The efficiency of bus routes is an important performance measure for bus service providers. From the viewpoint of the bus companies, the way in which resources are used to transform routes into an efficient route is essential. This study has an objective of analyzing the input factors influencing the cost efficiency of bus routes using stochastic frontier regression. The half-normal stochastic frontier model is implemented and it gives an excellent result in estimating the technical efficiencies and variables that affect the efficiency of bus routes. Based on the results, service improvement recommendations are provided in this study.

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Urban activation demands policies which consider mutual relations among purchase activities and trip-chaining behaviors of individuals. Observation of individual trip-chaining behaviors, which gives basis of the consideration, can be achieved by applying mobile communication technology devices. We focus upon PHS (Personal Handyphone System) as one typical system of short-range radio communication. A methodology of observing individual trip-chaining in a large-scale commercial building is proposed. The method consists of 1) every-minute positioning of individual, and 2) discrimination of moving/stay. The paper describes the method and a result of field test conducted in an underground shopping center.

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The problem of “rat-run” traffic has not been very much solved in urban area. In precedence study, actual traffic condition of rat-run and the mechanism of rat-run utilization in drivers were clarified. With this recognition, the purpose of this study is to examine about the orientation of countermeasures for rat-run traffic as a case in Toyota. The consciousness on road traffic environment of rat-run roadside inhabitant was analyzed. And, the impact analysis in the case of countermeasure and improvement variously was carried out using the traffic assignment simulation. The result showed that the countermeasure considering environment of district in rat-run and road network characteristic around the district was important.

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This study aims to analyze the influence of uncertainty in travel time on delivery activities by goods vehicles by using their probe data linked with the drivers' operation status. For this purpose, we calculate two probability values, one is the probability of being late for a designated arrival time, the other is the probability of selecting the shortest travel time delivery route among alternative delivery routes. Based on the observation result, actual delivery activities could be explained by the minimization of the probability of being late for a designated arrival time and the maximization of the probability of selecting shortest travel time route.

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In this study, it was hypothesized that travel behavior and residential choice behavior are mutually interrelated. It was also hypothesized that travel habits would last even after residential removal. We tested the structural causal relations that were lead by these two hypotheses using data from a survey that targeted new corners to a city. The data then supported the hypothesized structural causal relations. In this paper, we discuss that urban policies that integrate transportation measures, land use measures and behavior modification measures are indispensable to develop an ideal city and its transportation.

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The essential points of multi-agent simulation can be summarized that the social structure canbe emerged as population behaviour through the interaction of agents in the environment according to the determined rules depending on the acquired information and knowledge of agents. The decision of each agent for day to day travel is formulated in the agent model corresponding to the congestion charging scheme. Each agent should have different preference to the alternatives oftips. On the other hand, traffic flow on urban network should be estimated summarizing the individual behaviours of commuter in the integrated model as previously mentioned. Therefore, the simulator artificial transport society consists of two interactive procedures such as travel behaviour estimation and agent day to day decision. Furthermore, the day to day transport phenomena can be monitored through the display illustration based on GIS software.

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This paper developed a household choice model incorporating heterogeneous group decision-making rules using latent class modeling approach. In addition, the model can consider correlation between alternatives by paired combinatorial logit modeling approach. This paper deals with the following three types of household choice rules: additive, max-min and maxmax rules, and applies the model to household car type choice behavior analysis. As a result, the model with additive and max-max roles has the highest model performance, and household characteristics and life stage are important factors explaining household decision-marking rules.

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The structure of traffic demand for community bus system in local city is different from for normal traffic mode. Therefore, internal transport demand should be aroused. In the study, a frame of analysis not only considering with level of service but also with variety of characteristic is proposed. A resident in local city is regarded as an agent and an artificial society is constructed concerning with urban transport system with community bus. A characteristic of actual conditions of community bus system in the target area is summarized. A complex structure of decision making is modelling with decition tree method. moreover, emergency from interaction and micromacro relation is observed in artificial society with community bus. Therefore, it is instructive for the transportation policy with community bus.

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The purpose of this study is to review the factor of varying Trip Generation Rate per Day and to propose Trip Generation Rate per Time. In consequence, Trip Generation Rate per Day varies depending on some freedom degrees and it needs detail analysis to use this model. In this paper, Trip Generation Rate per Time is proposed. This model makes it possible to upgrade coefficient of determination and to express the difference of peak time of day by land use.

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In this study, by analyzing the day-to-day variations of route conditions and the formation process of drivers' travel time perception in the case where travel behavior is repeated under the stochastic travel demand, we try to evaluate the effects of the provision of travel time information on travel behavior and network performance. For this purpose, we construct a simulation model of traffic assignment for a simple network. Then, by changing the route characteristics and the stochastic travel demand property with and without the provision of travel time information, we examine the simulation results and try to get knowledge concerning the effects of travel time information provision.

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In leant years, the decline of public transportation and the deterioration of motorization caused many urban problem. For those problems, effectuation of LRT and Transitmall are examined gradually in Japan. However, thete ate many ambiguous effect about LRT and Transitmall. In this study, we simulate the impact of LRT and Transitmall on large area and small area. As a result, it became clear that a spreading effect changed by each transport policy. And, this study clarified a problem such as road maintenance point and importance ofmodal shift

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It is difficult to evaluate TDM policies by the Four-Step forecasting model because this model presents some significant drawbacks.“Semi-dynamic Combined Equilibrium Model considering Activity choices” is one of models which can overcome and/or modify those problems. Our model integrates trip generation, destination choice, mode choice and route choice behavior, and considers the time-axis and the remnants of flows. Thus we can not only measure induced traffic but also analyze in trip-chain approach. Our model is valid according to the reproducibility applied to the Nagoya Metropolitan Area, although it is necessary to improve the calculation efficiency.

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We conducted a fundamental study for modeling intra-household activity time allocation for elderly couples, with the prospect that it might contribute to analyzing travel behavior of increasing “active seniors”. We formulated a household activity time allocation model that considers both time and budget constraints. The data drawn from the nationwide survey on time use and leisure activities is used for the identification of the model. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of utility level and time use patterns are conducted.

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The authors tried to clarify differences of visual perception on wayfinding between two groups, subjects guided by the mobile walk navigation and those by the conventional map, because the authors wanted to propose a new urban design methodology for the forthcoming IT era. Under their hypotheses based on precedent and existing studies, the authors made wayfinding experiments on the two groups using an eye-mark-recorder in Kofu City. As a result, visual perception of the subjects of those who were guided by the mobile walk navigation didn't change, while that of those by the conventional map changed.

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This paper presents a semi-dynamic traffic equilibrium assignment model with link queue evolution by distinguishing arrival rate and departure rate. Specifically, 1) time is divided into discrete time periods, 2) the link queue evolution is represented by the state equation with arrival rate and departure rate, 3) each time period is treated as the static equilibrium state. We reveal that the model can be reduced to the standard form of the nonlinear complementarity problem. By examining the mapping, we then show that the structural correspondence of the proposed model and the DUE/DUO models.

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Disorderly sprawled land use in developed countries was aggravated by the progress of motorization. City planners in developing countries can avoid similar mistakes to be repeated. In view of the fact that personal income level and car usage have a positive relationship, the objective of this research was to elucidate the influence of rising income level on car use. First, it was found that the share of automobile mode will rise with increasing income levels for cities with income levels above a certain value. Next, it was found that average trip length for high income level groups tends to be longer and this could be attributed to the increase in car usage. In addition, in Chengdu, one of the reasons why trip length of high income level groups has risen has been hypothesized to be that people from high income level groups are moving to the city's peripherals and this has been quantitatively proven.

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The railway route choice behavior analysis involves into tow stages; first generating a choice set and then, modeling route choice behavior based on the given choice set. The main interest of the analysis, until now, has been placed on a choice model itself a certain choice set. On the other hand, the generation process of a choice set has not been analyzed yet sufficiently. Therefore the study focuses on the generation process of a choice set, and proposes the rule of generating route choice set.

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Recently, the involution of downtown becomes serious problem in local cities. In local cities, the main traffic mode is private cars, and it seems that many people visit to downtown by their private cars. In this study, we conducted awareness surveys two times in Akita City. And, we aimed to recognize factors which affects travel behavior to downtown and aimed to clarify the service level that is desired by private car users. As a result, it is cleared that the charge of parking lot and distance from parking lot to the destination influenced in travel behavior to the region nearby the Akita Station.

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This paper attempts to figure out the mechanism of traffic congestion occurrence by using the video image data. Video observation has been carried out at the Moriguchi-Kanjo merging section of Hanshin Expressway, and vehicle trajectories are extracted from the video by using image processing technique. Macroscopic traffic flow characteristics such as traffic flow rate, space mean density and velocity are calculated from the vehicle trajectories. We also focus on the vehicle platoon characteristics such as average and variance of the vehicle velocities in the platoon. Using the macroscopic measures, microscopic vehicle trajectories as well as vehicle platoon characteristics, the mechanism of traffic congestion occurrence and the possible countermeasures to relax the congestion are discussed. We have found that when the vehicle platoons are coming both from inside lanes of Moriguchi and Kanjo lines the velocity on the vehicle platoons from Moriguchi Line generally decreases. By this velocity reduction, it gets more difficult to merge from Moriguchi Line, and the congestion remains on the Moriguchi Line. It is therefore needed to carry out some measures to discourage using the inner lane of Kanio line to avoid conflict against Moriguchi Line, and to recover the velocity of Moriguchi line.

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This study firstly analyzed the differences on preference for transit ride point program between non- participants and participants, and before/after the social experiment. The results showed that the participants seem to prefer the program than the non-participants, and state more preference after the participation in the program probably because of their satisfaction in the environmental contribution. Next, we investigated the variability of preference over the reward of transit ride point program using random coefficient model with psychological factors. The results showed that the altruistic reward such as the charity for the environmental activity could compensate for the monetary reward. Also shown is that the larger the monetary reward becomes the marginal utility of altruistic reward decreases, implying that altruistic motivation may decline as the monetary reward becomes large.

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The purpose of this study is to make a leaflet for promoting eco-drive behavior and to analyze the effect of the leaflet on behavioral modification. The leaflet is applied positioning procedure which is developed in marketing area and educational engineering. The result of the experiment was that drivers who are putting the on-board device in tracks under business activity with the leaflet changed drivers' attitude and behavior of driving greatly and the fuel cost were cut down by the modification

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In this Paper, we showed the outline of the Tokyo Metropolitan Freight Survey. And we clarified the actual situation of delivery and measures of delivery.
The survey found out that delivery causes traffic problems in CBD. The problems related to delivery distribution are divided into 3 types. There are 1) Concentration of Delivery Trucks 2) Parking at Road side 3) Goods Conveyance.
It is important to improve the Delivery Distribution system in order to solve traffic problems in CBD. Therefore for so lving traffic problems, delivery measures have to be improved.

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In this research, we carried out questionnaire survey in Strasbourg and Mulhouse for the purpose of clarifying the influence on modal choice preference by improvement of LRT (Light Rail Transit). Strasbourg is famous city for it's improvement of LRT, while Mulhouse didn't have LRT before. We analyzed the influence on modal choice preference by using binary logit model based on SP (Stated Preference) data in Strasbourg and Mulhouse. Results have shown that people in Strasbourg tend to choose public transport more than people in Mulhouse even if there are the same service levels in Strasbourg and Mulhouse.

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Because the cost of STS is high, it is necessary to know how many people need D2D services. In this paper, whether person can use bus is predicted using Activities of Daily Living. The estimation in city with 450, 000 people tell that 3, 280 physical impaired peoples need welfare vehicles, but only 120 physical impaired peoples use D2D service in Dec 2005. It is clear that supply of D2D services is smaller than its necessity.

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The actual condition of open-air coin parking lots and the way drivers use open-air parking lots are investigated by data of questionnaire survey to parking users as well as of observation in the central area of Kumamoto City. Moreover, questionnaires regarding future land use for open-air parking lots are conducted to the landowners of the parking lots. In order not only to arrange traffic flows but also to activate excursion behavior by visitors, activation policies that land owners intend to integrate individual parking lots and to change their land use to the multi-stories parking should be preceded.

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Opening delay of new urban railway developments are often occurred by various kinds of factors. And also effects of project are lost by opening delay. In this paper, an ex-post evaluation of a new railway project was carried out. The railway was opened behind on schedule. As evaluation methods, both of cost-benefit analysis and financial analysis were adopted. As a result of the evaluation, it was shown that the loss of effects by opening delay was huge in the view of both social economy and finance of a railway company. And finally, we proposed policies and measures to avoid effect loss of opening delay.

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The accessibility measures are useful to evaluate the opportunity provided by the public transportation service in rural areas. Because the fixed route and timetable of the service constrain the opportunity, it is important to apply the measures which consider the space-time constraints caused by them. However, it requires the computational works as compared to the practically used measures such as cumulative opportunity measure. This study modifies the cumulative opportunity measure so as to consider the constraints and examine the correlation between the measures. As a result, the ordinal correlation is quite good although cardinal correlation is not so good.

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The paper aims to analyze the harmonization of construction of railway and urban planning in case of the Akihabara Station on the Tsukuba Express Line by examining questionnaires and GRAPE. As the result, it was cleared that the urban developers were satisfied with coordination of railway project, and willing to pay the parts of railway construction cost for their benefit.

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In Switzerland, trains run between major stations in certain time and are operated based on pattern diagram after introducing Rail 2000 Policy. But the general conditions of such convenient system are not clear. It is necessary for installing such policy into Japan.
In this study, we made general conditions for building a pulse timetable system on a public transportation network. Next, we tried to build a pulse timetable system on JR rapid service network in Osakaarea, and measured ROLTime (=Real Operation Loss Time) to confirm the conditions are proper. ROLTime is an indicator of loss time of transfer.

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The construction of Hokkaido Shinkansen between Shin Aomori and Shin Hakodate was started in May, 2005. People in Hokkaido hope that Shinkansen is extended to Sapporo, on the other hand, Hokkaido prefectural government must secure revenue efficiently and steadly. This study proposes to apply residential local government bond for the construction of the Hokkaido Shinkansen. It analyzed people's awareness of investment in Hokkaido Shinkansen by Orthogonal Multi-attribute Utility Function and clarified appropriate condition of bond from the viewpoint of reducing costs.

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In many developing countries, the poor geographical accessibility has made rural residents isolated from opportunities which improve quality of life. The objective of this study is to provide an integrated model for optimal road network and multi-type public facility location design considering budget constraint. The model is simulated with the real road network in puok district, Cambodia. It is found that investment in many small size facilities distributed among villages along with a provision of a good basic earth road seems to be the most cost-effective approach in the study area.

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For evaluating management strategy of bus company, it is necessary to consider management environment and company's property. This paper analyzes strategies qualitatively at first, builds up the estimation model of demand and cost function. And by using these models, shift analysis of actual earnings and some sensitivity analyses are taken. As a result, it becomes possible to evaluate virtual strategy, and the capability of improvement inbalance of account is founded under the present cost condition.

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In this study, we verified about position of form of transportation planning at around railway station in city planning and transport planning of Japan. As a result, we found out that the overall city planning around the station is planned is few because the boundary in the region is set regardless of the station and regarding the pedestrian, only an abstract expression is described. In second study, we studied about evaluation of walking distance from railway station. In 19 stations that had been chosen at random, the number of pedestrians was counted

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Traditionally, buses and taxis are the legally- accepted road-based public transport modes. But in most developing countries, alternative types of public transport vehicles can be found. Informal public transport concept is adopted in this paper. Its importance has been widely recognized but limited studies on understanding it from a holistic perspective.
This paper attempts to understand the informal public transport mode from a holistic perspective by understanding the role of the different public transport modes (jeepneys, tricycles, motorcycle taxis) among its key stakeholders. Specifically, it investigates the local government side, its institutional set-up and the public transport supply sector.

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In this paper, apropriate position of curve mirror at the intersection without traffic signal is analyzed by the characteristics of the eye-movement of drivers. In the section to a stop line, a curved mirror of the left setting was easy to be discovered after a curved mirror was in the view of the subject. And even a curved mirror of the right side setting installs a mark in the same line, it can hasten discovery. In the section before taking off after stopping in a stop line, the subject used viewing for passage judgment at the crossing where a curved mirror was installed in the left side and understood that safety was higher than the right side setting crossing.

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In this research, physically handicapped people who use social mobility support systems are classified into five groups according to their physical abilities. We examine whether the mobility support system chosen by each user is suitable for his particular physical abilities. It has been examined whether these clusters are related to the chosen system and it's been shown that these clusters and choice of the system mostly coincide, as we've presupposed. However, some people choose systems which don't correspond to their cluster. In order to take systems more effectively, it is necessary to improve the criteria and the level of service.

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This study grasps the merging part of expressway from the upstream section, focuses on the deceleration behavior of the main line vehicle, and examines the deceleration beginning point and its factors. First, the distribution of the deceleration beginning point in the main line vehicle was acquired using the data from the indoor experiment with a driving simulator. And, the relation among the deceleration beginning point, the point where subjects began staring the confluence car, and the distance between two cars was analyzed. Those results showed that the factors influence the deceleration behavior at the merging part have the possibility of the point where subjects began staring the confluence car, the distance between two cars, and the intention of the driver who gives way to the confluence car

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Based on the newly established knowledge of effective idling stop time, which is more than 5 seconds, the problem of traffic flow influenced by idling stop at the time of the waiting for a signal was reconsidered. Based on the outdoor experiments, possible timing of starting an engine which does not lead to the delay of departture was discussed.
Consequently, as far as the first three vehicles are concerned, the engine restart timings after idling stops should be earlier than the beginning of the green phase.

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In this study, vehicle behaviors at startup, passage and stop at the intersection are compared between the intersection with the separated signal control for pedestrians and the intersection with usual signal control. The result shows that the intersection with the separated signal control for pedestrians have higher risk for vehicle to vehicle accident, because drivers tend to predict the change of traffic signal in order to change their behavior smoothly. It is also found that the difference of signal phase compared to the intersection with usual signal control makes drivers confuse in deciding their behavior and this brings risky situations.

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Recently, safer roads in residential area should be required, because 60 % of road accidents involved elderly people and children were occurred within 500m from their home. Therefore, new trials of Zonal safety system based on the public involved technique have been introduced. Then, in this study, the consultation system was introduced based on some characteristics and problems of public involved projects through three typical case studies facilitated by our activities. Furthermore, some useful findings came out from analysis and evaluation of the latest case study in order to realize more effective activity as well as safer road system.

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In the measure of a traffic accident, the influence analysis to the traffic behavior by the feature of an accident concentration place is common. However, when a road user takes an insufficient action by the arrival to the destination to meeting various routes, road conditions, etc., a traffic accident occurrence risk increases. To a long sectionroad, analysis and measure discussing in consideration of various road conditions or roadside conditions are needed. In this study, construction of a database including the route characteristic for ever, up-and-down lane in 100m section and its application analysis were tried for R2 in Hyogo-ken.

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In the snowy region, frequent existence of slippery condition brings driver to the highly strained situation in driving. In this study, detailed data from the vehicle is used to detect the road surface condition. After the accuracy of detailed data is confirmed, trial test that the experimental car runs in the field is conducted to understand the slipperiness of the road condition. Result shows that the locations of the slippery road condition cover all of the location of ABS detection, and there are many locations detected as the slippery road condition compared to the location of ABS detection.

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In this Paper, aiming at developing the road surface devices which have effect on speed reduction and behavior to be separated from pedestrians, by using bicycles' and wheel-chairs' characteristics for the road surface vibration. Small size rubber humps are investigated from the viewpoints of sense of users that is pedestrians, cyclists and wheel-chair users. By analyzing vibration characteristic of various kinds of humps with different their intervals, The author found appropriate shape and interval of humps for the purpose of cycling speed reduction and separation from pedestrians.

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The traffic accident increases because of an increase in the number of the car. The traffic safety measure on a soft side will become important in the future. Then, it focuses attention on traffic management as a traffic safety measure on a soft side in this research. It is thought that consideration to traffic of driver action influences the traffic accident. Then, the mechanism to taking a traffic action is clarified in this research. And, the purpose of a study is to understand the factor of the safe driving.

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The authors have been advocating performance-oriented highway planning and design methodology in Japan. For this, it is necessary to estimate the hourly traffic demand fluctuation on a planned highway section throughout a year. This study proposes a method to estimate it within two phases; estimating the daily traffic demand phase and setting the hourly traffic demand coefficient phase, in consideration of potential hourly traffic demand. Estimates for each category, corresponding to road characteristics can be calculated using this method. This procedure enables the performancecheck of any planned highway sections throughout a year by inputting traffic demand into the respective design performance curve.

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This study proposes a LP type inflow control model using real time observations on link traffic condition of urban expressway. This study is aimed at building a dynamic inflow control model of which inputs are traffic density and speed observed by detectors, and evaluating the applicability of the inflow control model from the viewpoints of robustness against the error included in the predicted inflow demand. Some numerical experiments for hypothetical network suggests that the proposed inflow control model may be effective to mitigate congestion on urban expressway, even if the traffic control system fails to correctly predict inflow demand.

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Since 1981, Community Streets have been constructed in Japan, and have reported a variety of positive results. However, construction of community streets has been carried out based on public agreement in Japan. The most difficult problem is that residents do not agree when some forts are constructed on Community Streets. Therefore, image forts have been using as a last resort. The purpose of this study is to clarify a relationship between image forts and automobile driving behavior on Community Streets. We carried out field surveys and questionnaire for residents in order to grasp automobile driving behavior and residents' attitude for Community Streets.

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We discuss the role of median for utilizing as pedestrian island from the viewpoint of users' consciousness and behaviors. It was shown that the sense of anxiety for staying median is affected by percent heavy vehicles, waiting time and both width and length of median. Via a sensitivity analysis, it is quantified the required geometric and control condition for calming the sense. Through the analysis of questionnaire, it was revealed that crank length and width affect users' evaluation and the preference on staying median. Moreover, it was cleared that strengthen the median barrier is needed for safety operation.

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In this study, we focus on the “use of privately owned vehicles under downpour” which is often brought up the deteriorating factor of traffic jam which occurs as downpour, and analyze on the way of road traffic information and weather information for reducing car use under downpour. As a result, we revealed the consciousness of returning home, driver's attributes of deference in decision of returning home under downpour, the consciousness of returning home about the contents of information under downpour, and the relative importance about traffic information and weather information, and propose the drivers that we should pay attention and measures.

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In Japan, traffic accidents rank third among the causes of construction accidents, and safety improvements for traffic work zones are important.
This research examines traffic work zones in Hokkaido toward safety improvement. Roadwork builders and road users were surveyed by questionnaire about their satisfaction with current traffic work zones. Customer satisfaction portfolio analysis of the survey responses was conducted to clarify the items that should be improved by priority for safety at traffic work zones. The analysis revealed dissatisfaction with the understandability of signs and the visibility of road workers. It was found that these items need to improve.

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