The most urban trucks take circuitous routing from a terminal base to deliver goods at one or more destinations. Under the existence of travel-time uncertainty, the truck operator must allow a “safety margin” in order to improve the punctuality of delivering at destinations and returning to a terminal base. This paper evaluates the probability of delay, and shows that three kinds of trip-pattern are formulated by assessing tradeoffs between costs and level of service.

An important factor, that must be taken into consideration for demand analysis of shopping trips is that shoppers do not have perfect information concerning the distribution of shops in each alternative shopping area. A hearing survey to shoppers was conducted to analyze the awareness of the shop distribution and shopping trips in two shopping areas. The result was that shoppers knew each point in a shopping area based on the relation to station and big stores.

This paper presents a traffic demand estimation model by observed link flows on road network, combined with Dial’s probabilistic assignment method, which makes it possible to predict O-D trips and route traffics between every pair of nodes simultaneously. The model is performed through a simple iterative calculation so as to attain the best goodness of fit between observed and estimated link flows. Numerial examples reveal the characteristics and properties of the model. In particular, it should be noted that the observation error in link flows has a great influence on the accuracy in the estimates of O-D trips.

We consider the high school students to be a kind of the transportation poors, although they are very different from the elderly and the handicapped. It is one of the most definite difference that they are prohibited from driving a car by law. They are also prohibited from riding a motorcycle by their school authorities. This paper aims to discuss some aspects of traffic characteristics of the high school students for urban transportation planning. We first, investigate the trip length, modes and destinations for them with the person trip survey. Next we gather information by questionnaires of the traffic behavior of them.

The aim of this paper is to illuminate basic transportation characteristics of residents in poor public transportation service areas. In order to shed light on these problem, it is important to analyze the traffic behavior, such as their mobility and their travel choises. We first carry out their travel choices of frequency, destination, mode, trip length and time of day by questionnaires of the traffic behavior. Next we analyze the travel choices by disaggregate models. The cases of Akita city and Yamashita region area examined.

The choice of urban transport has been estimated by the sequential method in conventional transport study, while the simultaneous method is now broadly employed for the disaggregate mode choice problem. This study was to identify which approach is more suitable in the disaggregate level using the data of work journey in Bingo metropolitan area. As a result, the sequential (NL model) was empirically proved to be superior to the simultaneous (MNL model) in terms of estimation accuracy, while the latter was shown more practical within the context of application.

The issue of model transfer for the Disaggregate Behavioral Model remains unresolved. This study is an attempt to examine the transferability of intercity trip mode choice models by season and trip purpose. Using choice-based samples taken on the Chuo Rail Line and Chuo Express Way, independent models are calibrated. Three methods are employed to transfer models to another season and another trip purpose.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the demand mechanism of travelers for shopping, leisure, etc. by using disaggregate model Firstly, the characteristics of shopping trips are analysed on the basis of data obtained from home-interview surveys carried out twice in an area along a newly opened railway. Secondly, disaggregate nested logit model for mode and destination choice is developed form the one-point-in-time cross-sectional data. Finaly, that model is applied to the data which are different from those data used in model building, and its temporal transferability is examined.

The first part of this paper argues that the prediction of multi-car owning is very important for the forecast of future number of automobiles in Kantoh Area. Disaggregate behavioral models are estimated for the ownership of 0 or automobiles and for the ownership of 1 or multi automobiles. The difference between the models for 3 cities and between two types of models are discussed. The models including the attributes of local characteristics are also built using the pooling data of three cities. Finally the relationship of car-ownership and use is identified.

This study shows an example of planning a secondary arterial network in a residential area where a land readjustment project is being considered. To help determine the best street network pattern, several alternatives which vary the total length and arrangement of secondary arterials are evaluated by the criterias of travel time, separation of pedestrian and automobile traffic, and through traffic.

This study proposes a decision support system for innovated transportation system planning. Advantages of this system over existing systems include: ability to present appropriate information to various interest groups; installment of feed-back-loop in travel demand block which assures higher precision in prediction, and an established computer-package for easy handling.

Transportation System for Eldery and Disabled Persons in Japan have been improved since the movement for important of mobility conditions. Present, we have many type of Special Transport services (ST services), however there are a few good examples in Tokyo ares. This paper aims to discuss ST services which are operated in Tokyo area. The first we classified ST services by organization and operation type, ther we made the ST services history and probrem of spreading lift ban The second we discuss organization system, i.e. financial, operation organization. The third we analysed operation condition, i.e. trip frequency, trip length, etc, by operating record of volunteer transport in Setagaya area.

Under the recent circumstances of the stable economic growth, the new policies and strategies for urban planning are required to be established. Instead of costly development program, the effective use of exiting resources or facilities as well as people’s self-help activities for improving their living environment will become more important. This study aims to find out the possibility of such maintenance and management system of urban living environment that people shares the work with the government.

The purpose of this study is to examine local childrens attitudes toward the scenery in Shuri and how the district should look in the future. A previous study dealt with adults assessment of the scenery. Seeking ideas from children, the future administrators of the environment, is significant in terms of stimulating their interest and awareness of the community environment.

The Survey in 1959 indicated existence of 231 poor housing areas. These areas should have been hanged in last 25 years. The purpose of this study is to find the renewal types of these areas by the survey comparing in these days with at present. The results of survey is that 47 areas were changed to community facilities and public housings, 116 areas were rebuilt by individuals, 27 areas were remain former features.

This article attempts to make it clear the mini-development dweller’s attiude through the case study of mini-development areas in Saitama prefecture. It’s found that many dwellers move to larger house in 5-10 years, therefore the number or of vacant house and rental house is increasing.

This paper deals with the relation between spatial environment and consciousness of inhabitants, in order to look for the new methodology of environmental planning. In this paper spatial environments are divided in several types by the level of spatial conditions and consciousness are caught by the affections, evaluations and attitudes for settlement of the inhabitants to their neighborhood. Through several analyses, it is found that the types are correlated to their individual status and consciousness, and the types will be useful for environmental planning.

The aim of this article is to group the treatment types of the high-density built-up area in the Tokyo-kubu, and through the case study of typical districts to clarify the common and different characteristics among them. It is found that (1) the treatment demands of each district reflect the historical circumstances, (2) the typical types of this area are sector-2(north-east) and sector-4(west). Many districts in the former need social treatment in the conditions of decreasing and unbalancing the population, while districts in the latter generally have possibilities of self and autonomical change.

One of the central aspects of urban livability is access to sunlight. To ensure its enjoyment by residents living in multiple landuse district of the innercity, new medium level building codes which can suit existing vernacular contexts are expected to be developed. This report is a case study on this issue as it applies to the central part of Kyoto-Japan’s foremost historical city.

This study reviews many standards and proposals of housing lot area from 1925 in Japan. And it aims to compare structure of standards and proposals of housing lot area to that of “Honjo Proposal” of housing floor area standard. It clarifies that there are two kinds of structure –lower standard and higher standard- and that one of lower standard involves a logical gap in its process to derive.

The named “KIZON-TAKUCHI” is one of the building permission system in the “NEW” town Plans Act (1976). This paper takes up the problem of the “KIZON-TAKUCHI” what occurd the urban sprawl in Urbanization Control Area. The problem resolves itself into the following; (1) The urban sprawl expands with increasing of the confirmation of “KIZON-TAKUCHI”. (2) The planning control dose not act upon the building constraction on comfirmed building lots by “KIZON-TAKUCHI”

In this paper, using different indices, the characteristics of the study area in Takefu city have been studied and the commercial density of each district has been calculated by the method of REGRESSION ANALYSIS. In addition, the patronizing area of each market has been modelized and estimated on the present condition.

This article focuses on the chages of Issued houses. Through the case study of Kawasaki ward, Keihin Industrial Belt, it was found that Issued houses show the various change patterns. Finally improvement policies are proposed, whereby many improve residential areas behind Industrial Belt.

The replotting calculation method has various types of formulas. In this study, I intend to examine the idea that stands for these formulas and to clarify its theoretical genealogy. Although, the interrelation of three formulas-proportional evaluation formula, reevaluation formula and revised proportional formula-has been considerably examined by Mr. Hiroshi Shimizu, but the study focuses to examine more precisely on the above inter-relation, and also clarifies the idea and the theoretical inter-relation of each formula in applying more wide ranges of consideration for all methods of the replotting calculation.

This article deals with the connections of built-up process and landowners subdivision of lots in a land readjustment area. And tries to analyze the built-up speed, built-up pattern of lands, the land use and environment established. Through the case study of RUIKE, HACHINOHE City, it was found that these subjects were more concerned with the landowners subdivision of lots, their consciousness and process of subdivision. Therefore, for the control of built-up lands it is important to fix our eyes on first subdivision of landowners and subdivision career of lots.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial composition of Bomung-dong Land Readjustment (Kukaku-Seiri) Area in Seoul. The area was planned in the pre-war period as the first land readjustment project in Seoul under Japanese land readjustment manual, but the houses build in the area are so-called Han-ok (Korean House) which is the typical traditional housing style with high density, courtyard, square plot and open-ended road network. These are completely opposite to modern western type of site planning.

This report focuses on three points. The first point is to explain the actual condition of the Kampung comparison with Japanese slums. The second point is to explain the changing process of both slums and housing policy against those slums. The third point is to research the Kampung Improvement Programme with reference to Japanese experience.

Detail Plan is a basic method to realize General Plan of City and Country, Comune in Italy. This paper mainly attempts to show the outline of planning technique and system, basing on a case study of the plan enforced at a historical district in middle size city, Bassano del Grappa.

In recent years many studies on the effects of green spaces have been published. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between the effects of green-space preparation and the valuations of residential environment. Firstly, this paper analyzes the newspaper advertisements about residence. Secondly, using these knowledge, this paper examined the Park-placement on residential area development.

In this paper, we analyze the status quo of the urban parks from the viewpoint of the land use zoning where parks exist, in order to obtain the knowledge of planning and designing of parks. The details are as follows. 1) The effects resulted from the existing of parks. 2) The belonging type (age-trade) of the people who visit the parks. 3) The feeling of sufficiency resulted from the existing park facilities. 4) The demanding for the park facilities.

Quantitative evaluation of amenity levels of the urban environment is necessary for effective communication in the city planning process. This paper reports on a townscapes evaluation method using color slides by citizen groups. A 0-10 numerical scale is utilized in the method. A series of experiment for four types of citizen groups in Tsuchiura-Tsukuba area were conducted at the ELMES Laboratory in Tsukuba and 310 valid samples were gained. The result showed the effectiveness of the method for evaluating the townscapes at a certain point in a small area and the difference of evaluation structure among the citizen groups.

This study investigated the relationship between image to own residential area and satisfaction to it. Taking as a whole both of them correlated each other. But differences were shown detailed. These differences were caused by these of their meanings. That is, though satisfaction involves an evaluation, image doesn’t. Therefore it is desired that research into image and that into satisfaction are used complementally.

Japanese people have been excessively familiar with the rain since the ancient days. This behavior was found as a number of words and aesthetic expressions related to the precipitation. This study is conducted by defining the nature of the appreciated rainfall scenery as well as men’s perception, after analysis of scenic rainfall image appeared in waka, hai ku and uki yoe. The investigation is concluded in the classification of rain-rords, the relationship between rain and space, the elements of scenic rainfall nad the scenery effect of rainfall.

Experiments in Koshikawa Botanical Garden. The statical tests reveal the following results. The configulation of roads affects the learning process greatly. Especially, estimated direction tends to bias toward the direction of the route which experimentees can see immediately. And in the case of the grid-pattern, it is easier to form an acculate cognitive map.

This paper analysis the features of environmental keys which are important for memorizing one particular route in the urban environment. The major finding suggest that when one memorizes a route, the basic keys are the topological pattern of the route, and that those keys are less impressive than other memories of the route.

This paper aims to classify the street-scape. In the relation with the outdoor advrtisement (signboard) and the wall surface. We investigated the streetscape in Tokyo’s five major terminal districts, establishing the following new indices: “Rate of signboard area” and “Rate of maximum frontage length”. Street-scape is analysed with continued photographs at 25 meters interval and cross-analysis of the new indices. Street-scape is classified into six types.

Sambongi new town project, which was carried out during late Yedo era and made the foundation of today’s Towada city, is hardly known nowdays, although tries to reveal the features of Sambongi newtown project and appreciate its planning concept. By using the historical records and documents, the authors revealed the features of the new town sheme to some extents and concluded that the new town was fully and well planned in many aspects; e.g. site location, infrastructure plan, land use control, townscaping etc.

Eisei-jiko Soan was the distinctive draft in drafts of building ordinance in 1890s for the City of Tokyo, which proposed many provisions from a hygienic point of view. Among them there were advanced provisions such as a zonal ratio of open space for newly developed district and a standard of setback distance of wall with opening from boundary line. They suggested the introduction of zonal ordinance or special ordinance for suburban area, which were resembled to German ordinances.

This is a historical analysis of the “city planning movement” by Dr, Yasushi Kataoka, 1876-1946, an Osaka architect, who initiated a petition by four leading professional organizations for establishing the Government committee which eventually led to the enactment of City Planning Act and Urban Building Act of 1919. The paper describes the process of Kataoka’s activities during the crucial years of 1912 to 1918 and evaluates the role he played in his “movement”.

This paper is a historical study of Special Assessment at the period of ex-Urban Planning Law which was established in 1919. Through the analysis on legislative structure, fundamental deficiencies are made clear. One of the vital matter is not to have bestowed the levy right upon local public bodies. The study of enforcement proess in Osaka city proves this mater to have disturbed the development of this system. The author concludes this system had an essencial difficulty for development in financially centralized prewar Japan.

In the first half of the 19th century three kinds of regulations had effects on the construction of houses in Paris: 1) regulation of “alignment”; 2) regulation on the building height; 3) regulation on contiguous buildings (regulations on the “vues” and “jours” and on the common walls). The three regulations, annihilating the private property right outside a lot, let it almost absolute inside it, except for the enforced retirement of the building walls with vues and for the limitation of the height of buildings on the street. In these conditions militating in favor of the extension of the buildings and the diminution of the ourtyards inside the lots, the agreements made among proprietors to create groups of courtyard (studied in another article) could be really important for the amelioration of the environment.

This essay compared the two planning systems under the Saxony General Building Act, 1900 and the British Housing, Town Planning etc. Act, 1909, especially on the scope of their plans and building regulations. The policy of the modern town planning in its emerging period was identified as 1) to promote the emerging suburban type of housing development 2) by the discretionary development control through local detailed plans 3) in order to solve the overcrowding an housing problems.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the improvement planning of the residential environmental facilities in relation with the expenditure obligation by using the improvement planning model based on the impact of the industrial development in Tomakomai City. And it is also to evaluate the future possibility and limitation of the improvement planning based on the comparison the present state of revenue fees with the expenditure obligation state of revenue fees in operational costs of residential environmental facilities.

The interregional migration patterns in Japan have largely changed in the past ten years. The number of in-migrations into large urban areas is now decreasing, while the out-migration from these areas are increasing. These new trends are changing the migration patterns in large urban areas. This paper examines the recent migration trends in the Osaka Metropolitan Area. The total number of migrations and the age distribution of migrants are compared among administrative districts. The changes in migration patterns in the Osaka Metropolitan Area are then discussed.

This paper examines what method is practically the best for estimating the area covered with houses in a city. These alternatives are considered: estimation by visual perception, measuring by a dizitizer, and estimation by point sampling. Regarding sampling, simple random, stratified random and systematic sampling are considered. The major conclusion is that if less than 2.5% errors are allowable and more than 30 minuts are unavailable for estimating the coverage area in a 25ha reference region of a 1:2500 map, then systematic point sampling is the best in practice.

The population of hinter-areas and stock of regional wide transportation facilities which connect commercial center areas would be related closely with the rivalry of commercial domains with C.B.D.. The above mentioned relationships were analysed as to 12 commercial centers located Kanagawa Prefecture. As a result, the role of regional wide transportation facilities as trankroad to the rivalry of C.B.D.s was pointed out.

It is necessary to reconsider the land readjustment works as method of urban redevelopment in urban area. I researched the transition of land use and building in land readjustment area. And I considered the relation between the transition of these and the changing of landownership. The actual situation is summarized as follows. 1 Parking lots increase and continue to exist over a long period of time after the land readjustment work. 2 Buildings are renewed rapidly on reploting lots.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of the level of public services in terms of facilities and utilities and to suggest some implications for planning of facilities in cities. The contents are as follows: (1) The number of facilities such as those of sports, recreation and social welfare is more increased than other facilities. (2) The level of public services improved in general. It would be necessary, therefore, to use a new higher standard. (3) It is such factors as population size, age distribution that have a direct impact on the future planning of facilities.

Using Markov chain model, we formulate the shop-around effect on a shopping district as the net increment of expected frequency of consumers’ visits to the district caused by their shop-around behaviors and derive its estimation method. The estimated result of shop-around effects is given in Nobeoka City, Miyazaki. It is shown that these measures are useful for evaluating and planning the structure of retail districts.

In this article, we refer to the ruling factors of inhabiting; the people occupied in small offices and shops in down town Osaka make much of or are restricted. The factors are following; 1) Occupation (especially for the people living close to their office or shop), 2) Blood relation (gradually getting less in young generation), 3) Inhabiting environment (acting on the peoples’s choice as negative factor in actual down town)