This study aims to examine the high expectations of teachers for the effectiveness of a greeting campaign through the cooperation between schools and communities, the relationship between the frequency of greetings by teachers, children and students, and their familiarity with the community. A questionnaire survey was conducted on184 teachers working in elementary and junior high schools in urban areas such as Tokyo and Kawasaki city. A Hierarchical Multiple Regression analysis showed that teachers in Tokyo had an interaction effect on the frequency of greetings by children and students in school and in the community, while teachers in Kawasaki city had a main effect on the frequency of greetings by children and students in school and in the community. In addition, a main effect of familiarity with the community was shown in both areas. These results suggest that to increase teachers’ expectations of the effectiveness of a greeting campaign, it is important for the teachers to encourage children and students to greet inside and outside of school, as well as to increase their familiarity with the community.

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This study compares the differences between operational challenges and implementation of multi-generational exchange in community cafes (Chiiki no Cha no Ma) in Niigata City, Japan, based on their period of operation. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to representatives of community cafes, and 303 valid responses were analyzed. Responses were divided into two groups: those operating less than three years and those operating over three years. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the presence or absence of multigenerational exchange. In terms of operational challenges, the group with less than three years of establishment reported lack of operational know-how, and the group with three years or more reported challenges in successor training. Analysis from open-ended questions showed that aging, less participation, less awareness of participants, and lack of operational know-how represented operational challenges in both groups. There was no difference in implementation of multigenerational exchange between the two groups. Positiveness for implementation and difficulty getting started were reported in both groups. Also, effects of exchange and difficulty in continuing were reported in the over-three-years group.

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From the perspective of intergenerational exchange, we explored the significance of grandparents passing on their experience as evacuated school children during the war to their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren and accurately conveying it as a historical fact. For methods, in addition to the activities of the National Liaison Council for Evacuated School Children and the collected materials, we reviewed the literature and materials that describe the experience of evacuation of school children. A close examination of the materials revealed that the evacuation of school children, which was carried out in 1944, involved a mass evacuation of children in grades 3 to 6 of the national school who had difficulty in evacuating with their parents, siblings, or other family members to the homes of their relatives in the countryside. The evacuation of school children was a national policy to move a group of children to a rural area, but at the same time, it was found that children whose families could not bear the financial burden of evacuation, those who were not suitable for a group, and those who were frail and weak were forced to stay in cities where air raids were more severe. In other words, the evacuation of school children was a hidden measure designed to preserve the next generation that could become the military force and to exclude those who could not become part of it. As a result of a close examination of the literature and experience records, it was found that it is an extremely important activity for grandparents to tell their children, grandchildren, and greatgrandchildren, who have never known anything about war, about their own experiences as evacuated school children and to accurately convey historical facts to them as a way of thinking of respect for life and human rights. It also became clear that this is an important perspective from which to formulate the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), which are the subject of intergenerational exchange research.

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[in Japanese]

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