From the latter half of the 19^th century to the beginning of the20^thin Europe, reinforced concrete, a new construction material was invented and prevailed rapidly in the society, where stone and steel was the dominant materials, through the intensive studies and the application to structures. This paper summarize the development of reinforced concrete bridges in Europe based on the design philosophy such as, Monier, Hennebique and Metal system. The first specification of reinforced concrete in Europe was established in Switzerland by 1903 was also investigated.

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Kaisei-gakko, where the pioneers of Japanese civil engineering like Koi Furuichi, Tadao Okino, Kaname Haraguchi, Seijiro Hirai, etc. were trained at the beginning of the Meiji era, is insufficiently studied in our field in spite of its historical importance. This paper clarifies the process of the establishment of this predecessor of the University of Tokyo and analyzes the ideas of its engineering education. Particularly, we focus on the education at Shogei-gakko, one of the engineering school at Kaisei-gakko, in comparing the curriculum with two French engineering school, the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole Centrale des Arts et manufactures, actual Ecole Centrale de Paris, to define the nature.

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Concerning the main bridges of the Meiji Era Tokyo, the bridge data, such as bridge length, width and type were known so far, but the bridge designers (especially the middle period of the Meiji Era) are not known unexpectedly. This paper mainly clarify the personal history of Yoshitsugu KURATA, an engineer of Tokyo Prefecure and Hikosaburo KANAI Tokyo City engineer and also the bridges designed by them.
KURATA designed the Azuma bridge, the first long iron bridge which crossed the Sumida river and after that he did the Umaya and Eitai bridges as the principal engineer. But he was not well known. Why? This time I understood that he died three years later after the completion of the Eitai bridge.
I also make clear the following.
1. KANAI designed the most main bridges in Tokyo in the middle and late period of the Meiji Era.
2. Especially he learned an arch theory by self-education and it is KANAI that designed the arch bridges which harmonized with a townscape and were built willingly in those days.

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Keikichi KOIKE was a bridge engineer who worked on construction of bridges at City of Tokyo and Prefecture of Toyama before World War II. Now, he is known as the design engineer of Ochanomizu Bridge over Kandagawa River in Tokyo, or as the author of “Koike's Bridge Engineering”, one of the great books of civil engineering before World War II. But few people knows his career and his works.
The purpose of the study is to clarify his career and his works at City of Tokyo, and to state that KOIKE was a principal engineer on the reconstruction of bridges after the Great Kanto Earthquake.

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This paper describes two kinds of caisson technology (caisson type structure and pneumatic caisson method) which spread quickly in ports construction, such as a breakwater and a quay, in the Showa prewar term from the second half of Meiji. As the method of research, thinking of an engineer is analyzed by making free use of technical papers and textbooks of those days. And it is going to clarify about the circumstances of adoption of two kinds of caisson technology. However, this paper does not emphasize on discovery of the new fact, and it is establishing the historical review of technical of caisson. And it is another purpose to list the caisson structure which was almost uninterested until now on the civil engineering heritage.

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The writer researched omnibus-routes in this area, and studied following items with documents of application, timetable or map, statistics of transport, and so on about the omnibus.
(1) Here was made a study about the sightseeing-development of Mt.Akagi
(2) Many omnibus-routes were extended till the latter part of 1960's from the beginning of 1950's, because of road-improvement and wish of bus-operation by habitants.
(3) Many of them were cut down with closing since the last part of 1960's, because some omnibus-routes were extended excessively and other ones were competed with plural bus company.
(4) Communication between two cities (Maebashi and Kiryu) was turned to the railway (Ryomoline JNR) from the bus (Maebashi-Kiryu), because using the railway was made more convenience than using the bus through 1960's.

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Oyaguchi Watersupply Tower, which was established by Aratama Municipal Union for Watersupply, has been known as one of the unique landmarks in the northwest area in Tokyo, but the Watersupply Bureau of Tokyo Metrpolitan Government decided to renew the structure according to their new plan for watersupply in case of emergency. This tower was planned by Eiji Nakajima, Dr.Eng., and designed by his successors after changes in two times. Its design consists of unified body of water tank and tower, and it was constructed by applying quasi-arc welding method, which was cutting-edge technology at that time. It was proved also that its form and details have an architectural style called Romanesque to make itself look.unique.

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Engineering drawings are major way to convey practical information such as planning, designing, construction and maintenance for specific structures. However the drawings prepared for specific structures also contain information to study contemporary engineering tendency in general, which means that engineering drawings have value for historical references as well. In this paper steel bridge superstructures at the beginning of 20th century are focused and their engineering drawings are researched to clarify the value for references for the study on civil engineering history.
Engineering drawings by the design office of Jiun Masuda (1883-1947) are mainly studied for Japanese case and engineering drawings for the same period in UK, Germany and USA are also studied for the comparison of each cases. Based on these studies, western influences and features of Japanese bridge engineering at the beginning of 20th century are examined to clarify the value of engineering drawings for historical study on civil engineering.

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This study is made for demonstrating the construction projects about bridges on Ome-Street in Okutama Town in Tokyo. These can be classified into three periods. In the first period, from 4 to 10 years in Showa Era, the Civil Department of Tokyo Prefecture made the street wide. In the second, from 12 to 13 years in Showa Era, the waterworks bureau of Tokyo City built the street to transport the construction materials of the Ogouchi-Dam. In the third, from 31 to 32 years in Showa Era, the waterworks bureau of Tokyo Prefecture built the street in the areas which were under water by building the Ogouchi-Dam. In the first, six long-span bridges were all different, and short-span bridges were rainforced concrete arch bridges. In the second, three bridges were designed by Masayosi Kabashima, Jun Masuda, Katsutake Naruse, famous technicians of bridges. In the third, five arch bridges designed by Katsutake Naruse and Samon Honma were all different.

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This paper explicates sources on survey errors which has not been made clear sufficiently so far in a composed process on the cadastral system of Japan. The origin of the present system was the grand survey carried out by Taiko Hideyoshi in the 16^th century. The purpose of the survey was to evaluate individual land subject to taxation as well as to identify the landowners' names (most of them were farmers). The registered area of respective arable lands was about 10-20 % smaller than its real area. The extra area was called Nawa-nobi which literally meant a stretch of rope for survey.
The author studied the actual level of survey technology, situation of taxation and land use in the Edo period. The result proves that Nawa-nobi was rational actions for the land management system at that time.

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Spatial Characteristics of outdoor behaviors at the end of Edo Period are researched by means of a diary of a townsman in the Castle Town of Kanazawa. Private behaviors are mainly analyzed and classified into two types. One is necessary actions which are needed for his society, such as errands and courtesy visits. The other is not necessary actions but for pleasure at his leisure such as shopping, visiting temples, eating with his friends and other recreations. Following characteristics of behaviors at his leisure are cleared: 1) He drops around at many places. 2) He mainly enjoys his leisure in his neighborhood. 3) He goes out for other recreations with his usual leisure as visiting temples or eating houses. 4) Unusual recreations are assorted into following types, that is, seasonal recreations on nature, visiting events of temples or shrines and looking at events of samurai society.

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Rapid expansion of Salicaceous species in the Asahi River has caused serious problems on the ecology, the flood control and the river landscape etc. in the last 30 years. From this viewpoint, this paper aims to clarify the development process of the thick growth of trees in the river, and to propose appropriate measures how to control the forest of Salicaceous species to keep the Asahi River in its original shape. The relationship between the physical actions and landscape transition in the river was investigated on the basis of historical studies from the viewpoint of morphology, river engineering and ecology using the past physical events. Continuous expansion of Salicaceous species due to the decrease of the flood scale and bed-loads supply was recognized. At some area in the river, restoration of the river system is required to recover the flood flow impact. In applying the river restoration system, it is suggested that an appropriate method to manage the river landscape is to divide the river in two areas whether to keep its original landscape or not.

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Drainage windmills, which were invented in 1920s, used to exist in wide range of areas in Sakai City forming local landscape until 1960s. After that, they dramatically decreased their numbers in parallel with introduction of new drainage technologies and urbanization, and original windmill completely extinguished when the last windmill was demolished in 2004. On the other hand, this research proved that people transplanted abolished windmills to schoolyards or parks for the preservation of memories or for reuse as materials of science education.
Based on hearing survey and local texts, this study attempts to grasp courses and status quo of existing windmills to be transplanted or newly-created in schoolyards or parks, and reveals it as phenomenon of formation of local landscape.

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As a sample of reassessment of civil engineering big projects executed after the Second World War, merits and demerits of Kojima Bay dike are analyzed based on the articles of the Sanyo Shinbun, which is a local newspaper in Okayama. The trend of environmental awareness in the articles can be divided into three periods during this half century, and the concern of the paper has been shifted from an agricultural problem to an environmental problem. In general, newspaper articles are strongly influenced by the reader's interests and don't always show the real situations, but the authors dare to re-evaluate the significance of Kojima Bay dike project from the viewpoint of newspaper.

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