Project schedule utilized at job-sites is, may be said, roughly divided into three phases: master schedule, detailed schedule and monthly schedule. This paper develops a master scheduling system supported by personal computer, which is based on time-space diagram, where production rate is represented as the gradient. This is because the ordinate plots the time while the abscissa plots the location (space) of each activity. The system uses precedence diagram and enables to represent the required distance among activities with regard to time and space as to make sure of the feasiblity as schedule. The system has been successfully applied to one of subway construction works.

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Network scheduling method such as CPM/PERT has been used in a wide variety of construction projects since their inception in the 1960s, but it is the present condition that they are only used in some limited big construction projects. The facts show that a fundamental limitation of this traditional planning technique that they are able to manipulate only the data generated by planning process, not the knowledge used in generating the project plans.
In this paper, some research concerned about knowledge-intensive scheduling method for construction planning are referred. and some new idea how to approach this problem, which is named “Hybrid Strategy” mixed “Means-ends Strategy” with “Network Strategy”, are presented.
And the goal of this research is to develope the Knowledge Intensive Scheduling System, and the prototype system has been developing for some elevated highway constructions by the author used with the expert system shell, KBMS/PC^TM under personal computer environment.

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A set of indices are formulated for environmental impact assessment from area-wide point of view, and computer system is developed for aiding calculation of the indices. Environmental impact from road traffic is to he measured in three stages; emission of pollutant, pollution level in ambient environment, and its social impact considering roadside land-use and population. Computer system developed here supports such complicated process as calculation of third stages' indices, which may most properly quantify environmental impact as a whole. Several indices are actually computed with the use of the system along the Loop Road No.7 in Tokyo, to evaluate recent trend of the road traffic and its impact on the environment.

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The auther have discussed a practical index to evaluate a reliability of road-network for post-earthquake activities and proposed overall reliability as an ingex. In this paper, I try to develop a new soft systems approach to the road-network improvement planning based on the index. First, I propose a soft system which can activate human intuitive judgement to evaluate serviceability of component roads by supporting system called VISMS. It also help to draw up feasible alternatives to achieve the given goal. Secondry, I develop a comprehensive evaluation system of alternatives using AIIP method. And I design a total system and through its application I demonstrate that we need a new plannig philosophy which demand responsibility.

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This paper shows that “Motase” system for water control is operated still now and that its application is necessary in the farmland improvement technology.
The Yabe river basin has been suffered from the severe problems such as small water supply, flood and its drainage. These are all caused by small catchment area and the location being in the tidal area.
“Motase” as a system of irrigation and drainage has been formed to deal with these difficulties. It is a meso-type system which enable the mutual regulation of space and time among the autonomous zones. The concept of this system can be found in such as traditional detour canals.

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The information and the number of parameters given to the 1-Variate Maximum Entropy Distribution (1MED) is discussed by using extremal hydrological data. The statistical moments (SM) and the expectation of exponential function (EEF) is employed as the information to the 1MED. The L-L and the AIC is used for evaluating the fitness of the 1MED to the histo-gram, and the Jackknife method and the data increase method for evaluating the variation of the right tail of the 1MED. The 1MED is applied to annual maximum 1-, 2-, 3-day precipitations at 5 rain gauge stations in Chikuma basin. The 1MED with 2 or 3 parameters, which contains both the 1st order SE information and the 4th order EEF information, is selected as the best to the observed data in many cases.

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As society advances, a drought causes more serious damages. Therefore, given a current river-basin system, it is extremely important for water resources managers to examine properly its reliability performances against droughts by taking due account of the role of operation. In order to analyze the reliability performances, it is required to construct analitical models which can calculate reliability performances by use of proper indices and which can incorporated the operation scheme in use. A model is proposed to estimate essential spectra of the reliability performances of the assessed river-basin system. The operation scheme commonly used in practice is such that the reservoir in the mainstream is operated by taking account of discharges from the residual basins. Therefore this type of operation scheme is explicitly built in the model. After the above discussions, some numerical examples are provided and the potential of the proposed model is assessed.

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the applicability of the contingent and hedonic approach in order to identify the benefit of marginal emvironmental improvement of Nogawa River and Ichinoe-sakai River in Tokyo. First the study constructs a hedonic price function of land which includes river side park and water quality as major valiables. Second the study surveyes residence Willingness to Pay for these improvement using paired comparison questionnaire method and identifies bit price functions. Third this paper analyzes the discrepancy of the values estimated by two methods. The study finally finds 1) the benefit of river side park improvement is 11 to 19 thousand yen/m². and discrepancy of the method is minimal. 2) Water quality improvement is 7 to 28 thousand yen/m².

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Spatial data are characterized by spatial interdependence and heterogeneity which give a variety of measurement problems. Heterogeneity can be covered by some econometrical techniques for model with non-spherical error term. Though spatial interdependence is considered as a “statistical noise” in the field of econometrics to date, how to model spatial interaction is the main subject in regional modeling. However, most of empirical works fails to take into account the interdependence effects in estimation or tests.
In this paper, we consider a family of simultaneous spatial models which explicitly contain spatial interdependence. The most popular OLS estimator is neither unbiased nor consistent. We propose a new consistent and efficient estimator, that is named Two Stage Generalized Least Squares (2SGLS) Estimator. OLS bias, efficiency of 2SGLS and 2SLS estimator are numerically assessed. We conclude by discussing the applicability of 2SLS and 2SGLS estimator.

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An analytical framework for the sequential location processes of knowledge-oriented firms is presented, which are oligopolistically competing each other with respect to inventive activities. The location behavior of the potential entrants is described as a two-staged decision process; i. e., 1) to choose the region to be located, and 2) to determine the optimal policies for the production and R & D activities. Hierarchical-game-like framework is an essential part of our model. Both the timing and the levels of the provision of knowledge infrastructure are major decision variable in our approach. Numerical examples may provide some rich implications for knowledge-based regional development policies.

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This paper presents the application of a method for evaluating a train scheduling from the view point of user's benefit to some major private railways in Tokyo metropolitan area and Osaka area. At first we evaluate every train schedulings by the criteria which was proposed in our previous research. And then each factors of user's disutility such as the cost of time of boarding a train, time of waiting a train, congestion, and so on are analyzed in relation to the pattern of train shedulings

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The purpose of this paper is to identify temporal and spatial constraints underlying trip chaining behavior. These constraints, that is denoted by time-space prism, are quantitatively measured and their effects on the decision structure of trip chainings are also analyzed using log-linear model. The data set used here consists of individuals who commute to Osaka city by urban rail and make exactly one non-work activity in addition to a work activity. The distribution of path types and the spatial sphere of non-work activity obtained here can offer evidence that prism constraints bind the choice of non-work stop locations. The results of log-linear models indicate that characteristics of commuting trip such as the commuting distance and a transfer at ter-minal, effectively determine the decision mechanism.

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This paper proposed the practical way to model the shopping choice between downtown shopping complex and suburban SC (Shopping Center), which is sperior to the traditional models that do not consider parking choice. The Nested Logit Model and the MNL Model, using composite variables based on the parking lots' LOS and their choice probability, was tested on the empirical data of Hamamatu area. NIEdor results are (1) both of them proved to give the practical models with statistically significant parameters and good accuracy, and (2) the proposed way to treat the size variables and the qualitative factors, as part of the destination attractive-ness, gave the statistically siginificant improvement in model accuracy.

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In this paper, we discussed the demand characteristics of a passenger information system to transfer to buses at a station, which has been unknown in detail. We investigated 1) the relationship between the demand for information and that for other service factors, and 2) the difference of the needs for information in the characteristics of passengers.
We made the process clear to analyze the demand characteristics and applied it to a service territory of a railway station. From the case study, we found the importance of the improvement in bus information at stations and we built a model which explains the demand characteristics of bus information. And we assured this analysis process can give useful information when we make local bus service improvement planning.

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Considering recognition of the angler and the diver, the purpose of this paper is to find the important landscape elements for them who play in the sea and the seashore is. And we try to know the different recognition between them. We made the database of the characteristic names of the fishing point and diving point to use dBASE III PLUS.
The findings are as follows; in the fishing point there are 27 characteristic names, in the diving point there are 18 names. And we classified 6 types of the environmental characteristics in the seashore and named them, Longnose form, Tangle form, V form, Wormhole form, Whale form and Plaza form.

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The townscape makes a constant change forming the image of the town. In order to create an attractive townscape, it is important to consider the variation of the town-images.
In this paper, a model for Town-image Transformations of commercial area in Jiyugaoka is proposed. This model is based on both the geographical factors and the interaction of the people with commercial activities through the images of Jiyugaoka. The model introducing the concept, Town-image Transformations, is intended to contribute to today's Town Planning for commercial areas, since this concept makes it clear to understand the morals and the arrangements for commercial activities.

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Color Image Processing (CIP) is automatic computerized process which is based on characteristics of human visual perception, and can simplify colorimetry for the landscape assessment.
The purposes of this study are firstly to propose the CIP using a drum scanner, secondly to specify the effects of scanning conditions on colorimetric accuracy and finally to clarify the adaptability of the proposed CIP. The effects of scanning conditions were evaluated quantitatively by means of the experimental design. The conclusions are: 1) the density zero adjustment with “N9.5” color chip is indispensable for accurate measurement, and 2) the proposed CIP has as high resolution as JIS Standard Color Atlas dose.

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The Nikko highway is famous for its avenue of cedar trees. But more than a hundred trees wither a year and the number has a tendancy to increase year by year. We think that the program to protect them need to be intensified more perfectly. The content are as follows.(1) Through historical review of material on the management of the Nikko highway, we point out problems on the protective policy of them.(2) Analisys is done to clarify the relation between the number of withered trees and environments of the road and the roadside.(3) From the result we recommdnd programs to protect them.

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The effect of residents' experiences and socialities on their evaluations of the river environment is investigated by the statistical method in this paper.
The interactions between past and recent, or expectative uses for recreation in riverside are also investigated statistically.
The Naka river, which flows through the most urbanized area in Fukuoka City, is chosen for the questionnaires to the residents around the river.
The remarkable findings in this study are as follows: The residents who lived near the riversides, visited them frequently in the childhood, and now have high opinions of the quality of them, tend to lowly evaluate the environment of today's Naka river. The residents who prefer for the environment of the Naka river tend to participate in the improvement of this river, but they do not always visit the river. The residents' expectation of river uses are similar to their past uses of river space, and so on.

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This paper aims to define the intricate depopulation image which consists of several complicated factors. Because, to the author's knowledge, image on depopulated areas interrupts the possibility of its future development. In this paper, Semantic Differencial method and DEMATEL method are applied to analyze depopulation image and depopulation problems. Finally, in order to create a plan to counter depopulation problems, measures based on those results are recommended.

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The aim of this study is to tackle various problems at residential streets caused by the high occupancy rate of traffic, pedestrains and on-street parking. In this paper, residents' consciousness at various types of streets are firstly compared, and then available methods to improve street environment are examined at two typical streets. One is a neighbourhood shopping street where various types of traffic are concentrated in narrow space. The other is a street with heavy on-street parking, which might be seen, for example, along the school's wall.

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This paper examines the availavility of the occupancy index of pedestrians cycles, and vehicles, for the planning of residential streets. The models based on the occupancy concept are efficient to discuss not only a condition of a link of residential streets, but also that of residential streets in the area as a whole. Comparing the values of the models and other indices related to a stock of streets, this study proposes a new method to evaluate a level of service of residential streets.

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This paper considers the method for calculating the transportation equilibrium assignment problem on the “neural network”. The method proposed in this paper represents link flows by many “neurons”, which have parallel dynamics. First, the equations of neuron dynamics are derived for deterministic multi-commodity equilibrium assignment problem from the correspondence between Lagrangian of the problem and Lyapunov function of neural network. Next, the method are implemented in a moderately large size network and the numerical properties are investigated. Furthermore, relation between the method and the stochastic equilibrium theory are considered.

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This paper considers two types of reliability measures of regional road network depending on the daily variance of traffic flow. The one measure represents the probability of connections between each OD pair on the concerned network. The other shows the degree of accuracy of OD travel time. Assuming the stochastic variation of OD demand, the Incremental Assignment method is employed in order to simulate the link traffic variance, which derives both the probability of link connection and the P. D. F. of travel time. Reliability measures are examined for actual large scale road networks in Shikoku Area. The results verify that the proposed method is available in the application to the road network evaluation.

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A traffic assignment method is discussed with which the separation of passenger car link flows and truck link flows becomes possible. By considering the multi-class traffic flows (cars and trucks) as two single class traffic flows and establishing a BPR type link performance function with asymmetric interaction between cars and trucks, we are able to show a sufficient condition to get a unique solution for this problem. Then a numerical experiment is performed to test the applicability of the diagonalization algorithm to the problem, and the convergence and effectiveness of the algorithm are shown.

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We have developed a model, which enables us to estimate the traffic volume at non-observed road sections. This model needs the observed volume at other sections and the constitutional ratio of OD trips on each section in the network.
In this paper, the approximate equation of error which arises in the process of the estimation is introduced, and then the effect of using the data of observed links on the reliability of the estimation is analysed. The effective and essential links for estimation of traffic volume, which would reduce the error, are extracted from the road network including Fukuoka City using the branch-and-bound method.

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Analysis of route choice behavior will help traffic demand forecasting on urban expressway planning, because motorists choose appropriate route to go to destination smoothly. The objective of the study is to describe the structure of preference between expressway and street and build a practical diversion model with fuzzy set theory. First, considering fare term on route choice, Fuzzy Delphi Method (F. D. M.) is proposed to estimate the membership functions of main factors with small sample survey. Second, the diversion model between express-way and streets is designed with fuzzy reasoning. Third, traffic assgnment with fuzzy diversion model is applied to demand forecasting on Hanshin Expressway.

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Speed and its fluctuations in traffic flow are significant factors investigatingroad traffic conditions and traffic flow stability.
This paper describes a new model of the traffic flow.
The following conclusions were developed.
1) The regular fluctuation of speed can be modelled by introducing human consious factors into the car-following model.
2) It has proposed a new concept of time-allowance connection between two cars on the basic of speed observation at a fixed point.
3) A new model of the speed distribution which is consideringthe regular fluctuation has proposed.

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Driver characteristics associated with traffic signal change intervals were studied at eleven intersections in Tokyo metropolitan and Yokohama area. Video-tape recorders were used to record driver and traffic characteristics at signalized intersections. Using driver behavior data, stopping probability was examined as afunction of the surrounding conditions of intersections. These conditions include roadway features, driver response characteristics and traffic conditions. Logistic model was used to explain the probability of stopping as a function of distance from the stop-line. And multi-regression was used to obtain the model estimating the two parameters of the logistic curve. This model can also be used to evaluate the signalcontrol conditions at the intersection.

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In a series of studies, the Signal Stop Model and the Vehicle Running Simulation Model have been developed to estimate the driving modes and the exhaust gas volume, especially in the congested traffic flow condition.
In this study, various emission fectors based on a kind of chassis-dynamo test were observed and analyzed under some traffic conditions and the exhaust gas volumes estimated by these models were compared. Through these results, it is concluded that these models will be practical in use for such as estimation of exhaust gas from traffic flow and effect of a traffic control scheme on the exhaust gas.

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This paper describes a new visual simulation system displayed driver's visual scanning pattern in driving. The relationship between driver's visual objects and driver's visual scanning pattern becomes clearly by using this system. It has been designed to make the video image superimposed the driver's eye-movement pattern and driver's visual field image photographed from the inside of a test vehicle. This system can coinside the view point coordinate system of visual field image with the view point corrdinate system displayed driver's eye-movement pattern. Driver's eye-movement pattern can be displayed from every direction by reconstructing 3-dimensional structure of driver's eye-movement pattern and visual field.

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