and chemical properties, and fatty acid composition of the HO were assessed. The optimal extraction conditions established were a time of 6 h, fine particle size, and honne weight of 20 g with a high HO yield of 70.85 wt.%. The HO had an acid value and kinematic viscosity of 35.68 mg KOH/g oil and 52.96 mm ² /s, respectively. The observed coefficient of determination of 0.9870 suggests that the model developed for the process is efficient. The functional groups and fatty acids of the HO confirm that it is highly unsaturated with the regions of trans-unsaturation bending vibrations and double bond stretching. The properties of the HO demonstrate that it could be used to produce biodiesel, notwithstanding the necessity for pretreatment.

Effects of tetrahydrofuran (THF) concentration on the mixed methane hydrate formation, dissociation, and stability were investigated. The experiment was conducted at 286.2 K and 6 MPa in a quiescent reactor. The presence of THF below 2.5 mol% did not show the evidence of hydrate formation. However, the concentration above 2.5 mol% enhanced the methane formation rate and the methane consumption. Increasing the THF concentration decreased the induction time as the result of the decrease in the surface tension. Moreover, the methane uptake and formation rate increased with the THF concentration due to the higher degree of hydrate nucleation. The methane recovery after the dissociation experiment showed up to 96%. Furthermore, the hydrate stability increased, and the hydrate dissociation kinetics decreased with the increase in the THF concentration. The optimum THF concentration to enhance and improve the hydrate formation kinetics and stability is its stoichiometric concentration.

Surfactants are amphiphilic substances that induce surface tension reduction, washing, and emulsification and are used for various purposes. Recently, biosurfactants manufactured from renewable resources and with high biocompatibility have gained increasing attention. Sophorolipid (SL), a type of biosurfactant derived from Starmerella bombicola, possesses detergency and emulsification properties, making it suitable for household and personal care applications. However, there are limited toxicological data on SLs. In this study, we conducted cytotoxicity and skin-irritation tests using SLs, revealing that cytotoxicity and skin irritation induced by SLs were extremely low (logIC ₅₀ = 4.76 mg/L) and equivalent to those of solvents and oils used in personal care products.

In this paper, the lipid classes, compositions of the neutral lipids, phospholipids and fatty acids, acetylcholinesterase inhibition and cytotoxic activity of two brown algae Lobophora tsengii D. Tien & Z. Sun and Lobophora australis Z. Sun, F. C. Gurgel & H. Kawai have been investigated. The polar lipid class had the highest content in total lipid (TL) (43.47% in L. tsengii and 48.95% in L. australis). Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the main components in the phospholipids of two studied brown algae with contents varied from 32.27% to 52.33%. Total lipids were rich in PUFA (42.54% of total fatty acids for L. australis and 32.98% for L. tsengii), with EPA (11.46%, 14.30%) and AA (8.0%, 11.96%). L. tsengii methanol extract inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in in vitro assay with an IC₅₀ value of 25.45 µg/mL. Both Lobophora methanol extracts display cytotoxic effects against four human cancer cell lines (KB, MCF7, HepG2 and A549) with IC₅₀ in the range of 21.11-83.61 µg/mL. Especially, L. australis extract showed a strong cytotoxicity against KB cell lines with IC₅₀ value of 21.11±0.39 µg/mL.

Many in vitro studies have revealed the toxic effects of oxidized phytosterols (OPSs); however, their effects on lipid metabolism are not well understood in vivo. Therefore, we examined the bioavailability of OPS and compared the effects of dietary phytosterols (PSs) or OPS on lipid metabolism in rats. OPS was detected in the plasma and liver of rats administered 50 mg of OPS for 3 days. Rats were fed the AIN76 diet (C group), basal diet plus 0.25% PS (P group), or 0.25% OPS (O group) for 4 weeks. Dietary OPS but not PS reduced hepatic fatty acid synthase activity. Liver triacylglycerol (TG) levels tended to be lower in the P group than in the C group and were significantly lower in the O group. The mRNA expression level of HMG-CoA reductase in the liver was the lowest in the O group, whereas that of CYP27A1 was the highest in the O group. The mRNA expression levels of NPC1L1 in the intestinal mucosa were significantly lower in the P and O groups than in the C group. Consistent with these modulations, plasma total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-C levels were similar between the C and P groups but tended to be higher or significantly higher in the O group. Liver TC levels were significantly lower in the P and O groups than in the C group. Moreover, fecal neutral and acidic steroid levels were the highest in the O group. The mRNA expression level of Δ6 desaturase in the liver was significantly higher in both the P and the O groups than in the C group. The Δ6 desaturation indices of fatty acids in the total liver lipids were the highest in the O group. Thus, dietary OPS may modulate lipid metabolism in the liver.

Scallop oil (SCO) prepared from the internal organs of the Japanese giant scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) contains eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and phospholipids (PL). It was previously shown that SCO consumption improves cholesterol and triacylglycerols (TG) contents in mice. The present study demonstrated the effects of daily SCO consumption (1.2 g/day, containing 376 mg of EPA, 63 mg of DHA, and 150 mg of PL) for 12 weeks in human subjects. In this randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, parallel group comparison study, 70 Japanese subjects with serum TG levels ≥120 but < 200 mg/dL were recruited and randomly assigned to the SCO or placebo group. All subjects ingested six capsules per day for 12 weeks. We conducted medical interviews, body composition measurements, vital sign examinations, and blood sampling at weeks 0 (baseline), 4, 8, and 12, and measured peripheral blood flow at weeks 0 and 12. In the case of subjects with higher serum TG levels, SCO consumption decreased the changes in serum TG and malondialdehyde-low density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) levels compared with the placebo group. Safety assessment revealed no medically significant changes due to continuous SCO consumption. The findings indicate that 1.2 g/day of SCO consumption may be beneficial for reducing serum TG and MDA-LDL levels in persons with higher TG levels.

The aim of present work was to develop and evaluate Ampelopsis Radix ethanolic extract loaded phytosomes for improved efficacy in colorectal cancer. Ampelopsis Radix ethanolic extract was prepared by Soxhlet extraction process followed by development of phytosomes using lipids and other excipients. The phytosomes were evaluated for surface morphology, particle size analysis, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, in vitro drug release, Cytotoxicity assay, cellular uptake studies were performed on HCT-116 and SW480 cell lines. In vivo antitumor activity was performed. The phytosomes were found spherical shape with smooth surface characteristics. The drug loading was observed between 29.27 to 42.10 % while particle size of 85 to 130 nm was found. Phytosomes showed desired release pattern which is required for cancer treatment. Phytosomes showed maximum antiproliferative activity on cell lines over the period of 24 hours and showed highest internalization within both types of cell lines. The survival rate of animals in phytosomes treated group was found to be 100% proving the safety and efficacy. Phytosomes showed highest antitumor activity as compared to other formulations. Study confirms the potential use Ampelopsis Radix ethanolic extract loaded phytosomes for improved efficacy in colorectal cancer.

Luteolin (LN), is an herbal bioactive flavone and exhibits many pharmacological activities. However, the bioavailability of LN is limited due to its inadequate solubility and significant first-pass metabolism. The present study developed transdermal LN-loaded invasomes (IVM) gel to improve the therapeutic efficacy. The LN-IVM was prepared and optimized by 2 ³ factorial designs. LN-IVM was characterized for physicochemical parameters. The optimized LN-IVM (LN-IVMopt) was incorporated into HPMC-K4M gel and evaluated for viscosity, spreadability, and irritation. Further LN-IVM gel was evaluated for drug release, ex-vivo permeation, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics study. LN-IVMopt showed 300.8±2.67 nm of VS, 0.258 of PDI, 89.92±1.29% of EE, and a zeta potential of –18.2 mV. LN-IVM exhibited spherical morphology. FTIR and XRD results demonstrated that LN was encapsulated into IVM matrix. The optimized IVM gel (LN-IVMoptG2) exhibited excellent viscosity, spreadability, and sustained release of LN (91.32±2.95% in 24 h). LN-IVMoptG2 exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher flux (5.79 µg/h/cm² ) than LN-gel (2.09 µg/h/cm² ). The apparent permeability coefficient of plain LN gel and LN- IVMoptG was 1.15×10^–5 cm/min and 3.22×10^–5 cm/min respectively. LN-IVMoptG2 showed no irritation (score 0.0) throughout the study (60 min). The relative bioavailability of LN from LN-IVMopt-G2 (transdermal) was 2.38±0.19 fold as compared to LN-Sus (oral) and 1.81±0.15-fold than plain LN-gel (transdermal). The LN-IVMoptG2 showed a substantial lessening in the paw volume up to 12 h (17.48±1.94% swelling) than plain LN-gel (44.77±2.82% swelling). The finding concluded that the IVM gel is a novel, effective, and safe approach for the delivery of LN transdermally to improve its therapeutic efficacy.

Shape-controlled nanocrystals, such as nanoflowers, are expected to serve as innovative nanocatalysts with high catalytic activity. It is well-established that these nanocrystals can be readily synthesized with specific shapes using colloidal methods in solutions containing capping agents. However, these capping agents tend to reduce the catalytic activity of nanocatalysts. Therefore, it is imperative to remove these agents without altering the morphology to enhance catalytic efficiency. In this study, we developed a method for eliminating melamine, a common capping agent, from supported Au nanoflowers using water extraction and ultraviolet-ozone treatment. This process significantly enhances the catalytic performance, particularly for alcohol oxidation reactions such as the conversion of 1-phenylethyl alcohol to acetophenone.