Journal of Pesticide Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0923
Print ISSN : 1348-589X
ISSN-L : 0385-1559
Volume 16, Issue 4
Displaying 1-20 of 20 articles from this issue
  • Masanobu NAKATA
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 583-590
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Chlorsulfuron inhibited the growth of tobacco cell cultures at 1ppb, with a half inhibition (I50) at 0.5ppb. In contrast, cultured cells of hamster kidney (BHK) continued to grow even in a medium containing 100ppm chlorsulfuron. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) from tobacco cell cultures was strongly inhibited by chlorsulfuron with an I50 values of 5-10ppb (14-28nM). Gas chromatography confirmed the production of acetolactate in the enzyme preparations from BHK cells and chick livers, but, no inhibition with 500ppb chlorsulfuron. The properties of acetolactate-forming enzymes from tobacco cells and BHK cells were compared in cofactor requirement, pH dependence and valine inhibition. The enzyme from BHK cells strongly required thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), it was not inhibited by valine, and the optimum pH in the enzyme reaction was 7.4. On the other hand, the tobacco enzyme did not strongly require TPP, it was inhibited by valine, and the optimum pH was 8. That chlorsulfuron does not inhibit acetolactate-forming enzymes in mammalian cells is one likely reason for its low toxicity against mammalian cells. The binding mechanism of the herbicide with the tobacco cell enzyme was noncompetitive with pyruvate as a substrate and uncompetitive with TPP as a cofactor.
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  • Kohichiroh SEGUCHI, Shiroh ASAKA, Yoshiroh KATOH, Isamu YAMAGUCHI
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 591-598
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of 14C-cycloprothrin [(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2, 2-dichloro-1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-[3-14C]cyclopropanecarboxylate] were studied in rats after single (50mg/kg) or consecutive (50mg/kg, once a day for one week) oral administration. After single oral administration, the radiocarbon was rapidly and almost completely excreted into the feces and urine (63 and 36%, respectively) within 168hr. Radiocarbon levels in the tissues reached maximum 3hr after single oral administration and then decreased with time. Concentrations of radioactivity in the tissues after repeated administration were about 3.6 times higher than those after single administration. The radioactivity peaked within 3 days after initial administration in the tissues except the fat, skin and cecum, and decreased with time after final administration. Radioactivity levels were relatively high in the fat and skin. Disappearance of the radioactivity from the fat and skin was slower than from the other tissues. Residue levels of radiocarbon in each tissue on the 7th day after final administration was less than 50ng of the parent compound equivalents/g tissue. Cycloprothrin was readily metabolized by cleavage at the ester linkage and oxidation of the ethoxy position of the acid moiety. (RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2, 2-dichloro-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (HO-cycloprothrin), (RS)-2, 2-dichloro-1-(4-ethoxyphenyl) cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (C2H5O-acid), (RS)-2, 2-dichloro1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (HO-acid) and (RS)-2, 2-dichloro-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (HO-C2H4O-acid) were found in the feces and urine. As much as 48% of the administered radiocarbon excreted as the parent compound in the feces. HO-Acid was a predominant metabolite in both the urine and feces, it amounting to 39% (31% in the urine and 8% in the feces, respectively) of the dose.
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  • Kohichiroh SEGUCHI, Sinichi SAKAI, Hisafumi KOBAYASI, Yoshiroh KATOH
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 599-607
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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    Absorption, translocation and metabolism of an insecticide, cycloprothrin [(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2, 2-dichloro-1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)cyclopropane carboxylate], were examined in rice plants under laboratory conditions. When 14C-cycloprothrin was applied to simulated paddy water, the radioactivity in the rice plants in the 3.5-leaf stage increased with time to reach a maximum concentration within 7 days, and this level was retained to the mature stage. At the mature stage, the rice shoots and the hulled grains contained 0.161 and 0.157ppm 14C-cycloprothrin equivalents, respectively. A small amount of unchanged cycloprothrin was found in the shoots but not in the grains. 14C-Cycloprothrin topically applied on the leaf surface was not readily translocated to other untreated parts, and 98% of the applied radioactivity was recovered from the treated parts even after 28 days. When an emulsion of 14C-cycloprothrin was applied to rice plants in the heading stage, it adhered to the foliage at 9.33ppm and the level hardly lowered during the progression to the mature stage. Unchanged cycloprothrin remained in the shoots and hulled grains at 9.452 and <0.001ppm, respectively. The relative amount of optical isomers of Cycloprothrin did not change in the mature shoots after foliar application. Cycloprothrin was metabolized via ester cleavage, hydroxylation at the 4-ethoxy position, decarboxylation, hydrolysis of the CN group to CONH2 and COOH groups and conjugation.
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  • Toshiro OHTSUBO, Shigenori TSUDA, Hisami TAKEDA, Kozo TSUJI
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 609-614
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fenitrothion 20wt% microcapsules equal in mass median diameter (ca. 20μm) but different in wall thickness (T) were prepared and tested for efficacy against tobacco cutworms (Spodoptera litura), phytotoxicity to cabbage and rainfastness compared with a fenitrothion 50wt% emulsifiable concentrate. LC95 values of the microcapsules increased with increasing in T and there was an optimum range in T to maintain the efficacy for a long period. A way of action of the microcapsules against tobacco cutworms was supposed to be breaking by the insects. The microcapsules was less phytotoxic than the emulsifiable concentrate. The thicker the wall of the microcapsules, the lower the phytotoxicity. Microcapsules with a thin wall excelled the emulsifiable concentrate in rainfastness both immediately after spray and after drying.
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  • Kazunobu DOHARA, Satoshi SEMBO, Tadahiro MATSUNAGA, Takaaki ITO, Goro ...
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 615-622
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The stability and the biological efficacy of water-based aerosol formulations containing dimethyl ether as propellant were examined by using various insecticides. Stability varied from the most stable d-phenothrin to the most unstable fenitrothion, depending on their chemical structures. Electron-withdrawing substituents were suggested to activate the ester bonds of pyrethroids to hydrolyze. The biological efficacy of the formulations against houseflies and mosquitoes was almost equal to that of water-based aerosol formulations containing LPG (propane/butane) as propellant, except that the knockdown efficacy of tetramethrin against mosquitoes was lower than that of the formulations containing LPG. A combination of d-allethrin as a knockdown insecticide with a stable killing pyrethroid such as d-phenothrin, d-cyphenothrin, d-resmethrin or permethrin will make promising water-based aerosol formulations containing dimethyl ether, followed by a combination of prallethrin with a stable killing pyrethroid.
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  • Itaru OKADA, Shuko OKUI, Yoji TAKAHASHI, Toshiki FUKUCHI
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 623-629
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Seventy-four pyrazole derivatives were synthesized and their acaricidal activity was determined. In general, N-benzylpyrazole-5-carboxamides having methyl group at the 1-position of the pyrazole ring, halogen atom, methyl group or methoxy group at the 4-position of the pyrazole ring, and bulky alkyl group at the 4-position of the benzene ring were highly acaricidal. Among them, N-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-4-chloro-3-ethyl-1-methylpyrazole-5-carboxamide (35, code No. MK-239, tebufenpyrad) was the most active acaricide. MK-239 was highly active against various mite species including Tetranychus spp. and Panonychus spp. Acaricidal activity of MK-239 and its related compounds is discussed in this paper.
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  • Mitsuaki TAKENAKA, Shoji SAKAI, Hitoshi NISHIDA, Shuichiro KIMURA, Hir ...
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 631-639
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fate of the fungicide, pefurazoate (pent-4-enyl N-furfuryl-N-imidazol-1-ylcarbonyl-DL-homoalaninate, Healthied®) in flooded mineral and volcanic ash soils was investigated with 14C-labeled pefurazoate. 14C-Pefurazoate, when applied at 1ppm, was quite easily degraded with a half-life of less than one week in both soils. Pent-4-enyl N-furfuryl-DL-homoalaninate, N-furfuryl-DL-homoalaninate, 1-[(RS)-1-carboxylato-propyl]-3-hydroxypyridinium, and N-(furan-2-ylcarbonyl)glycine were identified as major degradation products, amounting to less than 10% of the applied radioactivity. The radioactivity in the soil decreased due to the evolution of 14CO2, which was an ultimate metabolite of pefurazoate. The Freundlich adsorption coefficient of pefurazoate was 16.3 in the mineral soil and 21.9 in the volcanic ash soil, suggesting pefurazoate was not adsorbed tightly by the soils.
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  • Hiroshi KUMAGAI, Chikako KIYOHARA, Shuko KOMIYAMA, Yan GUO, Seiyu HIRO ...
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 641-649
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Absorption, translocation and metabolism of dizinc bis (dimethyldithiocarbamate)-ethylenebis (dithiocarbamate), bisdithane, were studied in kidney bean seedlings with its ethylene-14C-labeled [E-14C] and dimethyl-14C-labeled [D-14C] compounds. Most of the radioactivity remained at the application sites when labeled bisdithanes were applied on the surface of the first-trifoliate leaves of the plants. A small amount of the radioactivity was absorbed through the treated leaves. Translocation of the radioactivity from the leaves treated with the labeled bisdithanes to other parts of the plant was very small. These results were supported by the autoradiographic observations. The radioactive metabolites obtained from [E-14C] bisdithane were identified as ethylenethiourea and ethyleneurea. Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, thiazolidine-2-thione-4-carboxylic acid and 1-(dimethylthiocarbamoylthio)-β-glucoside were identified when [D-14C] bisdithane was used.
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  • Studies on Wetting Phenomena on Plant Leaf Surfaces (Part 2)
    Tadakazu WATANABE, Isamu YAMAGUCHI
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 651-663
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To evaluate the wettability of plant leaves as a result of interactions between solution and leaf surface, the amount and shape of the retained solution on a specific area of the leaf surface were measured after dipping a leaf into immersion solutions (surface tension: 21.5-63.5mN·m-1) containing a dye by 1.0% and various surfactants 0.2%, and micro- and macro-structures of the surface were observed. The transition pattern of shape corresponding to the transition of surface tension on the leaf surface was termed as wettability characteristics pattern (WCP) and WCPs of leaves of 39 crops were categorized into three major groups: WCPs I, II and III including seven sub-WCPs. Also, the critical surface tension to wet each leaf surface completely was estimated. It was found that WCP and critical surface tension were specific to each leaf surface and the former was mainly related to the microstructures of leaf surface, especially morphology and distribution of epicuticular waxes and relatively wettable veins. Comparison and evaluation of leaf-surface wettability are possible by WCP on a static basis.
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  • Adel Ramzy FAHMY, Neungpanich SINCHAISRI, Tadashi MIYATA
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 665-672
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The rate of development of Chlorfluazuron resistance was investigated in two Thai strains of the diamondback moth (DBM), the TL and BK strains, by laboratory selection. Selection pressure with Chlorfluazuron for 14 and 15 generations has resulted in fairly high levels of resistance. The resistance ratio values have reached 318 and 303 in the TL and BK strains, respectively comparing to nonselected strains. After reaching a considerable level of resistance (more than 200), the selected and nonselected strains were tested for cross-resistance to other insecticides. Except for very low levels of cross-resistance to teflubenzuron (benzoylphenylurea) and pyriproxyfen (juvenile hormone analogue) in the BK and TL strains, respectively, there was no evidence of cross-resistance to other insecticides tested in the two Chlorfluazuron-resistant DBM strains.
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  • Takahiro SHIOTSUKI, Morifusa ETO
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 673-675
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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  • Nobue SHIRAGAMI, Kunio SUZUKI, Isamu YAMAGUCHI
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 677-678
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Effects of calcium peroxide on the growth of anaerobic bacteria were investigated in terms of preventing fresh-water contamination by Clostridium. Calper® powder (35% CaO2), a plant-growth regulator which produces oxygen gradually in soil, was used as the sourse of calcium peroxide. Filtrate of marsh sediments and the filtrate enriched with EG broth (an anaerobes-growth medium) were prepared as the media for the anaerobic bacteria tested. The number of Clostridium butyricum significantly decreased in inverse relation to the increase of oxidation-reduction potentials (ORP) in both media by the addition of calcium peroxide. The growth of Corynebacterium was also inhibited by the addition of calcium peroxide, but the number of Corynebacterium was larger in the EG broth than in the filtrate of marsh sediments. These results suggest that calcium peroxide inhibits the growth of anaerobic bacteria with an increase of ORP, and the effect is influenced by the amount of organic matter in a medium.
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  • Junya MIZUTANI
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 679-686
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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  • Takeshi KITAHARA
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 687-694
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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  • [in Japanese]
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 697-702
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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  • [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 703-707
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • [in Japanese]
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 709-712
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • [in Japanese]
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 713-717
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • [in Japanese]
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 721-722
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese]
    1991 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 723-724
    Published: November 20, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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