This paper summarizes the past achievement of historical study on civil engineering in Japan during past twenty years and gives their future perspective. The paper reviews 785 papers submitted to the conferences of Committee on Historical Engineering in Civil Engineering held through past nineteen years and picks up several outstanding papers. Finally, the paper emphasizes the importance of human aspect and also engineering analysis on the study of this field.

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In the second decade of Meiji Era, the higher education of civil engineer was systematized in the College of Engineering, Imperial University under the Ministry of Education. Nevertheless, the industrial world requested more quantity of the engineer, so the higher education of civil engineering was started in the organizations but the Imperial University. Those of first were the Faculty of Engineering of High school in the ancient order and the Department of Civil Engineering of Sapporo Agricultural College. The difference of these system from Imperial University was the curriculum of higher civil engineering without preparatory course.

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This paper deals with the change to manufacture of the textile industry in Ashikaga and its consequence. The general public of the textile industry area knows Ashikaga area in the north Kanto districts from the earliest times.
When Meiji era come, textile industry in this area had introduced by Western countries the system of manufacture. Consequently, this area happened to relationship between the textile industry and the city infrastructure. The effect of this study, we cleared about their relation to a selection of Tobu railways route and a land-use planning in Ashikaga City.

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Common underground ducts were adopted in the Tokyo Reconstruction Project as a means to bury electric lines on poles above ground and to re-organize utility lines under ground. Though the common ducts were effective to rearrange materials which were buried under ground, there were some issues to be solved such as budget for the enormous cost and harmonization among participating business entities (of power, communication etc.). In addition, it was provided in the Road Act that the facilities which accommodate road occupying structures were out of control of road administrators, and the facilities were recognized as road occupying structures. After enactment of the Common Duct in 1963, the Road Act was partially revised to change the status of road occupying structure to a fixture to roads. In the Cable Underground Laying Project which was started in 1986, a variety of methods (cable box, dusts controlled by a autonomy, common electric line ducts) were used to bury electric lines under ground, and each of their legal categories differs depending on the methodology.This Paper chronologically clarifies how the circumstances have been matured to expedite the burying of electric lines under ground, reviewing the transition of legal status of the common ducts in Japan.

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The written contract that was concluded relating to urban development projects in Kobe during Meiji era by land owners is a point of great importance to execute those proje-cts.
This Paper shows how this written contract have influenced current legal systems for the projects by studying content of change on the written contract and comparisons those systems.

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At first the “Renxiao Castle” was built by the Renxiao of the Qin period. Continuously, the “Nanyue Castle”(another name Zhaotuo) was built by the Zhaotuo of feudal lords which come into existence of the Nanyue. A culture of the Islam was prosperoused for Tang period and Song period, and was developed to the trade on the tradesman of the Arabian. The early time of the Tang period was established on the foreigner in consession of the first to the Guangzhou. The Building of the castle wall from Song period to Ming period was finished to 1564. The Qing period was built the “Thirteens Factory” at the patent trademan of the Chin, still more the concession was formative to the Shamian in view of these facts defeat of the opium war. The block plan in concession was presented influences of the city plan in Guangzhou. The influences was civilized into the Gavernment of national party that it was driven forward by the Sun Ice and Lin Yunhai.

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Traffic priority at roundabout entries has played an important role in the history of roundabouts. When roundabouts were proposed and implemented at the beginning of the 20th century, the importance of the priority rule was not well recognized and the nearside priority rule was applied. However, the smaller traffic volume at that time did not reveal this problem until the increased traffic flow caused a locking-up problem at roundabouts. This was same in Japan where roundabouts were used before the World War II. After the World War 11, offside priority rule was proposed in some countries, and in 1958 this rule was tested on public roads in the U. K. In Japan, a traffic engineer proposed the offside priority rule in 1953, but this was ahnost neglected and roundabouts were removed. After the offside priority rule was made mandatory in the U. K. in 1966, the advantages of roundabouts were well recognized and this type of intersection was adopted in many countries including Australia, France, Germany and others. In this paper, the history of the priority rule at roundabout entries in Japan is reviewed in comparison with those of other countries.

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The Kanamawari-siken Sluice is a huge wooden sluice 7.2m wide and 45.3m long, which was constructed on the river mouth of the Ôe River during around 1895. Ôe River was the drainage canal of the Takasu Polder to the Ibi River. In February, 1995, this sluice was discovered by accident and excavated from the inside of the embankment of the Ibi River. This sluice shows the highest level of the original traditional technology in the field of the hydraulic works in Japan before the introduction of the modern Western technology.
In this article, we describe the details of the excavation and the structure of this sluice.As a conclusion, we examine the value of this sluice from the viewpoint of technological history and the cultural properties protection.

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In this paper, the hydraulic design of Tamagawa Waterworks at Edo in the later Edo Era is discussed by use of historical literatures “Tamagawa Jyousui Tome”. The engineers recognized the hydraulic phenomena encountered at the combined flow of open channel and pipe. The inclination of the pipe networks of Tamagawa waterworks is similnr to that of modern sewer system. The pipe network is deigned on the sectional area and the depth of flow at the mouth ofindividual inlet.

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This paper reviews Machizai documents which were recently found by one of the writers. The documents are from the viewpoint of constructing the Tuujun Bridge. Firstly, the political and tax systems of Kumamoto during the Edo period and civil engineering works undertaken by Futa family are described, The contents of Machizai documents are reviewed. Secondly, We discuss the importance of political and economical aspects of the construction of the r Ibujun. Bridge. Thirdly, the changes to the villages' economies after the bridge construction are illustrated. A Comparison between Machizai and another study on the Tuujun Bridge is also made. The political procedure of the Tuujun Bridge's construction is explained.

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The paper deals with the pin-connected railway truss bridges, which were used for as longas 114 years across Daiyagawa River. The authors present their brief history, structuralfeatures, and deterioration of structural parts which was caused by such a long service, especially wearing of pins and holes in eye bars. Also the restoration works for preservationis described.

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Johganji-gawa river control project has been planned by J.de Rijke and constructed in Meiji era. In this paper, (1) the historic process ofdesign high water level, (2) the structure of the dyke, which can be matched with current specifications, and (3) the planning of Kasumidyke, which has different functions from the current established theory will be focused.
Under the construction of the river works, Moromoto Nishi issued a serial articles by newspaper. The possibility and the background of that society will also be stated in the paper.

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Shirakawa-Weir and Haguro-Weir are the water utility facilities to irrigate rice fields on Annogawa-River Basin of the Right Bank District of Aganogawa-River, and they also have the structures to overflow the water when the flood runoff is larger than the design flood discharge or when it is predicted that the flooding would collapse the downstream levee.
However the operation rules of these weirs have not been widely recognized to the residents in this basin, so that in emergency these weirs have not been operated as rules and their functions could not be fulfilled enough.
River Act was amended in 1997 in order to add a forest belt as a flood control facility.which allows the water to overflow, to reflect residents opinion and so on.
In this paper, we describe the relationship between the history of the flood control of the Right Bank District of Aganogwa-River and the construction of Annogawa-River, then evaluate the roles of these two weirs contemporarily.

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Among those licensed under Japan's Port Transportation Business Law, only agents (common carriers) are allowed to contract shippers and shipping companies for cargoloading and landing and to supervise the free on board activities. However, other cargo-handling agents licensed under the law, which include harbor forwarding agents and longshoring operators, are only allowed to subcontract these agents (common carriers). This paper examines these extremely closed loading and unloading systems of Japanese harbors by referring to the historical background of this law.

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It is useful for infrastructure planning to learn the technologies of civil engineering in the past and study a process of urban development. We classify the transition of urban development along the Lake Biwa Canal that was based on the function of navigation systems, and consider the action of the infrastructure on urban development.
The Lake Biwa Canal was constructed by using water from the Lake Biwa in the 19th century applying the latest technology in Meiji period. This canal has been produced a lot of amenity for about 100 years since the construction, in spite of disappearance of shipping there. It was found through our study that navigation systems was one of the most important function of the Lake Biwa Canal and this infrastructure played an important part in the urban development of Kyoto.

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This study investigates the transition of conveyance means in Hokkaido, and the development process is clarified from the relation with the winter. We investigated transport function from the viewpoint of snow removing works. The railway brought about large effect in the physical distribution system in Hokkaido, because the transportation in the winter was possible for the railway from the Meiji era. There was called relay station system with Hokkaido original, and it persisted by 1947. It was a system necessary for the transportation by the horse. As the result, the following are clarified for the transport characteristics in the winter: Relay stations in Hokkaido were retained in the long term by necessity of the transportation by the horse and physical distribution function which relay stations had.

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In Meiji 25 (1892) Ryuta Hara who was famous as a brige expert contributed the account of “Advice the beginner's civil engineers” to ‘No.18 Kogyokusha alumni bulletin. ’ His account describes the sutuation after the Nobi big earthquake of those days academically and has the same moral and ethical points as the current civil engineers in the civil society. And so it's very valuable and I'd like to introduce it in this paper.

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Systematic Learning time means classes that the Ministry of Education will introduce as a support of the education reforming at elementary and junior high schools from 2002.
Now‘The Civil Picture Book Series’ are put to practical use to prepare its study at over 2000 elementary school in the whole country. So far the civil study hadn't been applied in a compulsory education.Therefore we consider now is the best time for doing it and report about the use examples of the civil picture books through the classrooms of elementary schools.

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In the preservation and revitalize of historical infrastructures the informationwith which the person concerned through planning, design and/or construction of them has is very important. But as for the field of the civil engineering the materials such as drawings, photographs and written records aren't necessarily well kept. Neither specifying of the person involved in the project is not easy. So we collected the precious information of which an experienced civil engineer has by the questionnaire and tried to manage it as a database. Although we attempt to build a network of ‘advisers for cultural and historical infrastructures’who can offer some professional advice to preserve and/or revitalize the structures.

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[in Japanese]

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In this report, I had picked up the hojo garden of the Kencho-ji temple in Kamakura city, and had mentioned about the historic background of the time that the garden was constructed and the several modifications made during past years. As a first step, I chose to re-organize the existing references of the Edo era thathave been preserved in the Kencho-ji temple. Then, I considered of the ways of modifications that anyone had not provided appropriate thoughts as yet.
As a result, the following points were made clear. One is that the major modification was made such as the size-reduction of the pond at the same time of the reconstruction of the adjacent temple building in the Horeki-period (1751-56). The other point is that the garden had acquired the complete shape as the Zengarden by the modification conducted by the gardener named Sotei in the Meiwa-period (1769). The former change was conducted by the ´Sanzaemon´that seems to have had considerable knowledge about both architecture and landscape. Here, the term landscape is used to describe not just landscape designing but civil engineering aspects of garden construction.

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The relation between the cultural climate and the bridges is discussed with considering the history of urban space with the bridges over the River Nagara. The major three bridges such as Nagara, Chusetsu and Kinka are analyzed to describe their histories in terms of construction technology as well as public feelings. It is known that the construction of the bridges might be recognized to create the historical monument of the area. The relation between the bridges and the surrounding environments such as land use and traffic are mentioned as well.

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The tunnels of the Tatsumi waterworks, constructed in the early Edo period, wereexcavated through masses of stratified solid rock without using supports.The surface of the rock inside the tunnel was covered over with a protective layer of plastic, metamorphosed rock. The top inner surface, however, had suffered from weathering in the course of years, while the flowing water had washed out the weaker part of the rock under the surface of the water. Beside, the tunnels were made so near to the surface of the earth that roots of the trees wedged into rockjoint, gradually and steadily cleaving them.
In addition, the great Kansei earthquake of 1799 had caused the waterworks a lot of damage, So, in Tempo period (1834), in order to secure more capious flow of water, tunnels were built to take the place of open channels that were more liable to damage by tumbling masses ofearth and rocks down the bench-terraced slopes.
Since the tunnels have received further damage from natural disasters, it was pointed out that they were.in urgent need of repair in many ways.
Four tunnelled routes leading to the Kijiintake were built about 360 years ago. No documents have yet been found to show by and when the outermost tunnel, still in use today, was reconstructed.
Presumably it has to do with repairing upon the damage done by the aforementioned earthquake. Trial calculation by terrestrial magnetism estimates the date of itsconstruction at around the beginning of the nineteenth century, just after the earthquake.
The tunnels excavated some 360 years ago speak volumes for the then new techniques of tunnelling in the early, period.

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In Sri Lanka, many bridges constructed in the colonial period are still remained. It is very fortunate like Southeast Asia and South American countries that Sri Lanka avoid big war, so that it become a very few area in the world where have many old bridges. I have investigated many old bridges while I stayed in Sri Lanka for the JICA gratuitous work connected with reconstruction of bridges last year. Up to now, there is few discussion on the viewpoint of civil history even if investigations for maintenance and repairs of bridges almost finish. This report expresses the present situations of OLD BRIDGES and some beautiful old bridges in Sri Lanka

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The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) Law to promote construction of public facilities using private finance was enacted last year. Many privately financed bridges were built in the early years of the Meiji era as part of the construction of the social infrastructure using the vitality of the private sector. This paper takes as an example the Tokiwa Bridge, a privately built toll bridge over the Jogange River in Toyama Prefecture during the Meiji era, and considers local finance, procedures leading up to construction of the bridge, and its operation, at a time when private capital had to be used to meet the need for bridge, in the light of today's PFI.

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